THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY

EDITED BY E. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. T. E. PAGE, LITT.D.

W. II. I). ROUSE, i.itt.i).

DIOGENES LAERTIUS II

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■5

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

LINKS OF EMINENT PHILOSOPHERS

WITH AX ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY

]{. D. HICKS, M.A.

FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

IN TWO VOLUMES II

LONDON: WILLIAM HEINEMANN NEW YORK: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

MCMXXV

PA /jit?

Print

CONTEXTS OF VOLUME II

SOOK VI—
PALE
Antisthenes .... .2
Diogenes						22
MoNIMUS						84.
OnE.SK HITL'S						86
Crates						88
Metiiogles .						96
HlPPARCHIA .						98
MfiNIBPUS						102
Menedemus .						104
SOOK VII—
Zeno .110
Ariston						262
Herillus						. 268
DlONVSILS .						270
Cleanthes .						. 272
Sphaerus						. 284
Chrysippi-						. 286
300K VIII—
Pythagoras .... . 320
PED04 LES ... . . 366
Epicmahmls . ... 390
Archvtas .						. 392

CONTENTS

Alcmaeon ....				396
Hippasus 396
Philolaus . ..... 398
Eudoxus ....... 400
BOOK IX—
Heraclitus ... . 408
Xenophanes				424
Parmexides				428
Melissus				. 432
Zexo of Elea				434
Leucippu- .				438
Democritus				442
Protagoras				462
Diogexes of Apollonia				468
Anaxarchus				470
Pvrrho				. 474
Timox ....				. 519
BOOK X—
Epicurus 528
Index Nominum et Rerum .... 679
IXDEX FOXTIUM				. 698

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

VOL, II

AIOrENOTS AAEPTIOT

BlftN KAI rNOMQN TON EX $IAOZO*IAI BTAOKIMHSANTON TON EIZ AEKA TO EKTOX

Kecj>. a. ANTIS0ENHS

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a Of. Clem. Alex. Strom, i. 66.

6 Of. Plutarch, l)e exilio,607 a; Sen. Zte constf. sa/>. c. 18, §5.

e Probably the battle in 426 b.c. mentioned in Thuc. iii. 91. 2

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

LIVES AND OPINIONS OF EMINENT PHILOSOPHERS IN TEN BOOKS

BOOK VI Chapter 1. ANTISTHENES (c. U6-366 B.C.)

Antisthenes,0 the son of Antisthenes, was an Athenian. It was said, however, that he was not of pure Attic blood. Hence his reply to one who taunted him with this : " The mother of the gods too is a Phrygian." b For his mother was sup- posed to have been a Thracian. Hence it was that, when he had distinguished himself in the battle of Tanagra,c he gave Socrates occasion to remark that, if both his parents had been Athenians, he would not have turned out so brave. He himself showed his contempt for the airs which the Athenians gave themselves on the strength of being sprung from the soil by the remark that this did not make them any better born than snails or wingless locusts.

To begin with, he became a pupil of Gorgias the rhetorician, and hence the rhetorical style that he introduces in his dialogues, and especially in his Truth and in his Exhortations. According to Herm- ippus he intended at the public gathering for the Isthmian games to discourse on the faults and merits of Athenians, Thebans and Lacedaemonians,

3

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

fxevroi TrapoLLTrjaacrdai Ioovtol nXelovs e/c tujv noXecov d(f)iyfjL€vovg.

"Yarepov Se TrapeffaXe Soj/cpdVet, /cat tooovtov (jjvolto avrody ware irapr\v€.i rots' ixadrjrals yeveodai avTcp 7rpos HcoKpoLT-qv avf.LjjLadr)Tds. oIkcqv t eV Iletoatet head* eKdcrrrjv r\\xipav tovs rerrapaKOvra arahiovs dvitbv tJkovg Soj/coaTous", Trap" ov /cat to KaprepiKov Xafitbv /cat to dnade? ^r/Xwcras Karrjp^e 7Tpa)Tos rod kvvlo-jjlov. /cat otl 6 ttovos dyaOov avvearrjae Sta rod /xeyaAou 'Hpa/cAe'ou<r /cat rov Kvpov, to puev diro rtbv 'EAA^va/v, to Se arret tojv fiapfidpeuv eA/cuoa?.

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7Tv66fJL€VOV TLVOJV CLVTO) Set, (fiTjOTL, " filfiXiapioV

hcaivov /cat ypacj)€LOU kcllvov /cat mvaKihlov kcllvov," top vovv 7rap€fM(f)aLVOJV. Trpos Se t6v ipopuevov TTohaTTTjV yq/JLai, €(j)7], " dv p,kv KaX-qv, etjeis KOLvqv, dv he aloxpdv, e^et? 7TolvtJv." dhzovcras ttote otl IlAaTOJV auTov /ca/cajs* Ae'yet, " /3acrtAt/coV," ecf>r],

" KaXtOS TTOLOVVTCL /Ca/COJ? aKOV€LV."

4 \lvOVp,€VOS 7TOT€ Ta 'Oo^t/CCt, TOV L€p€OJ? ZLTTOVTOS OTL OL TOLVTOL fJLVOVfJL€VOL 7ToXXd)V €V dhoV dyaOtOV fJL€TLCTX0V0~L> " r>l OVV," €(f)7j, " OVK dlTodvTqOK€LS ', ' '

a There is the same untranslateable pun upon kolivov = "new" and kcli vov = " a mind too," as in ii. § 118.

6 Cf. M. Anton, vii. 36 'A.vTi<rdeviK6v, fiaaiKinbv ixkv eD irpaTTeiv, kcikuis 5£ dKoveiv, and Plutarch, Alex. c. 41 (of Alexander).

4

VI. 2-4. AXTISTHENES

but begged to be excused when lie saw throngs arriving from those cities.

Later on, however, he came into touch with Socrates, and derived so much benefit from him that he used to advise his own disciples to become fellow- pupils with him of Socrates. He lived in the Peiraeus, and every day would tramp the five miles to Athens in order to hear Socrates. From Socrates he learned his hardihood, emulating his disregard of feeling, and thus he inaugurated the Cynic way of life. He demonstrated that pain is a good thing by instan- cing the great Heracles and Cyrus, drawing the one example from the Greek world and the other from the barbarians.

He was the first to define statement (or assertion) by saying that a statement is that which sets forth what a thing was or is. He used repeatedly to say, " I'd rather be mad than feel pleasure," and " We ought to make love to such women as will feel a proper gratitude." When a lad from Pontus was about to attend his lectures, and asked him what he required, the answer Avas, li Come with a new book, a new pen, and new tablets, if you have a mind to " (implying the need of brains as well).a When some- one inquired what sort of wife he ought to marry, he said, " If she's beautiful, you'll not have her to yourself; if she's ugly, you'll pay for it dearly." Being told that Plato was abusing him, he remarked, " It is a royal privilege to do good and be ill spoken of."b

When he was being initiated into the Orphic mysteries, the priest said that those admitted into these rites would be partakers of many good things in Hades. " Why then," said he, " don't you die ? "

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

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5 JLpcoTTjdels ri fiaKapLcorarov ev dvdpcoTTOis, ecp-q, to evrvxovvra airoBavelv ." yvcopipiov rrore. rrpos

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fJLTJ TL KOKOV €LpyatTfJ,aL."

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VI. 4-u. ANTISTHENES

Being reproached because his parents were not both free-born, " Nor were they both wrestlers," quoth he, " but yet I am a wrestler." To the question why he had but few disciples he replied, " Because I use a silver rod to eject them." When he was asked why he was so bitter in reproving his pupils he replied, " Physicians are just the same with their patients." One day upon seeing an adulterer run- ning for his life he exclaimed, " Poor wretch, what peril you might have escaped at the price of an obol." He used to say, as we learn from Hecato in his Anecdotes, that it is better to fall in with crows than with flatterers ; for in the one case you are devoured when dead, in the other case while alive.

Being asked what was the height of human bliss, he replied, " To die happy." When a friend com- plained to him that he had lost his notes, " You should have inscribed them," said he, "on your mind instead of on paper." As iron is eaten away by rust, so, said he, the envious are consumed by their own passion. Those who would fain be im- mortal must, he declared, live piously and justly. States, said he, are doomed when they are unable to distinguish good men from bad. Once, when he was applauded by rascals, he remarked, " I am horribly afraid I have done something wrong."

When brothers agree, no fortress is so strong as their common life, he said. The right outfit for a voyage, he said, is such as, even if you are ship- wrecked, will go through the water with you. One day when he was censured for keeping company with evil men, the reply he made was, " Well, physicians are in attendance on their patients without getting

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

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ttjv cf)LXoSo^Lav." epajTr/dels vtto tov, Kadd (J)T]gl Oavt'as1 ev toj Ileot tojv HtuKpaTLKcov, tl ttolCjv

a Cf. Plato, Phaedrus 260 c. 6 Cf. Aelian, Var. Hist. ix. 35

VI. 6-8. ANTISTHENES

the fever themselves." " It is strange," said he, " that we weed out the darnel from the corn and the unfit in war, but do not excuse evil men from the service of the state." When he was asked what advantage had accrued to him from philosophy, his answer was, " The ability to hold converse with my- self." Some one having called upon him over the wine for a song, he replied, " Then you must accom- pany me on the pipe." When Diogenes begged a coat of him,- he bade him fold his cloak around him double. Being asked what learning is the most necessary, he replied, " How to get rid of having anvthing to unlearn." And he advised that wrhen men are slandered, they should endure it more courageously than if they were pelted with stones.

And he used to taunt Plato with being conceited. At all events when in a procession he spied a spirited charger he said, turning to Plato, " It seems to me that you would have made just such a proud, showy steed." This because Plato was constantly praising horseflesh. And one day he visited Plato, who was ill, and seeing the basin into which Plato had vomited, remarked, " The bile I see, but not the pride." He used to recommend the Athenians to vote that asses are horses.0 When they deemed this absurd, his reply was, " But yet generals are found among you who had had no training, but were merely elected." " Many men praise you," said one. " Why, what wrong have I done ? " was his rejoinder. When he turned the torn part of his cloak so that it came into view, Socrates no sooner saw this than he said, " I spy your love of fame peeping through your cloak." b Phanias in his work on the Socratics tells us how some one asked him

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

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1 a/ivvecrdai vulg.

a Here follow three extracts of Cynic maxims or rules of conduct ; for, strictly speaking, they had no tenets proper (oo£gu, ooy/xara). The last (§ 13) seems to be derived from Diocles.

10

VI. 8-10. ANTISTHENES

what he must do to be good and noble, and he replied, " You must learn from those who know that the faults you have are to be avoided." When some one extolled luxury his reply was, " May the sons of your enemies live in luxury."

To the youth who was posing fantastically as an artist's model he put this question, " Tell me, if the bronze could speak, on what, think you, would it pride itself most ? " " On its beauty," was the reply. " Then," said he, are you not ashamed of delighting in the very same quality as an inanimate object ? " When a young man from Pontus promised to treat him with great consideration as soon as his boat with its freight of salt fish should arrive, he took him and an empty wallet to a flour-dealer's, got it filled, and was going away. When the woman asked for the money, " The young man will pay," said he, " when his boatload of salt fish arrives."

Antisthenes is held responsible for the exile of Anytus and the execution of Meletus. For he fell in with some youths from Pontus whom the fame of Socrates had brought to Athens, and he led them off to Anytus, whom he ironically declared to be wiser than Socrates ; whereupon (it is said) those about him with much indignation drove Anytus out of the city. If he saw a woman anywhere decked out with ornaments, he would hasten to her house and bid her husband bring out his horse and arms, and then, if the man possessed them, let his extravagance alone, for (he said) the man could with these defend himself; but, if he had none, he would bid him strip off the finery.

Favourite themes a with him were the following. He would prove that virtue can be taught ; that

II

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

T7)V dp€TTjV. TOVS aVTOVS €Vy€V€LS [tJoUS1 Kdl

11 ivaperov?- avrapK-q 8e ttjv dperrjv irpds euSat/xo- viav, pb-qhevos 7rpooheop,4vqv on pur] HajKpartKrjs i&Xv°S- ttjv t aperrjv tcov epywv etvat, /^t"€ XoyCOV 7tX€LUTCOV §€OpL€VT]V ft^re pLadrjpLOLTajv . avrdpKTj t ctvat tov ao(f)6v rrdvra yap avTov elvai rd twv dXXa>v. rrjv t dho^iav dyadov /cat

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1 rods vulg. : ovs Richards. 2 Airopof coni. Henr. Steph. for &no codd.

18

VI. 10-13. ANTISTHENES

nobility belongs to none other than the virtuous. And he held virtue to be sufficient in itself to ensure happiness, since it needed nothing else except the strength of a Socrates. And he maintained that virtue is an affair of deeds and does not need a store of words or learning ; that the wise man is self- sufficing, for all the goods of others are his ; that ill repute is a good thing and much the same as pain ; that the wise man will be guided in his public acts not by the established laws but by the law of virtue ; that he will also marry in order to have children from union with the handsomest women ; further- more that he will not disdain to love, for only the wise man knows who are worthy to be loved.

Diocles records the following sayings of his : To the wise man nothing is foreign or impractic- able. A good man deserves to be loved. Men of worth are friends. Make allies of men who are at once brave and just. Virtue is a weapon that cannot be taken away. It is better to be with a handful of good men fighting against all the bad, than with hosts of bad men against a handful of good men. Pay attention to your enemies, for they are the first to discover your mistakes. Esteem an honest man above a kinsman. Virtue is the same for women as for men. Good actions are fair and evil actions foul. Count all wickedness foreign and alien.

Wisdom is a most sure stronghold which never crumbles away nor is betrayed. Walls of defence must be constructed in our own impregnable reason- ings. He used to converse in the gymnasium of Cynosarges (White hound) at no great distance from the gates, and some think that the Cynic school derived its name from Cynosarges. Antisthenes

13

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

fjLd(j9rjvai . avros r eVe/caAetTO ' AttXokvlov.1 koX irptoros ehiirXcooe rdv rptftojva, Kadd tf>iqai AlokXtjs, Koi /jlovco avrco ixpfjro' fiaKrpov r aVe'Aa/3e Kal TT-qpav. rrpcorov Se koll 'Ncdvdrjs (frrjol SiTrXcooai dotpidriov. HwaiKpanqs 8' ev rpirrj AtaSo^ojv AioSajpov rdv ' Ao7revhiov , /cat ntoytova KaBelvai Kal Trripq ko1 fiaKTpu) xprjcrdai.

14 ToVTOV \XOVOV €K 7TCLVTCOV2 HaJKpOLTLKCOV 06O-

TTOfJiTTOs eiraivel Kal (j)-qat oetvov r elvau Kal St' opu- Xlas epupieXovs vnayayeoOat TrdvB' ovrivovv . SrjXov 8' €K rcov crvyypapLpidrojv /cd/c rov "Revocpcovros HvpLiroalov . So/cet Se /cat 7-77? avoptoheurdriqs UrojLKrjs Kardp^ar odev Kal " AQ-qvaios 0 emypap,- pLaroTTOios 7T€pl avrcov cfjrjalv ovrajs'

to gtloikCjv pivOajv elhrjpioves, to rravapiara hoypbara rats- lepals evdep,evoi treXlcnv,

rdv aperdv ipv^as dyaddv pidvov doe yap dvoptov piovva Kal fiiordv pvaaro Kal rroXias.

trapKog 8' rjOvndOrjpLa, tfilXov reXos dvopdatv dXXois, r) p,la rtov Mv-qpL-qs r\vvoe dvyareptov.

15 Ovros r\yr\aaro Kal rrjs Atoyevovs diraBelas Kal rrjs Y^pdr-qros eyKparelas Kal rrjs 'Ltjvlovos Kap- replas, avros virodepievos rfj iroXirela rd depieXia. 6 8e 'B.evot^tov rjSicrrov piev elvai rrepl rds o/xtAta? tfrrjulv avrov, eyKpareorarov Se rrepl raXXa.

Oepovrat 8' avrov uvyypdpupiara ropLOL 8e/ca# irpojTos ev to

1 Kvtokvwv : Reiske. 2 ttolvtwu <twi>> Richards.

a A nth. Pal. ix. 496. b i.e. Erato ; cf. Athen. xiii. p. 555 b, Ap. Rhod. Hi. 1. 14

VI. 13-15. ANTISTHENES

himself too was nicknamed a hound pure and simple. And he was the first, Diodes tells us, to double his cloak and be content with that one garment and to take up a staff and a wallet. Neanthes too asserts that he was the first to double his mantle. Sosicrates, however, in the third book of his Successions of Philosophers says this was first done by Diodorus of Aspendus, who also let his beard grow and used a staff and a wallet.

Of all the Socratics Antisthenes alone is praised by Theopompus, who says he had consummate skill and could by means of agreeable discourse win over whomsoever he pleased. And this is clear from his writings and from Xenophon's Banquet. It would seem that the most manly section of the Stoic School owed its origin to him. Hence Athenaeus the epigrammatist writes thus of them a :

Ye experts in Stoic story, ye who commit to sacred pages most excellent doctrines — that virtue alone is the good of the soul : for virtue alone saves man's life and cities. But that Muse b that is one of the daughters of Memory approves the pampering of the flesh, which other men have chosen for their aim.

Antisthenes c gave the impulse to the indifference of Diogenes, the continence of Crates, and the hardi- hood of Zeno, himself laying the foundations of their state. Xenophon calls him the most agreeable of men in conversation and the most temperate in everything else.

His writings are preserved in ten volumes. The first includes :

e It seems clear that the passage which begins here is not from the same source as that (in § 14) which precedes the epigram.

15

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

Hepl Ae^eojs 7} irepl y^apaKr/jpon'. Aia? r) Aiavros Aoyog.

'08v(T(T€VS Y) -!T€pl '08v<T(T€(l)<S.

'Opkcnov d/roAoyta rj Trepl tojv 8iKoypd<p 'Icroypacpr) 7} Awiias ko.1 'IcroKpdr^s. Tlpbs tov 'IcroKpdrovs 'AfxdpTX'pov.

(tiV.

TopLos Sevrepos iv to

16 Htpl frp(j)V <f>V(T€(DS.

Hepl TratSo—otLas ?'} irepl ydp\ov epooTiKos.

Hepl TOJV (TOfpiCTTOOV (f)VO~lOyV0)/XOVtKOS.

Hepl 8cKaLOcrvvi]S ko.1 dv8peias TrpoTpeiTTLKos 7rpO)TOS,

8evTepos, rpiros. Hepl OedyviSos 8/ e'.

To/xo? rpiros iv to Hepl dyadov. Hepl dv8peio.$.

Hepl vollov rj ~epl 7roAiT€tas. Hepl vollov /} ire pi kolXov ko.1 8ikoliov. Hepl eXevdepias koX SovAeias.

Hepl 7T10-T€0)S.

Hepl kiTiTpoTrov 7) irepl tov 7reidecrdo.i.

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Kvpos ry 7T6/51 /^acriAet'a?.

'A<X7racria.

16

VI. 15-16. ANTISTHRNES

A Treatise on Expression, or Styles of Speaking.

Ajax, or The Speecli of Ajax.

Odysseus, or Concerning Odysseus.

A Defence of Orestes, or Concerning Forensic

Writers. Isography (similar writing), or Lysias and Isocrates. A Reply to the Speech of Isocrates entitled

" Without Witnesses."

Vol. 2 includes :

Of the Nature of Animals.

Of Procreation of Children, or Of Marriage : a dis- course on love.

Of the Sophists : a work on Physiognomy.

On Justice and Courage : a hortative work in three books.

Concerning Theognis, making a fourth and a fifth book.

In the third volume are treatises : Of the Good. Of Courage.

Of Law, or Of a Commonwealth. Of Law, or Of Goodness and Justice. Of Freedom and Slavery. Of Belief.

Of the Guardian, or On Obedience. Of Victory : an economic work.

In the fourth volume are included : Cyrus. The Greater Heracles, or Of Strength.

The fifth contains : Cyrus, or Of Sovereignty. Aspasia.

VOL. II c 17

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

TofAOS €KTOS €V (I)

' AX/jOeta.

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n To/xo? efiSofxos iv a>

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TLepl € pii)Ti)CT €OJ<S KOI a.7TOKpLO-€<J)S.

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Uepl KaTao-KOirov.

Uepl rjSovrjs.

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Uepl TIpiOTiOJS.

Kvk\.o)\J/ rj 7T€pl 'O8vo-o-(0)<s.

is

VI. 16-17. ANTISTHENES

The sixth : Truth.

Of Discussion : a handbook of debate. Satho, or Of Contradiction, in three books. On Talk.

The seventh volume contains the following :

On Education, or On Names, in five books.

On the Use of Names : a controversial work.

Of Questioning and Answering.

Of Opinion and Knowledge, in four books.

Of Dying.

Of Life and Death.

Of Those in the Underworld.

Of Nature, in two books.

A Problem concerning Nature, two books.

Opinions, or The Controversialist.

Problems about Learning.

In the eighth volume are :

On Music.

On Commentators.

On Homer.

On Wickedness and Impiety.

On Calchas.

On the Scout.

On Pleasure.

The ninth volume contains : Of the Odyssey.

Of the Minstrel's Staff. Athena, or Of Telemachus. Of Helen and Penelope. Of Proteus. Cyclops, or Of Odysseus.

19

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

18 Uepl olvov YP')o"€ws t) Trepl /xe#?/s i) Trepl rov K»'kXw7tos. Ile^t KipKi)s.

Uepl ' Ap\<f>iapdov.

ilept rov '08r<xcrea>s /<at UijveXoTnjs Kai Trepl rov kvvos.

Topios SeKaros ev to H.pahc\?i$ fj Mi'8as.

'HpoLKXrjs i) Trepl <j)povij<reo)S ?} wr^vos. Kupos '/ iptofievos.

KvpOS YJ KaTU.O-KOTTOl.

Meve^evos '/} Trepl rov dpy^etv. 'ApXeXaos /} ~epl fiatriXeLas.

Kat ravra fjiev eoriv a ovveypaipev.

'Q.L Tl/jlojv Slol to ttXtjOos Ittiti\xCjv " 7ravTO(f>vrj cfiXehovd " <f)rjGiv avrov. ereXevrrjoe 8e dppoj- ar'uy ore Kat Atoyevrjs elottov rrpos avrov ecf)-q, " pnqn xpeta tplXov; " Kai more Trap avrov i;i<p'ihiov k\tov elo~rjei. rov 8' elirovros, "rig av dnoXvaete pie rcov ttovcov ; " oel^as ro ^tchihiov , ecbr], " rovro " ■ Kai os, "rcov ttovcov," elirov, " ov

19 rod irjv." eSo/cei yap ttcos ptaXaKcorepov tfyepeiv r-qv vooov vtto cbcXo^colas. Kai eariv -qptcdv el? avrov ovrcos eypv

rov jjlov rjada kvcov, ' AvrlaOeves, cooe TrecfrvKcos ware oaKelv Kpaolrjv p-qpiaoiv , ov aropiacnv

aAA' eOaves (^Olglkos, to-X *P€^ rts" trm)S" Tt' °* rovro ; navrcos els 'A 18771/ Set riv o6r\yov eyew .

Yeyovaoi oe. Kai a'AAot ' ' Avriadeveis r pels' 'Hpa- 20

VI. 18-19. ANTISTHENES

Of the Use of Wine, or Of Intoxication, or Of the

Cyclops. Of Circe. Of Amphiaraus. Of Odysseus, Penelope and the Dog.

The contents of the tenth volume are : Heracles, or Midas. Heracles, or Of Wisdom or Strength. Cyrus, or The Beloved. Cyrus, or The Scouts. Menexenus, or On Ruling. Alcibiades. Archelaus, or Of Kingship.

This is the list of his writings.

Timon finds fault with him for writing so much and calls him a prolific trifler. He died of disease just as Diogenes, who had come in, inquired of him,

Have you need of a friend ? " Once too Diogenes, when he came to him, brought a dagger. And when Antisthenes cried out, " Who will release me from these pains ? " replied, " This," showing him the dagger. " I said," quoth the other, " from my pains, not from life." It was thought that he showed some weakness in bearing his malady through love of life. And here are my verses upon him a :

Such was your nature, Antisthenes, that in your lifetime you were a very bulldog to rend the heart with words, if not with teeth. Yet you died of consumption. Maybe some one will say, What of that ? We must anyhow have some guide to the world below.

There have been three other men named Anti- sthenes : one a follower of Heraclitus, another a a Anth. Pal. vii. 115.

21

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

KXelrecos els, /cat erepos 'E^eato?, /cat 'PoStd? ns Urropucos.

'ILrreihr] he rovs osn 'ApiGTLTnrov hLeXrjXvda/JLev /cat Oathajvos, vvv eA/cuoxo/zev rovs an 'Avrt- oBevovs kvvlkovs re /cat arojLKovs. /cat e^era> <5Se.

Ke<£. j8'. AIOrENHS

20 AtoyeV^? 'I/ceatou rpane^lrov Hivajnevs. (fr-qcrl he AlokXtjs, hrjfjLOGLav avrov r-qv rpdire^av eyovros rod narpos /cat rrapayapd^avros ro vopnoLia, <f)vyelv. JLvfiovXlhrjs o' ev rai Ilc/st Aioyevovs avrov <j>r]oi, Aioyevrjv rovro rrpd^ai /cat awaAacr#at ra> rrarpi. ox) firjv dXXd /cat avros irepX avrov (jyrjcriv ev ra> HophdXcp ws irapayapd^ai ro vopuopLa. evioi V e7TLLieXrjrrjv yevofievov dvaireioBr^vai vtto rcov re%- vircbv /cat eXBovra els AeXcf>ovs rj els ro A-^Atov ev rfj 7rarpt8t 'AttoXAojvos irvvBdveoBai el ravra rrpd.^ei dnep dvarreiBer ai' rod he ovyyoiprjaavros ro TToXiriKov vo\xiap,a, ov avveis, ro Kepfia eKL^hrj- Xevae /cat (fxupaBeis, a>? /xcV rives, e4>vyahev6r}}

21 ojs he nves, ckojv V7re£rjXBe (f>of$iqBels . eVtot he c/>aat irapd rod irarpos avrov Xafiovra ro vo/xta/xa 8tac/>#etpar /cat rov fiev heBevra diroBavelv, rov he <f>vyeiv eXBelv r els AeX(f>ovs /cat nvvBavofievov ovk et irapayapd^eiy dXXd ri TTOiiqoas evhotjoraros earaiy ovra> Xafielv rov xP7]afJLOV tovtov.

22

VI. 19-21. ANTISTHENES— DIOGENES

native of Ephesus, and the third of Rhodes, a historian.

And whereas we have enumerated the pupils of Aristippus and of Phaedo, we will now append an account of the Cynics and Stoics who derive from Antisthenes. And let it be in the following order.

Chapter 2. DIOGENES (404-323 b.c.)

Diogenes was a native of Sinope, son of Hicesius, a banker. Diocles relates that he went into exile because his father was entrusted with the money of the state and adulterated the coinage. But Eubu- lides in his book on Diogenes says that Diogenes himself did this and was forced to leave home along with his father. Moreover Diogenes himself actu- ally confesses in his Pordalus that he adulterated the coinage. Some say that having been appointed to superintend the workmen he was persuaded by them, and that he went to Delphi or to the Delian oracle in his own city and inquired of Apollo whether he should do what he was urged to do. When the god gave him permission to alter the political currency, not understanding what this meant, he adulterated the state coinage, and when he was detected, accord- ing to some he was banished, while according to others he voluntarily quitted the city for fear of consequences. One version is that his father en- trusted him with the money and that he debased it, in consequence of which the father was imprisoned and died, while the son fled, came to Delphi, and inquired, not whether he should falsify the coinage, but what he should do to gain the greatest reputation ; and that then it was that he received the oracle.

23

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

Tevdfievos Se * Ad-qvqoiv WvTLcrdeveL TrapeBaAe. rod Be $L(judovfJL€VOV ota to paqheva Trpooieodai, e^e^id^ero rfj Trpooehpia. /cat irore ttjv fiaKTrjplav €7ravar€tvafjL€vov avra) rrjv Ke4>aArjV vrroox^y "naZe,' e'nrev " ov yap evp-qoeis ovtco gkAtjpov £vAov a> fie drreip^eis ecus dv tl d>aivr) Aeycov ." rovvrevdev hi-qKovoev avrov /cat are cfrvyas tov ajp/JLTjaev eVt rov evreArj filov.

22 Mw deaod/JLevos hiarpeyfovra, KaOd (f)TjGL Oeo- (f)pacrro? ev rep Mcyapt/cco, koi fi-qre koLttjv eTTit,t]- rovvra fjLTjTe okotos evAafiovpuevov r) rrodovvrd ri rcbv hoKOVvratv aTroAavorcov, rropov e^evpe rrjs rrepi- urdoeojg. rplfiajva hirrAojoas rrpchros Kara rcvas Sid to dvdyK-qv eyeiv /cat evevSecv avrcp, rnqpav T eKopbioaro, evda avrco ra atTta tjv, /cat rravrl totto) ixprjro els rrdvra, apiortov re /cat Kadev&a>v /cat hiaAeyop^evos. ore /cat rovs ' Adiqvalovs e</>ao7ce, heihcvvs rr\v rod Aids orodv /cat to HopareZov,

23 auTa) /carca/ceua/ceVat eVStatrdcr^at. paKrrjpla S' enearr^pL^ero dcrdevqcras' eVetra p^evroi /cat Sta rravrds et\>6pei, ov p,7]v ev aurei, ctAAa /ca#' ohov avrfj re /cat rfj 7T~qpa} KaBd cf>rjGiv ' 'A6rjv68a>pos 6 ' Adrjvaiojv TTpoarar-qaas /cat rioAueu/cros" o pijrcop /cat Aucravtas" o Aloxpltovos. eirioreLAas oe rivi olklSlov avrco TTpovorjoaadai, fipahvvovros, rov ev rep yirjTpcpoj rridov eoyev oiKiav, cos /cat avros ev rat? emaroAaZs Staaa^et. /cat Oepovs jxev enl

a An eminent politician. Pausanias, i. cc. 25, 26, describes a statue of Olympiodorus in the Acropolis, and takes occasion to recount his exploits, how (c. 288 b.c) he delivered Athens from the Macedonians (c/. Plut. Demetr. c. 46). As to

24

VI. 21-23. DIOGENES

On reaching Athens he fell in with Antisthenes. Being repulsed by him, because he never welcomed pupils, by sheer persistence Diogenes wore him out. Once when he stretched out his staff against him, the pupil offered his head with the words, " Strike, for you will find no wood hard enough to keep me away from you, so long as I think you've something to say." From that time forward he was his pupil, and, exile as he was, set out upon a simple life.

Through watching a mouse running about, says Theophrastus in the Megarian dialogue, not looking for a place to lie down in. not afraid of the dark, not seeking any of the things which are considered to be dainties, he discovered the means of adapting himself to circumstances. He was the first, say some, to fold his cloak because he was obliged to sleep in it as well, and he carried a wallet to hold his victuals, and he used any place for any purpose, for break- fasting, sleeping, or conversing. And then he would say, pointing to the portico of Zeus and the Hall of Processions, that the Athenians had provided him with places to live in. He did not lean upon a staff until he grew infirm ; but afterwards he would carry it everywhere, not indeed in the city, but when walking along the road with it and with his wallet ; so say Olympiodorus,0 once a magistrate at Athens, Polyeuctus the orator, and Lysanias the son of Aeschrio. He had written to some one to try and procure a cottage for him. When this man was a long time about it, he took for his abode the tub in the Metroon, as he himself explains in his letters. And in summer he used to roll in it over hot sand,

the variant '\6rjv68wpos, nothing is known of any Athenian politician of that name.

25

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

i/jdfJLfjiov t,€OTrjs €/cuAtv8etTO, ^et/xcDvos* 8' avhpiav-

TGLS K€XLOVL(7fJL€VOVS 7T€pLeXdfJLJ3aV€ } TTavTaxodev

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25 Kat 7rore IlAaTa/va eV oeiirvcp TToXvTtXei Kara- vorjaas iXdas dipapevov, " ri" <j>r]oiv, " 6 oochos els St/ceAtav TrAeucras" raw rparre^cov tovtojv -^dpiv, vvv 7TapaK€LiJL€vcDV ovk diroXaveLS ; " /cat 09, " dAAd v»7 rou? Oeovs," <f>r]GL, " Atoyeves, /cd/cet rd 7roAAd TTpos iXdas /cat to. rotavra iytvofxrjv." 6 Se', " rt ow eSet 77Aet^ els ^vpaKovoas ; rj rore tj 'Attlktj ovk €(f)ep€V iXdas ; " Qaftcoplvos Se <f)Tjcnv eV YlavrohaTrfj loropia 'Apiari-mrou et-rretv tovto. /cat d'AAore to^dSa? ioditov drrr)VTeT avrcp

<f>T)Ol T€, " €^€(JTL GOL fJL€TCLCrX€W " ' T°V Se XdfioVTOS

/cat <f>ayovTos} cfil* " p-tTaoyeiv eirrov, ov Karra- cfxiyelv."

26 TIoltcvv avrov nore rd arpaj/xara k€kXtj kotos

0 Some of the stories which follow are so much alike that it is charitable to suppose that Laertius drew from more than one collection of the sayings of Diogenes.

26

VI. 23-26. DIOGENES

while in winter he used to embrace statues covered with snow, using every means of inuring himself to hardship.

He was great at pouring scorn on his contem- poraries. The school of Euclides he called bilious, and Plato's lectures waste of time, the performances at the Dionysia great peep-shows for fools, and the demagogues the mob's lacqueys. He used also to say that when he saw physicians, philosophers and pilots at their work, he deemed man the most intelligent of all animals ; but when again he saw interpreters of dreams and diviners and those who attended to them, or those who were puffed up with conceit of wealth, he thought no animal more silly. He would continually say a that for the conduct of life we need right reason or a halter.

Observing Plato one day at a costly banquet taking olives, " How is it," he said,b " that you the philosopher who sailed to Sicily for the sake of these dishes, now when they are before you do not enjoy them ? " " Nay, by the gods, Diogenes," replied Plato, " there also for the most part I lived upon olives and such like." " Why then," said Diogenes, 11 did you need to go to Syracuse ? Was it that Attica at that time did not grow olives ? " But Favorinus in his Miscellaneous History attributes this to Aristippus. Again, another time he was eating dried figs when he encountered Plato and offered him a share of them. When Plato took them and ate them, he said, " I said you might share them, not that you might eat them all up."

And one day when Plato had invited to his house

6 Obviously Favorinus was not the author (vide infra) whom Laertius followed here.

27

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

<f>lXovs rrapd Aiovvuiov, ecf>r), " rrara) rrjv UXd- rwvos KevoarrovSlav " ' rrpos ov 6 HXdrojv , " OCJOV, to Aioyeves, rov rv<f>ov Skk/xhWis-, Sokcov fir) T€Tvcf)a)(j6ai." ol Se Sacn rov Aioyevqv elrrelv, " rrara) rov UXdrojvos rvcf>ov " • rov 8e cf>dvai, " erepco ye rv(f>oj, Aioyeves"' ^ojtLojv 8' ev raj rerdprco (j>-qol rovro rrpos avrov elrrelv rov HXd- rojva rov kvvcl. Aioyevqs olvov rror rjrrjaev avrov. rore 8e Kal luxdSag. 6 Se Kepdfiiov oXov errepajjev avra)- Kal ds, " crv," (frrjolv, " edv epa>rrj6fjs ovo Kal Svo rrooa ear iv, ULIkooiv drroKpivfj ; ovra>s ovre rrpos rd alrovfieva oihcos ovre rrpos ra epoaroofiev drroKplvr)." eaKOJipe 817 d>s drrepavroXoyov.

27 'JLpojrrjdels rrov rrjs 'EAAaSo? ISol dyadovs avopas, " dvopas fiev," elrrev, " ovSapiov, rraloas 8' ev AaKeoalfiovL." crrrovSaLoXoyovpLevoj rrore ojs ovSels rrpoarjet, errefiaXe reperit,eiv ddpoi- oBevrajv he, ajveihiaev ojs errl \xev rovs <f>Xr)vd<f>ovs dcfriKvov/JLevojv arrovhaia>s y errl Se ra arrovSala fipaovvovrojv [dXiyajpajs]. eXeye re rrepl fiev rod rrapopvrreiv Kal XaKri^eiv dyojvit,euB ai rovs dvdpto- rrovs, rrepl 8e KaXoKayadias firjoeva. rovs re ypafifiartKovs edavfiat.e ra fiev rov 'O&vaaeojs /ca/ca dv at,r)rovvr as , ra 8' lota dyvoovvras. Kal pLTjV Kal rovs fiovuLKOVs ras fiev ev rfj Xvpa ^opSa? apfiorreodai, dvdpfioora 8' e-yeiv rrjs ipvxfjs rd

28 rjOrj' rovs fiad-qfiariKOVs drrofiXerreLV fiev rrpos rov

° The point of Sotion's version is best seen if for the indirect t'ov IWdrwva t6v kuvcl (sc. varelp) we substitute the direct speech t'ov HXdrajj/a 6 kvuv (sc. 7raru>).

f' From Kpictetus iii. 15. 4 it is evident that competition in digging trenches (ev ti3 aywvi wapopixrcreaOai) formed a

28

VI. 26-28. DIOGENES

friends coming from Dionysins, Diogenes trampled upon his carpets and said, " I trample upon Plato's vainglory." Plato's reply was, " How much pride you expose to view, Diogenes, by seeming not to be proud." Others tell us that what Diogenes said was, " I trample upon the pride of Plato," who retorted, " Yes, Diogenes, with pride of another sort." Sotion,0 however, in his fourth book makes the Cynic address this remark to Plato himself. Diogenes once asked him for wine, and after that also for some dried figs ; and Plato sent him a whole jar full. Then the other said, " If some one iftks you how many two and two are, will you answer, Twenty ? So, it seems, you neither give as you are asked nor answer as you are questioned." Thus he scoffed at him as one who talked without end.

Being asked where in Greece he saw good men, he replied, " Good men nowhere, but good boys at 'Lacedaemon." When one day he was gravely dis- coursing and nobody attended to him, he began whistling, and as people clustered about him, he reproached them with coming in all seriousness to hear nonsense, but slowly and contemptuously when the theme was serious. He would say that men strive in digging b and kicking to outdo one another, but no one strives to become a good man and true. And he would wonder that the gram- marians should investigate the ills of Odysseus, while they were ignorant of their own. Or that the musicians should tune the strings of the lyre, while leaving the dispositions of their own souls discordant ; that the mathematicians should gaze at the sun

part of the course of preparation which athletes underwent at Olympia.

29

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

tjXlov /cat ttjv creX-qvqv, tol 8' iv ttogI TTpdypLdTa Trapopdv tovs prjTopas Ae'yetv piev eo7roi>8a/ceVat tol 8i/cata, Trpdrreiv 8e pnqhapbcbs' dAAd pur^v /cat tovs <f>i\apyvpovs ipiyeLv p,ev to dpyvpLOV, virep- ayarrdv Se. KareylvojGKe Se /cat rtov erraivovvTajv

pL€V TOVS SlKGLLOVS, OTL XP7]fJL(^TOJV €7TdvO) eUv , £,7]-

Xovvtojv Se tovs TroXvxprjpLaTOVs . €klv€l 8' avTov

KCLL TO 0V€LV pLEV TOLS 0€OLS V7T€p Vyi€LCLS, iv aVTTJ

Se Trj dvoia /card ttjs vyieias Set7rvetv. dyaodat Se /cat tG)v SouAojv ot XafipodxiyovvTas opwvTes tovs SeuTTOTas pLrjhev dpird'QoLev tcov ioOiopiivojv.

29 enrjV€L tovs pceXXovTas ya/zetv /cat pLrj yapLelv, /cat tovs pieXAovTas KaTOLTrXelv /cat p,rj KaTarrXelv , /cat

TOVS pLeXAoVTCLS 7ToXlT€V€o6cLL /Cat pLTj 7ToXlT€V€o9at}

/cat tovs 7raihoTpo(f)€lv /cat p,r) 7rat8orpo(/)etv, /cat tovs 7TapaoK€va^op,€vovs avpi^Lovv TOLS SwdaTOLLS /cat p,r) TTpouiovTas . eAeye Se /cat Setv Tas x€^Pa^.

€7TL TOVS (f)lXoVS if<T€LV€LV pLTj GVyK6KapLpL€VOLS TOLS

SolktvXols. <j>r]crL Se MivLnnos iv ttj AtoyeVoi>s" Ilpacret ojs dXovs /cat 7ra)XovpLevos rjpcoTrjdiq tl otSe iroLelv. drreKpLvaTO, " dvhpujv dpyjELV "' /cat irpos tov KTjpVKOL, " KTjpvaae," €(f>Tj, " €1 ti? eWAet heuTTOT-qv avTtp 7TpLao-0aL." KcoXvdels /ca0t£e<70at, " OV$€V," €(f>rj, " Sta</>e'per /cat yap tovs t^flus" ottojs olv kzolvto

30 7TL77pdaK€oda.L." davp.d^eLV r e<f>7] ei yyTpav p,ev /cat Ao7raSa ojvovpievoL KopLTrovpuev dvdpujirov Se

° Cf. Ecclus. iv. 31 (36) /ht) £<stw 77 x^p cov iKTcra^vq ets rb \afieiv kcll iv tw a7ro5t56j'at avveoTaXixtvy , "let not thine hand be stretched out to receive, and shut when thou shouldest repay."

6 Menagius, followed by Hiibner, on the authority of

30

VI. 28-30. DIOGENES

and the moon, but overlook matters close at hand ; that the orators should make a fuss about justice in their speeches, but never practise it ; or that the avaricious should cry out against money, while inordinately fond of it. He used also to condemn those who praised honest men for being superior to money, while themselves envying the very rich. He was moved to anger that men should sacrifice to the gods to ensure health and in the midst of the sacrifice should feast to the detriment of health. He was .astonished that when slaves saw their masters were gluttons, they did not steal some of the viands. He would praise those who were about to marry and refrained, those who intending to go a voyage never set sail, those who thinking to engage in politics do no such thing, those also who purposing to rear a family do not do so, and those who make ready to live with potentates, yet never come near them after all. He used to say, moreover, that we ought to stretch out our hands to our friends with the fingers open and not closed. a Menippus b in his Sale of Diogenes tells how, when he was cap- tured and put up for sale, he was asked what he could do. He replied, " Govern men." And he told the crier to give notice in case anybody wanted to purchase a master for himself. Having been for- bidden to sit down, " It makes no difference," said he, " for in whatever position fishes lie, they still find purchasers." And he said he marvelled that before we buy a jar or dish we try whether it rings true, but if it is a man are content merely to look

Ambrosius, reads " Hermippus " ; for among1 the works of Menippus enumerated by Laertius below (§ 101) there is no mention of a " Sale of Diogenes."

31

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

(Jiovr) rfj oifjei dpKovfjieda. eXeye rep E.evcdor] rep Trpia\xevLp avrov, Selv Treideodai avrcp, el /cat

SodXoS €LTj- KCLL ydp €L LOLTpOS T) KvfiepVrjTTjS TjV

hovXos, Treicrdrjvou av avrcp. E^SouAos" Se (j)iqaiv ev rep eTTiypacfyo/jLevto Atoyevovs Upaats ovrojs ayeiv rovs iraloas rod 'ELevidoov, jxerd rd Xonrd fiadrjfjLara IrnreveLV, ro^evetv, crcbevoovav , aKOvrlt,eiv eireir ev rfj 7raXalorrpa ovk eirerpeire rep iraioo- rpi^rj ddXrjruKebs dyetv, dAA' avro \xovov epvdiqp.aros

31 Karet^ov 8e ol Traioes TroXXd rronqreov /cat crvyypa- ej>eeov /cat reov avrov Aioyevovs , rrdadv r ecf)oSov avvrofiov rrpos rd evpLvq/xovevrov eTrrjcrKei. ev oiKCx) t eoioauKe oiaKovelodat, Xtrfj rpo<f)fj xpojp,e- vovs /cat voeop TTivovras, ev XPV Kovplas re /cat d/caAAamt'crrous- elpyd^ero /cat dxlreovas /cat dvviro- h-qrovs /cat aieoTriqXovs /cat /ca#' avrovs ftXerrovras ev rat? 600 is. €^rjye 8' avrovs /cat errl Kvvqyecna. ol 8e /cat avrov IS.Loye.vovs eTTipLeXeiav enoiovvro /cat TTpds rovs yoveas alnqrtKebs ct^ov. o 8' avros (fyrjGL rrapd rep ILevidor] /cat y-qpaaai avrov /cat davovra racfrrjvai npds reov vleov avrov. evda /cat TTwdavofievov rod Hevidoov rrebs avrov ddipetev,

32 £<f>r}> ' £P"1 frpoo-ojirov" ■ rod 8' epopievov " 8td ri; " "ore \xer oXlyov," etVre, " fxeXXec rd Kara) dva> crrpefieudai." rovro 8e 8td rd eiriKparelv 77877 rovs Ma/ceSovas" rj e/c raneiveov vi/jtjXovs ylvecrdai. eloayayovros nvos avrov els olkov noXvreXrj /cat KOjXvovros Trrvaai, eVetS-^ e^pe/Ltj/raro, els rrjv oi/jlv 32

VI. 30-32. DIOGENES

at him. To Xeniades who purchased him he said, " You must obey me, although I am a slave ; for, if a physician or a steersman were in slavery, he would be obeyed." Eubulus in his book entitled The Sale of Dioge?ies tells us that this was how he trained the sons of Xeniades. After their other studies he taught them to ride, to shoot with the bow, to sling stones and to hurl javelins. Later, when they reached the wrestling-school, he would not permit the master to give them full athletic training, but only so much as to heighten their colour and keep them in good condition.

The boys used to get by heart many passages from poets, historians, and the writings of Diogenes himself ; and he would practise them in every short cut to a good memory. In the house too he taught them to wait upon themselves, and to be content with plain fare and water to drink. He used to make them crop their hair close and to wear it unadorned, and to go lightly clad, barefoot, silent, and not looking about them in the streets. He would also take them out hunting. They on their part had a great regard for Diogenes and made requests of their parents for him. The same Eubulus relates that he grew old in the house of Xeniades, and when he died was buried by his sons. There Xeniades once asked him how he wished to be buried. To which he replied, " On my face." " Why ? " inquired the other. " Because," said he, " after a little time down will be converted into up." This because the Mace- donians had now got the supremacy, that is, had risen high from a humble position. Some one toojt him into a magnificent house and warned him not to expectorate, whereupon having cleared his throat

VOL. II d 33

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

avrov eirrvaev, elncjv ytipova tottov [xt) evprjKevai.

OL Se TOVTO ' ApL(JTL7T7TOV (f)(l(JL. (fxjJVquaS 7TOT€,

ld> avdpcoiroL," Kal] ouveXdovrojv, KadiKero rfj fSaKTTjpia, elrrajv y " dvd pdmovs ihcdAecra, ov Kaddp- jjLCLTa," ws <£>r]<JLv 'Exrarcov iv tw vpajrcp rcvv XpeiaV. (jxicrl 8e Kal WXe^avopov elirelv a»s" elirep 'AAetjavopos fir] iyeyovetv, -qdeXrjcra av AtoyevT]? yeveodai.

33 'AvaiTrjpovs eXeyev ov tovs KOJ(f>ovs Kal rv&Xovs, dXXd rovs fxr) ey^ovras TTiqpav. elcreXOwv ttot€ rjfjLL^vprjTOS els viiov gv\17t6ulov , Kadd <f>r)GL M77- rpoKArjs lv rat? Xpeiais", nXr/yds eAa(8e- /xera 8e iyypdibas rd oVo/xara els XevKOJLia tojv TrX^dvrojv TTepirjet e£r)fi[jL€vos, ecus avrovs vBpei TrcpiedrjKe KaTayiva)GKopi£vov<; Kal eTrnrX-qTropievovs . eXeyev eavrov Kvva eivai tojv eTraivovpiivajv , aAAa paqoeva roXfjidv tCjv IrraivovvTcov crvvetjievat, ZttI ttjv diqpav. Trpos rdv elnovra, " Hvdca vikuj dvopas," " eydj fj.ev ow," €ltt€v, " dvopas, crv 8' avSpdnoSa."

34 Ylpos tovs tlrrovras, " yepwv el Kal Xonrdv

aVe?>" " tI oe," ecfrrj, " el SoAr^ov erpexov, irpds rep

re'Aei €oet p.e dvelvai Kal pbrj fi&XXov emrelvtu;

KX-qBels ZttI oeiiTvov ovk €<f)rj TrapZotoBar pLrjoe

yap TTpep-qv avrtu \dpiv iyvcoKevai. yvp.vols 7tooI

X^-dva eVaret /cat raAAa ocra dVco rt poeipr\i at,' Kal 34

VI. 32-34. DIOGENES

he discharged the phlegm into the man's face, being unable, he said, to find a meaner receptacle. Others father this upon Aristippus. One day he shouted out for men, and when people collected, hit out at them with his stick, saying, " It was men I called for, not scoundrels." This is told by Hecato in the first book of his Anecdotes. Alexander is reported to have said, " Had I not been Alexander, I should have liked to be Diogenes."

The word " disabled " (o.va.7njpovs), Diogenes held, ought to be applied not to the deaf or blind, but to those who have no wallet (irrjpai). One day he made his way with head half shaven into a party of young revellers, as Metrocles relates in his Anecdotes, and was roughly handled by them. Afterwards he entered on a tablet the names of those who had struck him and went about with the tablet hung round his neck, till he had covered them with ridicule and brought universal blame and discredit upon them. He described himself as a hound of the sort which all men praise, but no one, he added, of his admirers dared go out hunting along with him. When some one boasted that at the Pythian games he had vanquished men, Diogenes replied, M Nay, I defeat men, you defeat slaves."

To those who said to him, " You are an old man ; take a rest," " What ? " he replied, " if I were running in the stadium, ought I to slacken my pace when approaching the goal ? ought I not rather to put on speed ? " Having been invited to a dinner, he declared that he wouldn't go ; for, the last time he went, his host had not expressed a proper grati- tude. He would walk upon snow barefoot and do the other things mentioned above. Not only so ; he

35

DIOGENES LAERT1US

(hfia he Kpea eVexeip^cre (frayelv, dXX> ov hiWKrjae. KareXafie rrore A-qfjLocrdevqv rov prjropa ev iravho- Keico dpLurcovra. rod 8' VTTOXwpovvros, " roaovrco fiaXXov," €(f)T), "ear) ev tw TravhoKeicp." tjevajv he TTore dedaaadac deXovrojv Ar^fioodevrjv, rov piecrov

SaKTvAoV €KT€LVaS} "oVTOS V/JLLV," €(f>rj , " i<JTLV 6

35 ' ' AdrjvaLOJV hr)pLaya>y6s>" eK^aXovros 8' dprov rivos Kal alcrxwofJLevov dveXeadai, fiovXopievos avrov vovderfjaai, Kepdp,ov rpax^Xov hrjaas ecrvpe

Sid TOV ]\€pail€LKOV.

Mt/xeur^at eAeye rovs xopoSiSacrKaAou?* Kal yap eKeivovs vrrep rovov evhihovai eve/cot rov tovs Xolttovs aibaudai rod rrpoGTjKovros rovov. rovs TrXeiGrovs e'Aeye Trapd haKrvXov pLalveoOai' edv ovv ns rov fxeaov rrporelvas Tropeviqrai, 8o£ei rep fialveadai, idv he rov Xuxavov, ovKeri. ra 7roXXov d£ia rov (.ir/hevos eAeye TTiTrpdoKeadai Kal €IA7toXlv dvopidvra yovv rpiax^Xloiv nnrpduKeadaiy xolvLKa 8' dX(f)Lra)v ovo xaXKtov.

36 Ta> rrpiaiiiva) avrov z.evidhr\ (f>7]GL, " dye qttujs ro rrpoorrarropuevov TToaqaeis." rov 8' elirovros,

dvaj 7rorap,d)v xojpovGL irayai, " el he larpov errpia) voodJv, ovk dv," e<f>r), " avrcp eirelQov, dXX elves dv d>s avoj irorautov ^copouo-t rrayal; " ijdeXe rts nap avrcp cfriXoaocfreZv 6 he ol oaireph-qv hovs eKeXevcrev aKoXovdeZv. J)S 8* v-rr9 alhovs piipas aTrrjXde, fxera X9°vov VTravriqaas

a Eur. Med. 410. 36

VI. 34-36. DIOGENES

even attempted to eat meat raw, but could not I manage to digest it. He once found Demosthenes / the orator lunching at an inn, and, when he retired within, Diogenes said, " All the more you will be inside the tavern." When some strangers expressed a wish to see Demosthenes, he stretched out his middle ringer and said, " There goes the demagogue of Athens." Some one dropped a loaf of bread and was ashamed to pick it up ; whereupon Diogenes, wishing to read him a lesson, tied a rope to the neck of a wine-jar and proceeded to drag it across the Ceramicus.

He used to say that he followed the example of the trainers of choruses ; for they too set the note a little high, to ensure that the rest should hit the right note. Most people, he would say, are so nearly mad that a finger makes all the difference. For, if you go along with your middle finger stretched out, some one will think you mad, but, if it's the little finger, he will not think so. Very valuable things, said he, were bartered for things of no value, and vice versa. At all events a statue fetches three thousand drachmas, while a quart of barley-flour is sold for two copper coins.

To Xeniades, who purchased him, he said, " Come, see that you obey orders." When he quoted the line, Backward the streams flow to their founts,0

Diogenes asked, " If you had been ill and had purchased a doctor, would you then, instead of obeying him, have said "'Backward the streams flow to their founts ' " ? Some one wanted to study philosophy under him. Diogenes gave him a tunny to carry and told him to follow him. And when for shame the man threw it away and departed,

37

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

avrco kclI yeXdoas Ae'yet, " rrjv gtjv koX ifxrjv cj>iXiav oairipo-qs SteAucre." AlokAtjs 8' ovrojs dvaypd(f)€L.

€L7TOVTOS TIVOS GLVTO), " €7TlTaTT€ 7]}XLV , AlOyeVeS","

amayaycov avrov -qpLiajfioXlov rvpov i&l8ov cpepeuv dpvrjoapLevov hi, " rrjv wqv," €(f)r], " Kal ijjirjv <f>iXiav rjfjLiatfioAiov rvpihiov StaAeAu/ce."

37 Qeaodp.evos rrore rratolov rals XeP°l 7T^vov i^€ppajj€ rfjs rrr\pas rrjv KorvX-qv, elirdjv, " iraioiov fie vevLKTjKev evreXela." itjdftaAe 8e /cat ro rpv- fiXiov, ofjLOLcus Tratoiov 6eo.aap.evos, eTreior) Karia^e ro aKevoSy to) kolXoj rov ifjwpiov rr)v <f>aKrjv V7TO&exopL€vov . ovveXoyi^ro 8e Kal ovrcos' rcbv detZv iari rravra- </>lXol 8e ol ao<f>ol tois deois- Koivd ok rd ra>v <f>LXojv. irdvr dpa iari rtov ao<f)tuv. deaadpievos rrore yvvaiKa dax^p^ovecrre- pov toZs deols TrpoGTTiTTTovaav , fiovXopLevos aVTTJS irepieXcHV rrjv h€LGi6aip.ov lav , Kadd <f)r]Gi TjOjiXos 6 Tlepyaios, npoaeXdtbv elrrev, " ovk evXaBfj, d> yvvai, pJ] wore deov oTnadev eortoros — iravra yap

38 ioTLV avrov rrXrjpr] — daxr)!JLOV1j(JTlS > " r<? 'Aa- KX-qTTLOj dvedrjKe TrXrjKrrjv, os rovs iiri oro/xa irirtrovras lmrpixojv crvvdrpifiev.

Elo)0€l 8e Xeyeiv rds rpayiKas dpas avrco ovvrjvriqKivat' elvat yovv

drroXis, doiKos, narptSog icrreprjpLevos, tttujxos, TTXavrjrrjs, filov iywv tov</>* r)p,epav.

etf>aot<€ 8' dvriridivai rvxj] p<ev ddpoos, vopao Se1 1 U <<5eIV> Richards.

• Nanck, T.<;.1\\ AtUtp. ?8* 38

VI. 36-38. DIOGENES

some time after on meeting him he laughed and said, " The friendship between you and me was broken by a tunny." The version given by Diocles, however, is as follows. Some one having said to him, " Lay your commands upon us, Diogenes," he took him away and gave him a cheese to carry, which cost half an obol. The other declined ; where- upon he remarked, " The friendship between you and me is broken by a little cheese worth half an obol."

One day, observing a child drinking out of his hands, he cast away the cup from his wallet with the words, " A child has beaten me in plainness of living." He also threw away his bowl when in like manner he saw a child who had broken his plate taking up his lentils with the hollow part of a morsel of bread. He used also to reason thus : " All things belong to the gods. The wise are friends of the gods, and friends hold things in common. Therefore all things belong to the wise." One day he saw a woman kneeling before the gods in an ungraceful attitude, and wishing to free her of superstition, according to Zoilus of Perga, he came forward and said, " Are you not afraid, my good woman, that a god may be standing behind you ? — for all things are full of his presence — and you may be put to shame ? " He dedicated to Asclepius a bruiser who, whenever people fell on their faces, used to run up to them and bruise them.

All the curses of tragedy, he used to say, had lighted upon him. At all events he was

A homeless exile, to his country dead. A wanderer who begs his daily bread.3

But he claimed that to fortune he could oppose

39

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

<f>voiVy Tradzi hi Xoyov. iv tw Kpavelto rjXtovfiivcp avrw WXi^avopos eVtcrra? (fyrjcriv, " a'iTi]a6v fie o ^eAeis".'' Kal 6V, " olttogkott^ctov p,ov," (frrjcrl.

jJLCLKpa TLVOS OLVayLVtOGKOVTOS KOLL 77/30? TW TtXci

tov fiifiXiov dypaSov tl irapaoet^avTos " Oappeire," €(f)7], " dvopes' yrjv Spa)." rrpos tov crvXAoyiadfievov on Kepara e^et, di/japuevos tov [xeroanov , " iyd)

39 fi€vt" €(f>r), " ovx opoj." ofxoiajs Kal 7rp6s tov

€l7TOVTa OTL KLVqGLS OVK €CTTiV, dvaUTaS 7T€pL€7TaT€l. TTpOS TOV AiyOVTOL 7T€pl TO)V fJL€T€Cl)pOJV, " 7TO0TCUOS,"

ecjiri, " rrdpei oltto tov ovpavov ; " €VVOVXov ^X" Orjpov iTTiypdipavTOS iirl ttjv olklolv, " pLr/Siv €lo~ltcd

KO.KOV," "6 OVV KVpLOS," €</>7) , " TT]S OIKICLS 7TOV

elaeXdr); " toj fivpoj tovs nohas dXeiifjdfJLevos €<f>rj OL7TO [Lev ttjs K€(baXrjs els tov depa dmeVai to

(JLVpOV, OL7TO Se TO)V ITOOtbv €L$ TTjV dcrcfyp-qcrLV . dtjtovv-

tcov 'AOrjvaLOJV fJLvrjdrjvai avTOV Kal XeyovTwv a>s iv doov npoehpias ol p,e\xvt]\iivoi Tvyydvovvi, " yeXolov," ecbrj, " el ' AyqolXaos p,€V Kal 'E7ra/zeiv- wvSag iv toj fiopfiopto hidijovoiv y evTeXeis hi Tives pL€LLvrjfJbevoL iv TaZs LiaKapaiv vqoots eaovTat."

40 Tipos tovs ipnvoavTas em ttjv Tpdire^av fivg, " ISov," (brjCTL, " Kal Aioyivr]? uapaaiTOVs Tpi<f>ei." YlXdTwvos €L7t6vtos avTov Kvva, " val," e<hf]' " iyd) yap iiravrjXdov itrl tov? ireirpaKOTas . e/c tov

a Of Pint. Alex. c. 14.

VI. 38-40. DIOGENES

courage, to convention nature, to passion reason. -^ When he was sunning himself in the Craneum, Alexander came and stood over him and said, " Ask of me any boon you like." To which he replied, "Stand out of my light." a Some one had been reading aloud for a very long time, and when he was near the end of the roll pointed to a space with no writing on it. " Cheer up, my men," cried Diogenes ; " there's land in sight." To one who by argument had proved conclusively that he had horns, he said, touching his forehead, " Well, I for my part don't see any." In like manner, when somebody declared that there is no such thing as motion, he got up and walked about. When some one was discoursing on celestial pheno- mena, " How many days," asked Diogenes, " were you in coming from the sky ? " A eunuch of bad character had inscribed on his door the words, " Let nothing evil enter." " How then," he asked, " is the master of the house to get in ? " When he had anointed his feet with unguent, he declared that from his head the unguent passed into the air, but from his feet into his nostrils. The Athenians urged him to become initiated, and told him that in the other world those who have been initiated enjoy a special privilege. " It would be ludicrous," quoth he, " if Agesilaus and Epaminondas are to dwell in the mire, while certain folk of no account will live in the Isles of the Blest because they have been initiated."

When mice crept on to the table he addressed them thus, " See now even Diogenes keeps para- sites." When Plato styled him a dog, " Quite true," he said, " for I come back again and again to those who have sold me." As he was leaving the public

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

fiaXaveiov e^idjv rw p.ev 7rv0opLevcp el rroXXol avdpumoi Xovvrai, r^pvqaaro' ra> 8\ el rroXvs o^Ao?, copLoXoyqae . IlXdrcuvos opiaapLevov, "Av- dpojTros ear i t^tpov oirrovv dnrepov, Kal evooKt- piovvros, rlXas dXeKrpvova elcnjveyKev avrov els rrjv crxoXrjv Kal <j>iqaiv, " ovros eanv 6 YlXdrajvos dvdpajrros." odev rep opco rrpoaeredrj to irXarvatw- Xov- Trpos top rrvdopievov ttoIq wpa Set apiarav, " el p,ev rrXovoLos,'' e(f>7], " orav deXrj- el oe rrevrjs, orav €XJ]-"

41 'Ev Meyapots' loajv rd fiev TTpoBara rols oep- p,aaiv eaKerraapLeva, rovs oe Traloas avrdJv yvpivovs, ecfyq, " XvoireXeorepov eari ^Sleyapews Kpidv elvai rj vlov." 7rpos top evrivd^avra avrw ookov, elra elirovra, " (fyvXatjai" " rrdXiv yap pie," €<f>r), " iraieiv /ze'AAets' ; " eXeye rovs p^ev orjp,ayajyovs o^Xov hiaKovovs, rovs Se are<j)dvovs Sotjrjs e^avd-qp,ara. Xvxvov l^e^ rjpiepav aifias TTepir\ei Xeywv " dv- Opojirov tyro)." elarrjKei rrore KaraKpovvu^opLevos' rcov he. irepiearujTajv eXeovvrwv, rrapdjv YiXdrojv e<j>r]} " el fiovXeoQ* avrov eXerjaat, aTroor-qre," evheiKvvpLevos </>tAoSo£tav avrov. evrplifjavros avrco KovhvXov rivos, " 'Hpa/cAet?,'' €(f>r)t " olov pie XPl^ eXdvdave rd pLerd nepiKecfraXaLas 77-ept7ra.Tetv."

42 aAAa Kal MctStou KovhvXiaavros avrov Kal elirovros, " rpLoxlXtai 001 Kelvrai enl rfj rparret^y rfj e£rjs TTVKriKovs Xafiajv ipidvras Kal KaraXoijaas avrov e(f>r), " Tptcr^tAtat 001 Kelvrai hrl rfj rpane^r) ."

0 Where the wool was of fine quality, as near Tarentum (Hor. Carm. ii. 6. 10 " pellitis ovibus "), the fleeces were protected by coverings of skin, partly against damage from brambles and partly to preserve the colour (Varro, R.R. ii. 2).

I*

VI. 40-42. DIOGENES

baths, somebody inquired if many men were bathing. He said, No. But to another who asked if there was a great crowd of bathers, he said, Yes. Plato had denned Man as an animal, biped and featherless, and was applauded. Diogenes plucked a fowl and brought it into the lecture-room with the words, " Here is Plato's man." In consequence of which there was added to the definition, " having broad nails." To one who asked what was the proper time for lunch, he said, If a rich man, when you will ; if a poor man, when you can."

At Megara he saw the sheep protected by leather jackets, while the children went bare. " It's better," said he, " to be a Megarian's ram than his son." a To one who had brandished a beam at him and then cried, " Look out," he replied, " What, are you intending to strike me again ? " He used to call the demagogues the lackeys of the people and the crowns awarded to them the efflorescence of fame. He lit a lamp in broad daylight and said, as he went about, " I am looking for a man." One day he got a thorough drenching where he stood, and, when the bystanders pitied him, Plato said, if they really pitied him, they should move away, alluding to his vanity. When some one hit him a blow with his fist,

Heracles," said he, how came I to forget to put on a helmet when I walked out ? " Further, when Meidias assaulted him and went on to say, " There are 3000 drachmas to your credit," the next day he took a pair of boxing-gauntlets, gave him a thrashing and said, " There are 3000 blows to your credit."

We are reminded of what Augustus said when he heard of the execution of Antipater, " It is better to be Herod's pig than his son."

L3

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

AvOlOV TOV (fxipflCLKOTTtoXoV TTvOofJLeVOV €L 0€OVS POfJLL^ei, " 7TOJS 8e," €17T€V, " OV VO/JLl^CO. 07TOV KOLl G€

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€L7T€LV TOVTO. lSo)V TIVCL TTepippaiVOpLtVOV €7T€l7T€V ,

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43 rd /car dXrjdeLav. 7rp6s 8e rovs irepX rd oveipara €7TTor]iJLevov£ eXeyev cos" vnep a>v pcev rtpdrrovoiv vrrap, ovk Ittigt pl(j>ovr ai, vnep oov 8e Kadevhovres (fyavraotovvrai, TroXvTTpaypLovovoLV . 'OAu/zmacrt rod KiqpvKOs dveiiTovros, " vikcl Aloj£lttttos dvopas,"

ovros jxev Srj avSpdnoSa, dvopas 8' iyw." 'Hya7Taro 8e kolI irpds A9-qvaiojv pueipaKLOV yovv rdv ttL9ov avrov ovvrpirjjavros, rw puev 7rXrjyds eoooav, eKelvtp 8c dXXov Trapeuxov. cfyrjal 8e Aiovvoios 6 (jrwiKos cbs puerd XatpaWtav cruA- Xr](f)del? dnrjx^7] irpos QlXlttttov /cat ipcorrjdeis oar is eurj, diTeKpivaro y " KardoKOTros rrjs orrjs d7rXr] err ias'" 69ev 9avpLao9els d(f)€L9rj.

44 ' AXe^dvopov rrore rrepajjavros €7noroXrjv rrpds ' ' Avrlrrarpov els *A9r)vas 8ta nvos yA9Xiov, rrapdiv

fyy

d9Xios Trap* d9Xiov 8t' d9Xiov irpds d9Xiov.

HephiKKOv dTreiXrjuavro?, el p,r) eX9oc npos avrov, aTTOKreveiv, ecfrr], " ovhev p.i'ya- /cat yap Kav9apos /cat fyaXdyyiov rovr dv Trpd^eiev"

n

VI. 42-44, DIOGENES

When Lysias the druggist asked him if he believed in the gods, " How can I help believing in them," said he, " when I see a god-forsaken wretch like you ? " Others give this retort to Theodorus. , Seeing some one perform religious purification, he said, " Unhappy man, don't you know that you can no more get rid of errors of conduct by sprinklings than you can of mistakes in grammar ? " He would rebuke men in general with regard to their prayers, declaring that they asked for those things which seemed to them to be good, not for such as are truly good. As for those who were excited over their dreams he would say that they cared nothing for what they did in their waking hours, but kept their curiosity for the visions called up in their sleep. At Olympia, when the herald proclaimed Dioxippus to be victor over the men, Diogenes protested, " Nay, he is victorious over slaves, I over men."

Still he was loved by the Athenians. At all events, when a youngster broke up his tub, they I gave the boy a flogging and presented Diogenes with another. Dionysius the Stoic says that after Chaeronea he was seized and dragged off to Philip, and being asked who he was, replied, " A spy upon your insatiable greed." For this he was admired and set free.

Alexander having on one occasion sent a letter to Antipater at Athens by a certain Athlios, Diogenes, who was present, said :

Graceless son of graceless sire to graceless wight by graceless squire.

Perdiccas having threatened to put him to death unless he came to him, " That's nothing wonder- ful," quoth he, " for a beetle or a tarantula would

45

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

€K€lvo 8e jiaXXov (LTreiXelv rj$LOV ojs " el koll ^copts" ifjiov t^aaiy evSai/jiovcos trjGOiro." ifioa 7toA\(lkls Aeycuv tov tojv avOpcontov fiiov pdoiov vtto tcov decov SeSocrdat, a7TOK€Kpv(f)daL 8' avrcov ^tovvtojv [jLeAiTrrjKTa koll p,vpa Kai tol TTapaTrArjoia. 66 ev

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etnev, " os Kai apiara Kai oenrvel OTav 'AAe£dV8poj oo£r)."

46 XprjpLaTOJv oe6p,€vos aTraiTelv eXeye tovs c^lAovs, ovk atTelv. en ay o pas ttot€ ytipovpyoiv, " eWe," €<f>r), " Kai tt)v KoiALav r)v TrapaTpiijjavTa /xt) Treivrjv." pL€ipaKLOV OeaadpLevos /xera oaTparrajv irrl Seirrvov dmov, aTTOOTrdoas irpos tovs otKeiovs aV^yaye

a i.e. " some day you'll come to the gallows." 46

VI. 44-40. DIOGENES

do the same." Instead of that he would have ex- pected the threat to be that Perdiccas would be quite happy to do without his company- He would often insist loudly that the gods had given to men the means of living easily, but this had been put out of sight, because we require honeyed cakes, unguents and the like. Hence to a man whose shoes were being put on by his servant, he said, " You have not attained to full felicity, unless he wipes your nose as well ; and that will come, when you have lost the use of your hands."

Once he saw the officials of a temple leading away some one who had stolen a bowl belonging to the treasurers, and said, " The great thieves are leading away the little thief." Noticing a lad one day throwing stones at a cross (gibbet), " Well done," he said, " you will hit your mark."a When some boys clustered round him and said, " Take care he doesn't bite us," he answered, " Never fear, boys, a dog does not eat beetroot." To one who was proud of wearing a lion's skin his words were, " Leave off dis- honouring the habiliments of courage." When some one was extolling the good fortune of Callisthenes and saying what splendour he shared in the suite of Alexander, " Not so," said Diogenes, " but rather ill fortune ; for he breakfasts and dines when Alexander thinks fit."

Being short of money, he told his friends that he applied to them not for alms, but for repayment of his due. When behaving indecently in the market- place, he wished it were as easy to relieve hunger by rubbing an empty stomach. Seeing a youth starting off to dine with satraps, he dragged him off, took him to his friends and bade them keep

*7

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

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47 Tovs prjTopas koX ttolvtcls tovs IvhotjoAoyovvTCLs

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TO KOLTOLLTlOJLieVOV LL€LpaKLOV TO TrXrjOoS TOJV €VO~

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Xr)OT€V€L."

48 Tov Kidapojoov del KaTaXenrofxevov vtto tujv aKpooLTcuv TjOTrdcroLTO, " Xa^P6 dXeKTop"' tov Se €L7tovtos, " Sta tl ; " " otl," e<f>r), " ahcuv ndvTas iyeLpeLS." p,€LpaKLOV eVtSei/cyu/xeVou TrXriptocras to

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dovs €ls clvtov d(f)opowTos OavLid^eLV €(f>rj 7ra>s

a "You would not see so many bones if I were the dog," was Dante's retort when annoyed by similar attentions at the table of Can Grande. 48

VI. 46-48. DIOGENES

strict watch over him. When a youth effeminahlv attired put a question to him, he declined to answer unless he pulled up his robe and showed whether he was man or woman. A youth was playing cottabos in the baths. Diogenes said to him, " The better you play, the worse it is for you." At a feast ; certain people kept throwing all the bones to him as they would have done to a dog.a Thereupon he played a dog's trick and drenched them.

Rhetoricians and all who talked for reputation he used to call " thrice human," meaning thereby " thrice wretched." An ignorant rich man he used to call " the sheep with the golden fleece." Seeing a notice on the house of a profligate, " To be sold," he said, " I knew well that after such surfeiting you would throw up the owner." To a young man who complained of the number of people who annoyed him by their attentions he said, " Cease to hang out a sign of invitation." Of a public bath which was dirty he said, " When people have bathed here, where are they to go to get clean ? " There was a stout musician whom everybody depreciated and Diogenes alone praised. When asked why, he said, " Because being so big, he yet sings to his lute and does not turn brigand."

The musician who was always deserted by his audience he greeted with a " Hail chanticleer," and when asked why he so addressed him, replied, " Because your song makes every one get up." A young man was delivering a set speech, when Diogenes, having rilled the front fold of his dress with lupins, began to eat them, standing right oppo- site to him. Having thus drawn off the attention of the assemblage, he said he was greatly surprised

VOL. II e 40

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

€K€lVOV a.<j)€VT€S €1$ GVTOV OptOGL. XeyovTOS S'

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49 Ylpos re rdv ovethiuavra avTto ttjv tfrvyrfv, " dXXd

TOVTOV y €V€K€V," €L7T€V, "tb KOLKoSoLLLLOV, €(j)lXo - GO(f>7)Ga." KOLL 77aAty €L7TOVTOS TWO?, " TiLVOJ7T€lS

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Se [XT], air* i/iov dp£aL."

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VI. 4s -so. DIOGENES

that they should desert the orator to look at himself. A very superstitious person addressed him thus, 11 With one blow I will break your head." " And I," said Diogenes, " by a sneeze from the left will make you tremble." Hegesias having asked him to lend him one of his writings, he said, " You are a simpleton, Hegesias ; you do not choose painted figs, but real ones ; and yet you pass over the true training and would apply yourself to written rules."

When some one reproached him with his exile, his reply was, " Nay, it was through that, you miserable fellow, that I came to be a philosopher." Again, when some one reminded him that the people of Sinope had sentenced him to exile, " And I them," said he, " to home-staying." Once he saw an Olympic victor tending sheep and thus accosted him : " Too quickly, my good friend, have you left Olympia for Nemea.° " Being asked why athletes are so stupid, his answer was, " Because they are built up of pork and beef." He once begged alms of a statue, and, when asked why he did so, replied, " To get practice in being refused." In asking alms — as he did at first by reason of his poverty — he used this form : "If you have already given to anyone else, give to me also ; if not, begin with me."

On being asked by a tyrant what bronze is best for a statue, he replied, " That of which Harmodius and Aristogiton were moulded." Asked how Dionysius treated his friends, " Like purses," he replied ; "so long as they are full, he hangs them up, and, when they are empty, he throws them away." Some one lately wed had set up on his door the notice :

a Shepherd's Bush.

51

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

6 rov Ato? irais koXXIvikos 'Hpa/cA^? ivddSe KaToiKeZ. paqhev elcrlra) kclkov

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€(f>rj, " el OVTCDS rjplOTCLS, OVK O.V OVrOOS i$€lTTV€lS."

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52 ^ISwv TTore Sparrir-qv iirl (j)peart Kadr\p.zvov €(f>r],

" pi€ipdKlOV} fiXeTTe pLTj ip,77€Or)S ." l&OJV [}JL€lpa-

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a Cf. inf. vii. §111; 1 Tim. vi. 10, " The love of money is the root of all evil."

52

VI. 50-52. DIOGENES

The son of Zeus, victorious Heracles, Dwells here ; let nothing evil enter in.

To which Diogenes added " After war, alliance." The love of money he declared to be mother-city of all evils .a Seeing a spendthrift eating olives in a tavern, he said, " If you had breakfasted in this fashion, you would not so be dining."

Good men he called images of the gods, and love the business of the idle. To the question what is wretched in life he replied, " An old man destitute." Being asked what creature's bite is the worst, he said, " Of those that are Mild a sycophant's ; of those that are tame a flatterer's." Upon seeing two centaurs very badly painted, he asked, " Which of these is Chiron ? " (worse man). Ingratiating speech he compared to honey used to choke you. The stomach he called livelihood's Charybdis.b Hearing a report that Didymon the flute-player had been caught in adultery, his comment was, " His name alone is sufficient to hang him." To the question why gold is pale, his reply was, " Because it has so many thieves plotting against it." On seeing a woman carried in a litter, he remarked that the cage was not in keeping with the quarry.

One day seeing a runaway slave sitting on the brink of a well, he said, " Take care, my lad, you don't fall in." Seeing a boy taking clothes at the baths, he asked, "Is it for a little unguent (a/\et/x//artoi') or is it for a new cloak (a A A5 Ifxanov) ? " Seeing some women hanged from an olive-tree, he said, " Would that every tree bore similar fruit." On seeing a footpad he accosted him thus :

6 i.e. a whirlpool engulfing a man's livelihood.

53

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

TL7TT6 (IV O)0€, (f)€pi<JT€ /

tj riva gvXiJgojv veKVOjv KarareOvqojTOJV ;

ipCDTTjdeiS el TTdlhlGKapiOV Tj TTCLL&dpiOV e^Ot, €(f)7j,

oil- " rod Se zIttovtos, " idv ovv a77oddvr)s, rls ae ifjoicrei; " €^77, " o ^p^coy rfjs olklols." 53 Mctoa/ctov €vp,op(f)ov acf)v\a.KTcos I8d>v koljjloj- fjievov, vv£as, " erreyetpat," €<f>r],

fji-q ris rot evbovrt, pLeroxfrpevoj eV Sopv Trrj^rj.

Trpos rov iroXvreXojs oi/jojvovvtcl,

wKVfiopos Sij fJLOL, tIkos, eaaeai, oV dyopd^eis ;

YlXdrojvos rrepl t'SecDv StaAeyo/xeVou /cat ovofjid^ovrog TpaTTettOT-qra /cat KvadorTjra, " iyco," elrrev, " oj UXdrojv, rpdrre^av fiev /cat kvolOov opoj' rparre- ^orrjra Se /cat Kvador-qra ovhapLws' " /cat 6$, " Kara Xoyov," e<f>r)' " ols fjbev yap kvolOos /cat rpdne^a deoopelrai, 6cf>6aXjJLOvg exits' oj Se rpaTre^orrjg /cat KvaOorrjs /SAeVerat, vovv ovk exet?." 51 'JLpojTrjdels vtto twos, " ttoIos ris croi Atoyevrjg So/cet ; " " HcoKpdrrjs," cine, " fiaivofjievos." l ipojTTjdels Troio) Kaipa) Set yafxelv, €cf>r), " rov? fiep viovs fjLr)$€7TOj, rovs 8e TTpecrfivrepovs [j:t]0€7toj7tot€ ." ipojTTjOels ri OeXoi kovSvXov Xafielv, " TreptKe- <f>aXaiav " €<f>r). \xeipaKiov Ihojv KaXXojTn^ofJLevov

€<f)T], " €L [JL€V TTpOS CLvSpOLS, a/Tl^etS" €t Se 77009

yvvaiKaSy dSt/cet?." Ihojv nore /zctoa/ctov ipv- dpiojv, " ddppei," €<f>r)' " toiovtov icrn rfjs dperfjs

1 ipurrjdeh . . . /xaivjuevos cancellis inclusit Cobet, 54

VI. 52-54. DIOGENES

What mak'st thou here, my gallant ?

Com'st thou perchance for plunder of the dead ? a

Being asked whether he had any maid or boy to wait on him, he said " No." " If you should die, then, who will carry you out to burial ? " " Who- ever wants the house," he replied.

Noticing a good-looking youth lying in an exposed position, he nudged him and cried, " Up, man, up, lest some foe thrust a dart into thy back ! " To one who was feasting lavishly he said :

Short-liv'd thou'lt be, my son, by what thou— buy'st.6

As Plato was conversing about Ideas and using the nouns " tablehood " and " cuphood," he said, " Table and cup I see ; but your tablehood and cuphood, Plato, I can nowise see." " That's readily accounted for," said Plato, " for you have the eyes to see the visible table and cup ; but not the under- standing by which ideal tablehood and cuphood are discerned."

On being asked by somebody, " What sort of a man do you consider Diogenes to be ? " " A Socrates gone mad," said he.c Being asked what was the right ' time to marry, Diogenes replied, " For a young man I not yet : for an old man never at all." Being asked what he would take to be soundly cuffed, he replied, 11 A helmet." Seeing a youth dressing with elaborate care, he said, " If it's for men, you're a fool ; if for women, a knave." One day he detected a youth blushing. " Courage," quoth he, " that is the hue

a Horn. II. x. 343, 38T.

b Of. Horn. //. v. 40, xviii. 95.

c i.e. Plato. This anecdote is found in Aelian, Var. Hist. xiv. 33 eiibdei 8t, (pacrlu, 6 IWdruu ire pi Atoye'vovs \4yetP otl fiaivd/xevos ovros "LuiKparris eariv.

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

TO XpCOflOL." SvOLV TTOTt VOfJUKOlV OLKOVGOLS TOVS SvO

KdTexpivev, eiTTcov tov fiev k&kXocJxevoa, tov Se jjlj] aTToXcoXeKevai. epcoTrjOels ttoZov olvov rj&etos Trivet, €<f)r), " tov aXXorpiov." irpos rov etrrovTa, " ttoX- Xol gov KarayeXajoiv," dAA' eyto," ecprj, " ov /carayeAco/xat."

55 Upds rov elrrovra kcikov elvai to L,rjv, " ov to

^V," €L7T€V, " aAAd TO KOLKCOS (^rjv ." TTpOS TOVS

crvfJiftovXevovTas tov dirohpavTa clvtov SovXov tpqTelv, " yeXolov," ecf)7], " el ^Sldvqs pLev ^ajpts" Atoyevovs tf\, Aioyevqs Se ^tapls MdVou ov SvvrjcreTaL." dpioTtov iXdas, ttXcikovvtos eTreLtrevexOevTos, plipas

<f)7]GLV}

oj ^eve, Tvpdvvois eKnoScbv pLedioTaao' /cat 6lXXot6,

pLaGTitjev 8' iXdav.

ipojTrjdels ttotolttos e'lr) kvqjv ; ecfuq " neivtov fiev MeAtTato?, xopTdGdels he MoAoTTt/cds-, tovtojv ovs eTratvovvTes ol ttoXXol ov toX/jlojgl olcl tov ttovov Gvve^ievai olvtols errl ttjv 0-qpav ovtojs oi)S' e/xo hvvaude GVjJifiiovv Sid tov (f)6(3ov tlov dXyrjhovtov .'

56 'EtpojTrjOels el ol GO(f>ol rrXaKovvTa eodiovoi " navTa," e'nrev, " d>s /cat ol XolttoI dvdptoiroi.' epODTTjOels otd tl TTpoGdLTais fJLev eVtStSdaat, (/>tAo- g6(J)ols he ov, ecf)7], " oti )(ojXol fiev /cat TvtpXol yeveoQai eXTrit.ovGt, <f)LXoGocf)fjoai o' ovheTTOTe. cjiiXdpyvpov fJTet' tov he. PpahvvovTos, " dvdpajTre,

a Eur. P/toen. 40.

h llom. Tl. v. 366, viii. 45. In the Homeric lines, however,

i\dav is a verb in the infinitive mood : " lit- lashed the steeds to make them run."

56

VI. 54-5C. DIOGENES

of virtue." One day after listening to a couple of lawyers disputing, he condemned them both, saying that the one had no doubt stolen, but the other had not lost anything. To the question what wine he found pleasant to drink, he replied, " That for which other people pay." When he was told that many people laughed at him, he made answer, " But I am not laughed down."

When some one declared that life is an evil, he corrected him : " Not life itself, but living ill." When he was advised to go in pursuit of his runaway slave, he replied, " It would be absurd, if Manes can live without Diogenes, but Diogenes cannot get on without Manes." When breakfasting on olives amongst which a cake had been inserted, he flung it away and addressed it thus :

Stranger, betake thee from the princes' path.a

And on another occasion thus :

He lashed an olive.6

Being asked what kind of hound he was, he replied, " When hungry, a Maltese ; when full, a Molossian — two breeds which most people praise, though for fear of fatigue they do not venture out hunting with them. So neither can you live with me, because you are afraid of the discomforts."

Being asked if the wise eat cakes, " Yes," he said, " cakes of all kinds, just like other men." Being asked why people give to beggars but hot to philosophers, he said, " Because they think they may one day be lame or blind, but never expect that they will turn to philosophy." He was begging of a miserly man who was slow to respond ; so he

57

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

€i7T€V, " els rpo(f>i]v ae alrco, ovk els racfrrjv." oveihi^o/jbevos rrore errl ra> rrapayapdi; at to v6pu,ap,a e<pr], " r)v TTore -^povos eKetvos or* rjfirjv eyd> tolovtos ottolos av vvv ottolos 8* eydj VVV , GV ovSenore ." /cat rrpos dXXov errl rep avrw oveioioavTa, " /cat yap eveovpovv ddrrov, aAAa vvv ov."

57 EtV aLvvhav eXdojv /cat Oeaadpcevos pLeydXas rds TTvXas, puKpdv oe rr)v ttoXlv, " dvopes MuVStot," e(f>7], " /cAetcrare rds ttvXols, pir) rj ttoXls vpidjv e£eX9r]." deaadpLevos rrore Tropcf)vpoKXeTrrr]v Trec^ajpapievov e<fa,

eXXa^e Trop^vpeos Bdvaros /cat Motpa Kparairj.

Kparepou d^Lovvros irpos avrov dmevat, " aAAa fiovXo/ACLL," ecfrr], i( ev ' AOrjvais dXa Aet^etv rj rrapd Kparepcp rrjs rroXvreXovs Tpane^rjs drroXaveiv." 'Ava^t/xeVet tw p-qropi Travel ovtl TrpoaeXBojv, " errlSos /cat r)p2vy" e(j>r), " rols tttojxo'ls rrjs yaorpos' /cat yap avros Kov(f)Lcr9rjO"r) /cat T^Ltas" dxfieXrjaeLS." SiaXeyopLevov -rrore rod avrov rdpt^os rrporelvas Trepiearraae rovs aKpoards' dyavaKrovvros oe, " ri/v Wvagipevovs," €(f>7], " ot,dXe£iv ofioXov rdpL^os StaAeAu/cey."

58 'Ovei&L^opLevos irore on ev dyopa ecf>ayev, " ev dyopa ydp," e(f>rj, " /cat eTreivqaa." evioi he. rovrov <f>aalv elvai KaKelvo, on YlXdrojv deaadpievos avrov Aa^ava irXvvovra, TrpoaeXddjv rjcrvxrj etVot aurar

el Alovvglov eQepdneves, ovk av Xd%ava errXvves'" rov 8' drroKpivaaOaL opLOLws ^crtr^Ty, " xal av el

a //. v. - 58

VI. 56-58. DIOGENES

said, " My friend, it's for food that I'm asking, not for funeral expenses." Being reproached one day for having falsified the currency, he said, " That was the time when I was such as you are now ; but such as I am now, you will never be." To another who reproached him for the same offence he made a more scurrilous repartee.

On coming to Myndus and finding the gates large, though the city itself was very small, he cried,

Men of Myndus, bar your gates, lest the city should run away." Seeing a man who had been caught stealing purple, he said :

Fast gripped by purple death and forceful fate.a

When Craterus wanted him to come and visit him, ' No," he replied, " I would rather live on a few grains of salt at Athens than enjoy sumptuous fare at Craterus's table." He went up to Anaximenes the rhetorician, who was fat, and said, " Let us beggars have something of your paunch ; it will be a relief to you, and we shall get advantage." And when the same man was discoursing, Diogenes dis- tracted his audience by producing some salt fish. This annoyed the lecturer, and Diogenes said, " An obol's worth of salt fish has broken up Anaximenes' lecture-class."

Being reproached for eating in the market-place, " Well, it was in the market-place," he said, " that I felt hungry." Some authors affirm that the follow- ing also belongs to him : that Plato saw him washing lettuces, came up to him and quietly said to him, " Had you paid court to Dionysius, you wouldn't now be washing lettuces," and that he with equal calmness made answer, " If you had washed lettuces,

59

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

XdxavcL enXvves, ovk av Alovvglov eOepdrreves" npos tov elnovra, " ol rrXeiovs gov KaTayeXwai"

" K0LK6LVCOV TVyOV ," €L7T€V, " OL OVOL' dAA' OVT eKelvOL TO)V OVOJV €7TLGT pe(j)OVT ai, OVT iycb eK€LVO)V."

deaadfievos nore \xeipaKiov (j>iXoGO(j)ovv , " evyey' elrrev, " on tovs rod GwpLaros epaards errl to ttjs ipvxfjs KaXXos fjueTayeis."

59 Qavjidc^ovTos tlvos rd ev HapLodpaKj) dvadrfpuaTa, e<f>r), " ttoXAlo av rjv TrXeloj el Kal ol /at) GojOevres dv€TL0€Gav" ol oe tovto Aiayopou <f)OLGl tov M77A10U. evfiop^a) jjLeipaKLO) dmovTi els ovparoGiov €(f>r), " ^et/Dtuv €7ravr)£eis'" tov 8' enaveXdovTOs Kal ttj e£rjs elirovTOS, " koI aTrrjXdov Kal xeiptov ovk iyevofjLrjv," ecfyq, " Xetpcuv fiev ov, ILvpVTLajv 8e." hvGKoXov fiTei' tov 8' elrrovTog, " edv fie ireUrQS'" e(j>r), " el oe e6vvd\xr)v irelGai, eireiaa dv oe dndy- ijaoOai . ' ' eTtavr]pyeTO Ik AaKeoalfiovos el? 'Adrjvas •

TTpOS OVV TOV TTvdofJLeVOV, " TTOL Kal TTodeV ; " €K

tt)s dvSpajVLTiSos," elirev, "els tt)v yvvaiKOJViTiv ."

60 'E77aV^et (177* 'OAu/X77tO>V TTpOS OVV TOV TTv96-

p,evov el oxXos e'iq ttoXvs, "ttoXvs p<ev" elirev , "6 oxXos, oXiyoi 8' ol avOpajTroi." tovs auojTovs €1776 TrapaTrX-qaiovs elvai uvkoXs era Kprj/jLvto TrecfrvKvlais , cLv tov Kaprrov avSpcorros f^ev ovk diroyeverai, KopaKes oe. Kal yvnes ecrQiovcri. fypvvqs ' ' A<f>pooiTr)V XPvor)v dvadelorjs ev AeX<f>ols (f>aal tovtov eiriypdipaiy " drro ttjs tojv 'EA-

n As Chiron was the wisest and best, so Eurytion was the most intemperate, of the ( lentaurs : " Eurytion, ebriosns ille ( cntaurus " (Menaghu).

60

VI. 58-00. DIOGENES

you wouldn't have paid court to Dionysius." When some one said, " Most people laugh at you," his reply was, " And so very likely do the asses at them ; but as they don't care for the asses, so neither do I care for them." One day observing a youth studying philosophy, he said, " Well done, Philosophy, that thou divertest admirers of bodily charms to the real beauty of the soul."

When some one expressed astonishment at the votive offerings in Samothrace, his comment was, " There would have been far more, if those who were not saved had set up offerings." But others attribute this remark to Diagoras of Melos. To a handsome youth, who was going out to dinner, he said, " You will come back a worse man." When he came back and said next day, " I went and am none the worse for it," Diogenes said, " Not Worse-man (Chiron), but Lax-man (Eurytion)." a He was asking alms of a bad-tempered man, who said, " Yes, if you can persuade me." If I could have persuaded you," said Diogenes, " I Mould have persuaded you to hang yourself." He was returning from Lace- daemon to Athens ; and on some one asking, " Whither and whence ? " he replied, " From the men's apart- ments to the women's."

He was returning from Olympia, and when some- body inquired whether there was a great crowd, " Yes," he said, " a great crowd, but few who could be called men." Libertines he compared to fig- trees growing upon a cliff : whose fruit is not enjoyed by any man, but is eaten by ravens and vultures. When Phryne set up a golden statue of Aphrodite in Delphi, Diogenes is said to have written upon it : " From the licentiousness of Greece."

61

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

X-qvcov aKpaoLas." WXe^dvSpov rrore eTTiaravros

GLVTO) KOLL €l7TOVTOS, " iyOJ elfJU 'AXe^ClvSpOS 6

fxeyas fiacriXevs," " Kayo)," cfrrjtri, " Aioyevqs 6 kvcov." epcorrjdels ri ttolcov kvcov KaXelrai, ecfrr], " rovs fiev SiSovras aalvcov, rovs 8e ixrj Sihovras

vXoLKTCOV, TOVS 8e TTOVTjpOVS SaKVCOV ."

61 Atto uvktjs coircopi^e' rod Se cpvXdrrovros elirovros, " avrodev TTptp-qv dvOpcorros dirriy^aro , " " eyco ovv," (/y-qalv, '.' olvttjv KaOapco." I8chv ' 0 Xvpuno vlkt] v els eraipav TrvKvorepov dreviLovra, " iSe," €<f>rj, " Kptov 'X 'ApeipbdvLov cos vtto rod ru^ovros* KopaoLov rpaxr]- Atferat." rds evTTpeTrels eralpas eXeye Savauipicp fxeXiKparoj 7rapa7rXr]crias elvai. dpujrcovTi avrco ev dyopa ol TTepieorcores owe^e? eXeyov, " kvov " 6 he, " vfiels," elrrev, " icrre Kvves, ol fie dpicTTcovra TrepLecmJKCLTe." hvo puaXaKcov TrepiKpvTTTop.evcov avrov e(f)T), " pLrj evXafielcrde' kvcov revrXla ov rpcoyei." rrepl Traihos irerropvev 'kotos epcorrjdels % 62 rrodev . e'er], " Teyedrrjs," ecfir). dcbvrj TraXaiGTT]v deacrdjJLevos larpevovra ecbrj, " ri rovro ; r) tva rovs irore ere viKfjcravras vvv KarafidXrjs ; " deacra- ^Levos vlov eraipas XiOov els 6)(Xov fidXXovra, " 7rp6crex€," e^7], " P<r] rov rrarepa rrXiq^rjs."

Ael^avros avrco Traihapiov fxaxaipav r\v elXr\t\>ei Trap epaorov, " r) fiev /xa^atpa," ecf>r], " koXi], r) he Xaftr) alaxpd' " eTraivovvrcov tlvcov rov eTTthovra avrco ec\>y\, " epce 8' ovk eiraivelre rov d^iov Xafielv." diraiTOvpLevos vtto tlvos rplficova ecprj, " el p.ev

a Literally " Diogenes the Hound " ; cf. ii. § 66. 62

VI. 00-02. DIOGENES

Alexander onee came and stood opposite him and said, " I am Alexander the great king." " And I," said he, " am Diogenes the Cynic." " Being asked what he had done to be called a hound, he said, " I fawn on those who give me anything, I yelp at those who refuse, and I set my teeth in rascals."

He was gathering figs, and was told by the keeper that not long before a man had hanged himself on that very fig-tree. " Then," said he, " I will now purge it." Seeing an Olympian victor casting re- peated glances at a courtesan, " See," he said, " yonder ram frenzied for battle, how he is held fast by the neck fascinated by a common minx." Hand- some courtesans he would compare to a deadly honeyed potion. He was breakfasting in the market- place, and the bystanders gathered round him with cries of " dog." "It is you who are dogs," cried he, " when you stand round and watch me at my breakfast." When two cowards hid away from him, he called out, " Don't be afraid, a hound is not fond of beetroot." After seeing a stupid wrestler prac- tising as a doctor he inquired of him, " What does this mean ? Is it that you may now have your revenge on the rivals who formerly beat you ? Seeing the child of a courtesan throw stones at a crowrd, he cried out, " Take care you don't hit your father."

A boy having shown him a dagger that he had received from an admirer, Diogenes remarked, " A pretty blade with an ugly handle." When some people commended a person who had given him a gratuity, he broke in with " You have no praise for me who was worthy to receive it." When some one asked that he might have back his cloak, " If it was

63

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

eyapivoj, ex00' et' °' ^XP7l(Ja?> XP^H'0-1-" vrrofio-

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63 f^evos Acoi^Lta." epa>T7]9els ri aura) irepLyeyovev eV cf)iAo(jo<f>Las, €(f)rj, " el /cat pL-qoev d'AAo, to yovv rrpos irauav rvx^v rrapeaKevdodaL." epojT-qdels rroOev etrj, " Koafj,07ToXtrr]s}" ecf)7]. Ovovtojv tlvojv tols

deOLS €7TL TO) VLOV y€V€od(lL, €(f)Tj , " 7T€pl Oe TOV

nohaTTOs ei<f$r\ ov dvere; " epavov ttot airairov- fievos Trpos tov epavapx^v c^7!*

tovs dXXovs ipavit?, cltto 8' "E/crooos" icr^eo ^etpa?.

Tas" iraipas e(f>rj fiaoriAecuv elvai ^aacXioraas' TTpdrreiv yap 6 tl dv oo^-q avrals. ip-q^LGapLevojv 'Adrjvaitov *AXe£avopov Aiovvcrov, " Kafie," ecf)rj}

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64 'Ev lepcp SeiTTvwv, /xerafu pvirapdv dpTOJV napa- TedevTojVy dpas ai)TOVs eppapev, elrrajv els lepov pb7]Sev Selv pvrrapov elaievai. rrpos tov elrrovra, " ovhev elSdjs <j>iXocro(f>eLS ,' " ^V>1?> " et' KaL ^pocr-

a If this answer is authentic, it apparently shows that the famous term " cosmopolitan " originated with Diogenes.

6 There is no such line in our mss. of Homer ; it is un- known to the Scholiasts and to Eustathius. Joshua Barnes, in his edition of the Iliad, introduced it as xvi. 82a. Pope rendered it, about 1718, as follows (II. xvi. 86):

" Rage uncontrolled through all the hostile crew, But touch not Hector, Hector is my due."

In Clarke's edition of 1740 it is expelled from the text and relegated to a footnote. J. 11. Yoss, however, making a German translation of the Iliad, probably between 1781 and

64

VI. 62-64. DIOGENES

a gift," replied Diogenes, " I possess it; while, if it was a loan, I am using it." A supposititious son having told him that he had gold in the pocket of his dress, " True," said he, " and therefore you sleep with it under your pillow." On being asked what he had gained from philosophy, he replied, " This at least, if nothing else — to be prepared for every fortune." Asked where he came from, he said, " I am a citizen of the world." ° Certain parents were sacrificing to the gods, that a son might be born to them. " But," said he, " do you not sacrifice to ensure what manner of man he shall turn out to be ? " When asked for a subscription towards a club, he said to the president :

Despoil the rest ; off Hector keep thy hands.6

The mistresses of kings he designated queens ; for, said he, they make the kings do their bidding. When the Athenians gave Alexander the title of Dionysus, he said, " Me too you might make Sarapis."c Some one having reproached him for going into dirty places, his reply was that the sun too visits cesspools without being denied.

WThen he was dining in a temple, and in the course of the meal loaves not free from dirt were put on the table, he took them up and threw them away, declaring that nothing unclean ought to enter a temple. To the man who said to him, " You don't know anything, although you are a philosopher," he replied, " Even if I am but a pretender to wisdom,

1793, still regarded it as Homeric, but found a fresh place for it, after xvi. 90.

e " Sarapis " was represented, like Pluto, as seated with an animal by his side having the head of a dog, lion, or wolf combined (according to Baumeister) in " a three-headed Cerberus."

VOL. II f 65

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

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SetOS* €LflL TTpOS (j)LXoorO(f>LaV," " TLOVV," €<f)r) , " L^fjs, €L

tov KaXws tfiv pLr) /xe'Aet gol; " Trpos tov /cara- (fypovovvTaTov iraTpos , ** ovk alaxvvrj," €<f>r], " /cara- (j>povo)v tovtov oV ov piiya cfrpovels ; " IStbv evTrpeTrrj veavivKov aTTpeTroJs XaXovvTa, " ovk alaxvvr)," €cf)Tj, " i£ iXecf)avTLVOV KoXeov pLoXvfiSlvrjv eA/cajv /xa^atpav; "

66 'CWtSt^o/xevos" otl iv KaTrrjXeLOj ttlvcl, " /cat yap iv Kovpelo)," (f>r]GL, " K€Lpop,aL." ovetSt^o/xep'o? otl Trap* ' AvTLTraTpov TpL^covLov iXafiev, i(J)r),

ovtol aTrof$Xr}T ecrrt 0eaV ipLKVoia oajpa.

Yipos tov ivaeiuavTa avTW Sokov, €tra etVovra, <f)vXa£aL," TrXrj^as ai)Tov ttj fiaKT-qpia et-rre,

a 11. iii. 65.

66

VI. 64-66. DIOGENES

that in itself is philosophy." When some one brought a child to him and declared him to be highly gifted and of excellent character, " What need then/' said he, " has he of me ? " Those who say admirable things, but fail to do them, he compared to a harp ; for the harp, like them, he said, has neither hearing nor perception. He was going into a theatre, meeting face to face those who were coming out, and being asked why, " This," he said, " is what I practise doing all my life."

Seeing a young man behaving effeminately, " Are you not ashamed," he said, " that your own intention about yourself should be worse than nature's : for nature made you a man, but you are forcing your- self to play the woman." Observing a fool tuning a psaltery, " Are you not ashamed," said he, " to give this wood concordant sounds, while you fail to harmonize your soul with life? " To one who pro- tested that he was ill adapted for the study of philosophy, he said, " Why then do you live, if you do not care to live well ? " To one who despised his father, " Are you not ashamed," he said, " to despise him to whom you owe it that you can so pride yourself?" Noticing a handsome youth chattering in unseemly fashion, " Are you not ashamed," he said, " to draw a dagger of lead from an ivory scabbard ? "

Being reproached with drinking in a tavern, " Well," said he, " I also get my hair cut in a barber's shop." Being reproached with accepting a cloak from Antipater, he replied :

The gods' choice, gifts are nowise to be spurned.0

WThen some one first shook a beam at him and then shouted " Look out," Diogenes struck the man with

67

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

<f)vAa£aL.'' irpos tov XnrapovvTa tj]v iralpav,1 " tl deXets," €<f>rj, " tvx^v, oj raXairrajpe, ov to arroTvyjExv d/Jbetvov iuri; " irpos tov \xvpit,6[ievov) " j3Xe7T€," cine, " p>r) r) ttjs K€(f)aXrjs gov eucoSta ovgcjjolgv gov toj fiitp rrapdox?) •" tovs p,ev otVe- tol? e<f)r] rols Seo-rroTCLLS, tovs Se (j>avXovs rats €7n9vfjLLaL9 SovXevetv.

67 'Epam^eis" Sid rl avSpaTroSa €KXrj9r), " on," <f)T)crL, " tovs nohas dvSpcov ziyov, ttjv Se ifjvx^v OTToiav ov vvv 6 eferafajv." daojTOV tJt€l fivav 7rvdojJL€vov 8e Sid tl tovs fJLtv dXXovs 6j3oX6v cutci, avTov Se [iPOM, " oti," elne, " napd fiev tojv dXXcov 7rdXiv IXttL^qj Xafieiv, irapd Se gov 9ed)v iv yovvaGi KelTai €t TrdXiv XrjipojJLai." 6v€lSll^6/jl€Vos oti clvtos atVet, HXaTOJVOs p>r] gltovvtos, " KaKelvos," elirev, " atret, aAA'

ay^t Gxd)v K€(f>aXijv} tva fxr) irevdoiad* ol a'AAot."

chow to£6tt)v d<f)vrj 7rapd tov gkottov ihcddtGev, elTTOJVy " tva fir) TrXrjyd)." tovs ipojVTas €(f>r) y npos rjSovrjv aru^etv.

68 'HLpaiT-qdels el KaKOV2 6 OdvaTos, " 7Ttos," etnc, " KGKOS, OV TTapOVTOS Ol)K alG9avop,^9a ; " 77-pos" yAXe£av$pov inLGTavTa /cat elnovTa, " ov (froftfj fxe;" " Ttydp," elrrev, " el; dyadov rj Kaxov;" tov Se elnovTos, "dyadov," " tls ovv," elire, " to dya- dov </>o/3eiTai ; " ttjv TraioeLav ei7re tols fJLev viois Ga>(f)poGvvr]v, tols Se 7Tp€GJ3vTepoLS 7Tap'afiv9iav ,

1 rrj iraipa vulg. : eorr. Richards. 2 kclkos vulg. : corr. Richards.

a Od. i. 157, iv. 70. 68

VI. 66-68. DIOGENES

his staff and added " Look out." To a man who was urgently pressing his suit to a courtesan he said, " Why, hapless man, are you at such pains to gain your suit, when it would be better for you to lose it ? " To one with perfumed hair he said, " Beware lest the sweet scent on vour head cause an ill odour in your life." He said that bad men obey their lusts as servants obey their masters.

The question being asked why footmen are so called, he replied, " Because they have the feet of men, but souls such as you, my questioner, have." He asked a spendthrift for a mina. The man in- quired why it was that he asked others for an obol but him for a mina. " Because," said Diogenes, " I expect to receive from others again, but whether I shall ever get anything from you again lies on the knees of the gods." Being reproached with begging when Plato did not beg, " Oh yes," says he, " he does, but when he does so —

He holds his head down close, that none may hear." a

Seeing a bad archer, he sat down beside the target with the words " in order not to get hit." Lovers, he declared, derive their pleasures from their misfortune.

Being asked whether death was an evil thing, he replied, " How can it be evil, when in its presence we are not aware of it ? " When Alexander stood opposite him and asked, " Are you not afraid of me ? " " Why, what are you ? " said he, " a good thing or a bad ? " Upon Alexander replying " A good thing," " Who then," said Diogenes, " is afraid of the good ? " Education, according to him, is a controlling grace to the young, consolation to the

69

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

rOtS* Se 7T€VTj(JL 7tXoVTOV, TOLS 8e TtXoVULOLS KOCTfAOV

elvai. TTpos At8up,ojva tov /jlolxov larpevovrd 7tot€ Koprjs CK^BaXjAov, " opa," <$>t\<jL, " pLrj tov 6(f>daAfidv rrjg TrapOivov deparrevajv ttjv Koprjv cbdeiprjs." €L7t6vtos tlvos otl vtto tojv (f>lXcov eVt/fouAeueTat,

" KOLL TL Set 7TpOLTT€LV," €(f)7] , " 6t Secret TOLS (f)lXoLS

/cat rot? ix^pols o/xotoj? xPlG®aL> "

69 'EpOJT^^etS" TL KaXAlGTOV iv dvdpd)7TOLS, €(f>7],

" TrapprjGLa." elcreXdcbv els 8tSao/caAou /cat Mow- eras' fJLev Ihtbv TToXAas, /JLaOrjTas 8c oAtyous", " crvv deols," €(f>rj, " 8t8aa/caAe, 77oAAous" fxad-qras e^ets*." etoj#et 8e Trdvra rroielv iv t<x> /xecroj, /cat tol ArfpL-q- Tpos /cat tol *Acf)po$LTr)s. /cat tolovtovs tlvols

TjpdjTOL X6yOVS' €t TO dpLGTOV fJLTjSeV iaTLV CLTOTTOV,

oi)8' iv dyopa iuTiv cltottov ouk cgtl o° ottottov to apLGT&v ouS' iv dyopa dpa ioTLV oltottov.

X^pOVpyOJV T iv TOJ jJL€G(X) OVV€X*S> " €i@€ W>"

e'Aeye, " /cat ttjv /cotAtW TrapaTpLipd/jLevov tov Xl/jlov 7ravaacrdaL'" dva</>eperat Se /cat aAAa els avrov, a [jLOLKpov dv e'lrj /caraAeyetv 7roAAa ovra.

70 Altttjv 8' eXeyev etVat Tr\v dcrK-quLV, ttjv fjLev ijivx^K-qVy ttjv 8e aojfjLaTLKrjv TavTrjv /ca#' rjv iv yv/jLvaola avvex^L1 ytvo/zevat cfravTaoLaL evXvalav rrpos T<x r^s* dpeTrjs epya Tiape^ovrat. etvat 8' aTeXrj ttjv eTepav ^ojpt? r^s" eVepas", ouSev tjttov eve^las /cat tcr^uos" eV rots* TTpoo-rjKOVcrL yevofiivrjs, ojs Trepl ttjv ifjvxty /cat 7T€pl to acofia. 7raoeTt'#eTo Se T€K(jLr]pLa tov pa8ta»s* a770 ttJs' yvpLvaalas iv

1 (Tucexcis vulg. : corr. Reiske.

° §§ 70-73. As § 7-t joins on well to § 69, the intermediate 70

VI. 08-70. DIOGENES

old, wealth to the poor, and ornament to the rich. When Didymon, who was a rake, was once treating a girl's eye, " Beware," says Diogenes, " lest the oculist instead of curing the eye should ruin the pupil." On somebody declaring that his own friends were plotting against him, Diogenes exclaimed, " What is to be done then, if you have to treat friends and enemies alike ? "

Being asked what was the most beautiful thing in the world, he replied, " Freedom of speech." On entering a boys' school, he found there many statues of the Muses, but few pupils. " By the help of the gods," said he, " schoolmaster, you have plenty of pupils." It was his habit to do everything in public, the works of Demeter and of Aphrodite alike. He used to draw out the following arguments. " If to breakfast be not absurd, neither is it absurd in the market-place ; but to breakfast is not absurd, there- fore it is not absurd to breakfast in the market- place." Behaving indecently in public, he wished " it were as easy to banish hunger by rubbing the belly." Many other savings are attributed to him, which it would take long to enumerate."

He used to affirm that training was of two kinds, mental and bodily : the latter being that whereby, with constant exercise, perceptions are formed such as secure freedom of movement for virtuous deeds ; and the one half of this training is incomplete without the other, good health and strength being just as much included among the essential things, whether for body or soul. And he would adduce indisputable evidence to show how easily from

specimens of Cynic maxims (<•/. note on § 10) are clearly an insertion, probably from a different source.

71

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

rfj dperfj KarayiveaQai- opdv re yap ev re rats re^yais rats' fiavavoois /cat rats* a'AAats* ov rrjv rvyovaav dfu^etptay rov? reyylras diro rrjs

/XeAeTTyS* 7TepL7T€7TOL7]fjLeVOVS TOVS T OLvArjTCLS KCLt

tovs ddXrjras doov vrrep^epovaiv e/carepot rfj tSta 7TOvr]G€i rfj avveyei, /cat chs ovtol el p^eriqveyKav rr\v aoK-qoiv /cat eirl rrjv iJjvxtjv, ovk dv dvaxfyeXtos /cat dreAoOs* epioxOovv.

71 OuSeV ye fi-qv eXeye to rrapdirav ev rco filo) X^pLS dcTK-rjcreoos KaropdovoOai, hvvarrjv oe. ravrrjv rtdv eKviKTjoai. oeov ovv dvrl rcbv dxpr\oroiv 7tovojv rovs Kara (f)vcn,v eXopuevovs tfrjv euSat/xoVojs*, Trapa ttjv dvoiav /ca/coSat/xovouo*t. /cat yap avrrj rrjs rjSovrjs tj Karacfypovqais rjovrdrr] 7rpop,eXer7]- deloa, /cat ojorrep ol ovvedtoOevres rjSeojs t,rjv, aryStos* iirl rovvavrlov fxerlacLV, ovra>s ol rovvav- rlov aGKTjdevreg rjStov avrcov ra>v tjSovcov /cara- (f)povod(jL. roiavra oieXeyero /cat ttoi&v e<j)alvero, ovtojs vopLiufjLa TTapayapaTTOiv , paqoev ovra> rots* Kara vo\xov a>s* rots* /caret <f>voiv StSows*' top avrov ■yapaKTr\pa rod fiiov Xeyojv oie^dyetv ovnep /cat 'Hpa/cAifjs*, p.7)hev eXevdeplag TTpoKpivojv.

72 Yldvra row ao$Giv elvai Xeyojv /cat toiovtovs Xoyov? epojrcov olovs dvoj rr poeip'qKap.ev ' rrdvra to)v dewv €Gtl' <f)lXoL he rots* cro(f>oZs ol deor Koiva he rd rojv <j>iXa>v. irdvra dpa tow aocf)d)V. irepl

VI. tu-7l>. DIOGENES

gymnastic training we arrive at virtue. For in the manual crafts and other arts it can be seen that the craftsmen develop extraordinary manual skill through practice. Again, take the case of flute-players and of athletes : what surpassing skill they acquire by their own incessant toil ; and, if they had transferred their efforts to the training of the mind, how certainly their labours would not have been unprofitable or ineffective.

Nothing in life, however, he maintained, has any chance of succeeding without strenuous practice ; and this is capable of overcoming anything. Accord- ingly, instead of useless toils men should choose such as nature recommends, whereby they might have lived happily. Yet such is their madness that they choose to be miserable. For even the despising of pleasure is itself most pleasurable, when we are habituated to it ; and just as those accustomed to a life of pleasure feel disgust when they pass over to the opposite experience, so those whose training has been of the opposite kind derive more pleasure from despising pleasure than from the pleasures themselves. This was the gist of his conversation ; and it was plain that he acted accordingly, adulterating currency in very truth, allowing convention no such authority as he allowed to natural right, and asserting that the manner of life he lived was the same as that of Heracles when he preferred liberty to everything.

He maintained that all things are the property of the wise, and employed such arguments as those cited above. All things belong to the gods. The gods are friends to the wise, and friends share all property in common ; therefore all things are the property of the wise. Again as to law: that it is

73

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

re tov vopiov on xa)P^ o-vrov oi>x olov re ttoXlt€v- eadar ov yap c^-qoiv dvev rroXeojs o<f>eX6s rt etvai doTeiov aorelov Se r) 7t6Xis' vopiov Se dvev TToXeoj? ovSev 6(f)eXos' aarelov dpa 6 vopios. evyeveias ok Kal Sofa? /cat ra. roiavra iravra oieiraite, irpo- Koopbrjpbara /ca/ctas- elvai Xeyojv piovqv re opdrjv TroXiTeiav elvai ttjv ev /cocr/xoj. eXeye Se Kal Koivas elvai helv ras yvvaiKas, ydpiov pirjoeva vopiL^ojv, dXXd tov 7T€LcravTa rfj Treicrdeicrr) ovvelvai' Koivovs Se Sta. tovto Kal tovs vieas. 73 Mi^Se'v re droirov elvai e£ lepov tl XafieTv rj tlov tcpojv tlvos yevcraodai' pbr)& avooiov elvai to Kal rcov dvdpcoTTeiojv Kpecov dipaodai, to? S^Aoy e/c ra>v dXXorpiojv eOdw Kal rep opdcp Xoycp rrdvr ev jraoi Kal hid ndvTOJV elvai Xeyojv. Kal yap ev rep dprcp Kpeas elvai Kal ev rep Xa^dvcp dprov, Kal rcov oaypidrojv rcov Xonrajv ev irdai oid tivqjv dorjXojv TTopojv [Kal]1 oyKwv eloKpivopievajv Kal uvvarpii^opievojv, ojs SijXov ev ra> Qvecrrrj noiei, et y* avrov at rpaycpSiai Kal pirj OiAtCT/cou tov A.lyivqrov eKeivov yvojpipiov tj Y\aoi(j)a)vros tov AovKiavov, ov (j>rjoi Qafiajplvos ev YlavroSaTrfj loTopia piera ttjv reXevrrjv avrov avyypdipai. piovcriKrjs re /cat yeojpierpiKrjs Kal darpoXoyias Kal rcov toiovtojv dpieXeiv, a>s dxp-qoTOJV Kal ovk dvayKaiojv. 1 /cat seclusit Meric. Casaubon.

a It has been conjectured that the Pasiphon meant was the philosopher of Eretria, to whom Persaeus attributed the composition of spurious Socratic Dialogues (v. supra, ii. 61). Modern scholars incline to regard him as the author of the ULva£ attributed to Cebes by D. L. ii. 125 (v. Susemihl, Oriechische Literatur in tier jlh.i<in<lr'nterzirit% i. p. 20, Welcker, Kl. Schr. i. p. \ '.'. n. 18). Wilamowitz conjectures 74

VI. 72-73. DIOGENES

impossible for society to exist without law ; for without a city no benefit can be derived from that which is civilized. But the city is civilized, and there is no advantage in law without a city ; there- fore law is something civilized. He would ridicule good birth and fame and all such distinctions, calling them showy ornaments of vice. The only true commonwealth was, he said, that which is as wide as the universe. He advocated community of wives, recognizing no other marriage than a union of the man who persuades with the woman who consents. And for this reason he thought sons too should be held in common.

And he saw no impropriety either in stealing any- thing from a temple or in eating the flesh of any animal ; nor even anything impious in touching human flesh, this, he said, being clear from the custom of some foreign nations. Moreover, accord- ing to right reason, as he put it, all elements are contained in all things and pervade everything : since not only is meat a constituent of bread, but bread of vegetables ; and all other bodies also, by means of certain invisible passages and particles, find their way in and unite with all substances in the form of vapour. This he makes plain in the Thyestes, if the tragedies are really his and not the work of his friend Philiscus of Aegina or of Pasiphon, the son of Lucian,a who according to Favorinus in his Miscellaneous History wrote them after the death of Diogenes. He held that we should neglect music, geometry, astronomy, and the like studies, as use- less and unnecessary.

that A.ovkuwov has displaced the local adjective of his birth- place.

75

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

74 HLvGTOXOJTCLTOS 8' lylverO Iv TOt? aTTaVTrj(J€(7l

rdjv Xoyojv, co? SrjXov e£ a>v rrpoeip-qKafJiev.

Kat irpaaiv -rjveyKe yevvaiorara- TrXeajv yap el$ Alyivav /cat TreiparaZs dXovg &>v rjpx^ E/ct07raAos*, els ~Kprjrr)v olttolxOzIs e7TLTrpd(jK€TO' /cat rod ktj-

pVKOS ipOUTtOVTOS Tt OtSe TTOielv, €(f)7], " dvOpojircov

apxeiv." ore /cat Bellas rivd Y^opivdiov evrrdp-

V(f)OV, TOV 7TpO€Lp7]fM€VOV 'EeVldo7]V , e(f>T] , " TOVTO)

pie TTtoXei- ovros Seairorov xprj^ei." dtveZrai Sr] avrov 6 "Eevido-qs /cat dirayaytbv els rr\v KopivOov e.7TeoT7]0'e rots' eavrov TraLolois /cat 7rdcrav eveye'i- ptue tj]v oiKiav. 6 he ovrojs avrrjv iv ttolul hieriQei, coore e«eZvos rreputov eXeyev " dyados 8at/x6t»v els ttjv oIklov jjlov elaeXrjXvde."

75 O^crt he KAeo/xeV^s* ev ra> emypa^o/JLeva) FIat8- aycoyiKO) rovs yvojplpLovs Xvrpojuaudai avrov 6e- Xrjcrai, rov 8' evrjOets avrovs elneZv ovSe yap rovs Xeovras SovXovs etvat, tojv rpefiovrojv, dAAa, tou? rpe<^ovras row Xeovrojv. SovXov yap to (frofieZvdaL, rd oe drjpla <f>ofiepa roZs dvBpojrrois elvai. davfjuaarrj 8e Tt? rjv Trepl rov dvopa Treidd), ware Trdvd* ovrivovv paSloJS alpeZv roZs Xoyois. Xeyerai yovv ">Ovr\oiKpirov riva AlyLvrjrrjv iTe^at els ras ' Adrjvas hvoZv ovroiv vloZv rov erepov 'AvSpoodevi-jv, ov aKovoavra rod A.coyevovs avrodt TrpocrfxeZvaf rov 8' eV avrov /cat rov erepov anooreZXai rov npeofivrepov OtAta/coy rov rrpo- eipr)[ievov, ofioiws 8e /cat rov QlXigkov Kara-

76 er^e^var ro rpirov avrov d(j)iyjxevov pbrjSev rjrrov

a " Harpalus " according to Cic. N.D. iii. 34. 83.

76

VI. 74-76. DIOGENES

He became very ready also at repartee in verbal debates, as is evident from what has been said above.

Further, when he was sold as a slave, he endured it most nobly. For on a voyage to Aegina he was captured by pirates under the command of Scirpalus,a conveyed to Crete and exposed for sale. When the auctioneer asked in what he was proficient, he replied, " In ruling men." Thereupon he pointed to a certain Corinthian -with a fine purple border to his robe, the man named Xeniades above-mentioned, and said, " Sell me to this man ; he needs a master." Thus Xeniades came to buy him, and took him to Corinth and set him over his own children and entrusted his whole household to him. And he administered it in all respects in such a manner that Xeniades used to go about saying, " A good genius has entered my house."

Cleomenes in his work entitled Concerning Peda- gogues says that the friends of Diogenes wanted to ransom him, whereupon he called them simpletons ; for, said he, lions are not the slaves of those who feed them, but rather those who feed them are at the mercy of the lions : for fear is the mark of the slave, whereas wild beasts make men afraid of them. The man had in fact a wonderful gift of persuasion, so that he could easily vanquish anyone he liked in argument. At all events a certain Onesicritus of Aegina is said to have sent to Athens the one of his two sons named Androsthenes, and he having become a pupil of Diogenes stayed there ; the father then sent the other also, the aforesaid Philiscus, who was the elder, in search of him ; but Philiscus also was detained in the same way. When, thirdly, the father himself arrived, he was just as much attracted to the

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

orvvelvai rols Traiol avfufriXoorocfrovvTa. roiavrrj rig TTpoafjv lvy£; rols Auoyevovs Aoyots". rJKovoe 8' avrov /cat QqjkLojv 6 eVt/cA^v ^piqGros /cat JItlXttcov 6 yieyapevs /cat d'AAot TrXelovs avSpes ttoAltlkol.

Aeyerai 8e rrpo? rd ivevrjKovra err) fiiovs reXevrrjcrac. irepl 8e rov davdrov 8td</>opot Xe- yovrai Xoyoc ol j^ev yap ttoXvttoogl (payovra cbjJLOV -yoXepLKfj X'q(f)9rjvai /cat d>$e reXevrrjaac ol Se to rrvev\xa uvyKparrjaavra, <Lv eon /cat Kep- Kihas 6 MeyaXoTToXiTrjs [r] K.pr]s], Xeyojv ev rols fjueXidfji^oLS ovrws'

ov fidv 6 rrdpos ye Hivwirevs rrjvos 6 fidKTpocfiopas, hiirXo el pharos , aWepifiocrKas, 77 dAA' dve'/Sa ^etAo? 77"OT' ooovras epeicras

[/cat to TrvevpLa crvv$aKO)v~\ . rjs yap dXadeaJS ^.Loyevrjs Zavo? yovos ovpdvios re kvojv.

"AAAot <f)aal ttoXvttovv Kvorl avpLpLepioaodai fiovXo- fjievov ovtqj $7])(9rjvaL rod ttoSos rov revovra /cat Karacrrpeijjat. ol fxevTOt yvdjptjxoi avrov, KaOd <j>7]criv ' Avr tad evTjs ev AtaSo^ats1, et/ca£ov rr)v rod TTvevfJLaros uvyKpdrrjcrLV. ervyyave jjuev yap 8t- ayajv ev ro) Kpavelcp rco Trpo rfjs Koplvdov yv/ji- vacrLtp' Kara Se to edos t)kov ol yv<l>pi\xoi /cat avrov KaraXapL^dvovGLV ey/ce/caAiyx/zevw /cat et/caow avrov KOLfjL&odai- ovSe yap rjv ris vvoraXeos /cat vrrvqXos* 66 ev, arTOirerdoavres rov rpifiajva e/c- 78

VI. 7*5-77. DIOGENES

pursuit of philosophy as his sons and joined the circle — so magical was the spell which the discourses of Diogenes exerted. Amongst his hearers was Phocion surnamed the Honest, and Stilpo the Megarian, and many other men prominent in political life.

Diogenes is said to have been nearly ninety years old when lie died. Regarding his death there are several different accounts. One is that he was seized with colic after eating an octopus raw and so met his end. Another is that he died voluntarily by holding his breath. This account was followed by Cercidas of Megalopolis (or of Crete), who in his meliambics writes thus :

Not so he who aforetime was a citizen of Sinope,

That famous one who carried a staff, doubled his cloak,

and lived in the open air. But he soared aloft with his lip tightly pressed against

his teeth And holding his breath withal. For in truth he was rightly

named Diogenes, a true-born son of Zeus, a hound of heaven.

Another version is that, while trying to divide an octopus amongst the dogs, he was so severely bitten on the sinew of the foot that it caused his death. His friends, however, according to Antisthenes in his Successions of Philosophers, conjectured that it was due to the retention of his breath. For he happened to be living in the Craneum, the gymnasium in front of Corinth. When his friends came according to custom and found him wrapped up in his cloak, they thought that he must be asleep, although he was by no means of a drowsy or somnolent habit. They therefore drew aside his cloak and found that

79

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

7TV0W avrov KaraXapufidvovai Kal vrreXafiov rovro Trpa^ai fiovAo/juevov Xolttov VTre^eXdelv rov fiiov.

78 "E^#a Kal Graves, cos (fracriv, iyevero rwv yvcopLficov, rives avrov Bdifjovoiv dXXd Kal p>ey^pi yeipdv tjXBov. d^LKOfievajv Se rcbv irarepajv /cat rcbv VTrepe^ovrtov t vtto rovrois ra<f>fjvaL rov dvhpa Trapd rfj ttvXtj rfj cpepovarj els rov 'Icrdfxov. €77-

€<JTT)odv T aVTO) KLOVOL Kdl €7T* CLVTOJ XldoV TlapiOV

Kvva. vorepov 8e Kal ol iroAlrai avrov ^aA/cat? eiKoaiv iri\xf]aav avrov Kal erreypaijjav ovroj-

yr)pdcrK€L Kal ^aA/cos" vtto ^povov, dXXd gov ovri kvSos 6 Tras alwVy Atoyeves, KadeXel'

[jlovvos irrel fiioras avrdpKea oo£av eSet^as Ovarols Kal thujas oI/jlov iXacppordrav .

79 "Eo"Ti Kal rjfiajv iv rep TTpoKeXevupiariKa) fierpcp'

A. Aioyeves, aye Xeye res eXafte o~e fxopos is "AtSos". a. eXafie [xe kvvos dypiov ood£.

"Evioi 8e <f>aaL reXevrcZvra avrov [/cat] ivrei- Xaadai dracfyov plipat cbs ttov diqpiov avrov fxerd- oypi, rj ets ye fiodpov ovvwaat Kal oXtyrjv kovlv eTrafjurjcrai' ol Se, els rov 'IAicraw epb^aXetv, Zva rols d$eX<f)OLS ^p^CTt/x©? yevqrai.

Arjfx-qrpios 8' iv rols 'OfJLWVVfiois </>r)crl rrjs avrrjs rjfiepas ' AXe£avopov p,ev iv BafivXtZvi, Aioyevrjv 8' iv Y^opivdco reXevrijoai. rjv oe yepojv Kara rr)v rplrrjv Kal oeKariqv Kal eKaroarr)v

80 'OAu/A7rta8a.

Oepercu 8' avrov /?t/3Aia raSe* otaXoyoi-

a Anth. Pal. xvi. 334. b Anth. Pal. vii. 116.

e 324-321 b.c.

80

VI. 77-80. DIOGENES

he was dead. This they supposed to have been his deliberate act in order to escape thenceforward from life.

Hence, it is said, arose a quarrel among his dis- ciples as to who should bury him : nay, they even came to blows ; but, when their fathers and men of influence arrived, under their direction he was buried beside the gate leading to the Isthmus. Over his grave they set up a pillar and a dog in Parian marble upon it. Subsequently his fellow-citizens honoured him with bronze statues, on which these verses were inscribed :

Time makes even bronze grow old : but thy glory, Diogenes, all eternity will never destroy. Since thou alone didst point out to mortals the lesson of self-sufficingness and the easiest path of life.a

We too have written on him in the proceleusmatic metre :

a. Diogenes, come tell me what fate took you to the world below ?

d. A dog's savage tooth.6

But some say that when dying he left instructions that they should throw him out unburied, that every wild beast might feed on him, or thrust him into a ditch and sprinkle a little dust over him. But according to others his instructions were that they should throw him into the Ilissus, in order that he might be useful to his brethren.

Demetrius in his work On Men of the Same Name asserts that on the same day on which Alexander died in Babylon Diogenes died in Corinth. He was an old man in the 113th Olympiad.0

The following writings are attributed to him. Dialogues :

VOL. II g 81

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

Kec^aAiajr.

KoAoios. IIopSaAos. Aq/xos ' Xdip'o/nav. UoAireia. Tk\V7] rjOiKrj. Tltpl ttXovtov.

'EpOJTtKOS.

Se68oipo<i.

'A/5tcrTap^os. Ilepi #avaTOi\ 'EtticttoAcu.

TpayojStat iirrd' 'YjXkvq.

Gl'€CrT7^S.

'Hpa/cA^s.

'A^iA/Vei's. M/ySeia.

X/3t'o-t7T7TOS.

OiOiVoi's.

TiOjaiKpdrrjg §' ey toj irpojTO) rrjs AtaSo^s" /cat Sarupo? eV tw rerdprcp roov Blojv ovStv clvou Auoyevovs (paai' rd re rpaycohdpid cf>r]OLv 6 SdYu- pos OiAtWou elvou rod Acytv-qrov, yvojpipiov rod Aioyevovs. Hajriajv §' ev rep eft&opbto ravra piova (prjGL AioyeVou? elvou, Uepl dperrjs, Ylepl dyadov, 'EptDTt/coV, Ylrooxov, ToApbalov, YlopSaXov, Ka- aavhpoVy KecpaAlajva, QlALgkov, 'Apicrrap^ov, Zi- ovepov, TavvpLrjh'qv, Xpeia?, 'EmoroAas'. 81 Yeyovacn he. AioyeWi? rrevre' nptoros 'AttoA- 82

VI. 80-81. DIOGENES

Cephalion.

Ichthyas.

Jackdaw.

Pordalus.

Tlie Athenian Demos.

Republic.

Art of Ethics.

On Wealth.

On Love.

Theodorus.

Hypsias.

Aristarchus.

On Death.

Letters. Seven Tragedies :

Helen.

Thyestes.

Heracles.

Achilles.

Medea.

Chrysippus.

Oedipus. Sosicrates in the first book of his Successions, and Satyrus in the fourth book of his Lives, allege that Diogenes left nothing in writing, and Satyrus adds that the sorry tragedies are by his friend Philiscus, the Aeginetan. Sotion in his seventh book declares that only the following are genuine works of Diogenes : On Virtue, On Good, On Love, A Mendicant, Tolmaeus, Pordalus, Casandrus, Ce- phalion, Philiscus, Aristarchus, Sisyphus, Gany- medes, Anecdotes, Letters.

There have been five men who were named Diogenes. The first, of Apollonia, a natural philo-

83

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

Xajvidriqs, cJ>vglkos' otpx^) °' avrco tov crvyypdfji- fAOLTOS rjSe' " Aoyov iravros dpyo\xevov So/ceet fJLOL xpecbv eivai ttjv dpyryv dva/x^icr/^T^TOV rrap- i^eudai." Sevrepos HiLkvojvlos, 6 ypdipas rd Trepi YleXorrovvqaov rpiros olvtos ovros' rerapros gtcoi- kos, yevos SeAeu/ceus", 6 /cat BafivXtuvios kolXov- fievos Sta ttjv yeiToviav Tre/JLTTTOS Tapaevs, ye- ypcufxjjs 7T€pl TTOirfTiKOdV ^rjrrjfJLdrojv a Xveiv eTxiyeipel.

Tov Sr) <j)iX6oo(f)OV WdrjvoScopog tfrrjaiv ev oySojj HepLTrdrajv del otlXttvov <j>aiveodai hid to dXel- cbeodac.

Kef y\ MONIMOS

82 Movt/xos" ILvpaKooios {jLad-qrrjS puev AtoyeVous, OLK€TY]g Se tivos rpane^LTOV KopivOlov, KaOd (f>iqoi HojatKpdrrjg. rrpos tovtov avvex^S dcfriKvovfievos 6 SevtaSry? 6 tov Aioyevrjv ecov-qfievos ttjv dperrjv avTov /cat tcov epycov /cat tcov Xoycov hirjyovpievos els epcora TavSpos evefiaXe tov MoVt/xov. aurt/ca yap eKelvos fxavlav TrpocrTTonqOels to re Kepp,a SieppLTTTet /cat rrdv to errl ttjs TparteQqs dpyvpuov, ecos olvtov 6 $€07t6t7]s TTaprjTrjcraTO' /cat os evdecos Acoyevovs rjv. TraprjKoXovdrjGe Se /cat Kparryrt tco KWLKcp crvxvd /cat tcov 6/jlolcov ct^ero, oVe /cat fx&XXov opcov avTov 6 Seo-rroT-qg e'So/cet fialveadaL.

83 'EyeWro 8' dvqp eAAoyt/xo?, a*? /cat McVap-opoy aurou tov kojixlkov }xe p,vr\od ai . ev tlvl yovv TOW opa/xaVajv ev tco TTmoKopicp eiirev ovtlos'

a Cf. Epictet. iii. 22. 88 u>s lioyev-qs iiro'ut.' ari\!iwu yap Trepufipx^TO kclI /car' avrb to <Tuj/xa iirearperpe tovs ttoWovs. 84

VI. 81-83. DIOGENES— MONIMUS

sopher. The beginning of his treatise runs thus : " At the outset of every discourse, methinks, one should see to it that the basis laid down is unques- tionable." The second — of Sicyon — who wrote an " Account of Peloponnesus." The third, our present subject. The fourth, a Stoic born at Seleucia, who is also called the Babylonian, because Seleucia is near Babylon. The fifth, of Tarsus, author of a work on poetical problems, which he attempts to solve.

Now the philosopher is said by Athenodorus in the eighth book of his Walks to have always had a sleek appearance owing to his use of unguents.0

Chapter 3. MONIMUS (fourth century B.C.)

Monimus of Syracuse was a pupil of Diogenes ; and, according to Sosicrates, he was in the service of a certain Corinthian banker, to whom Xeniades, the purchaser of Diogenes, made frequent visits, and by the account which he gave of his goodness in word and deed, excited in Monimus a passionate admira- tion of Diogenes. For he forthwith pretended to be mad and proceeded to fling away the small change and all the money on the banker's table, until at length his master dismissed him ; and he then straightway devoted himself to Diogenes. He often followed Crates the Cynic as well, and embraced the like pursuits ; whereupon his master, seeing him do this, was all the more persuaded that he was mad.

He came to be a distinguished man ; so much so that he is even mentioned by the comic poet Menander. At any rate in one of his plays, The Groom, his words are :

85

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

MoVt/XOS" TLS TjV dvdpOJ7TOSy CO QlXoJV, <JO(f)6s,

aootjorepos /JLiKpto 8'. A. o rrjv rnfjpav eyatv;

B. TTTlpaS fJL€V OVV Tp€LS' ClAA' €K€lVOS prjfJbd TL

e(f>diy^aT ovhev ifxcfrepis, fid rov Aia, ra> yvddi oavrov, ovSe rots fioo)pL€VOLS

TOVTOIS, V7T€p &€ TaU#' 6 TTpOOaiTOiV KOI pVTTOiV'

to yap VTro\rj(f)9ev rvcf)ov tivai tt&v €<f>r].

ovros p>ev i/jL^pideararog eyevero, ware So^rjs /xeV Karacf)pov€iv, irpos 8' dXrjOecav 7rapopp,av.

Teypacf)€ Se iralyvia cnTovofj XeXrjdvia \xepuiy\xiva

KOX Flept 6pfJLO)V OVO KOLL YlpOTpZTTTlKOV .

Kef 8'. ONHSIKPITOS

84 'OvrjGiKpLTOS' rovrov ol fikv AlyivrJTrjv, Ar^/xrJ- rptos 8' o NLdtyvrjs 'Acm>7raAaia <f>r)(jiv elvai. Kal ovros Ttbv eXXoyipmjv Auoyevovs jiad-qrayv. eoiKe

8f Tt OfJLOLOV TTZTTOvdlvdl 77/30? tl€VO<f)a)VTa. CKelvos

iiev yap Ku/doj crvvearpdrevcrev, ovros Se 'AAe£- dvoptp- KOLKelvos }±ev Ylaioeiav Kvpov, 6 8e rroZs 'AAe'^avSpo? ^X^1? ye'ypa^e* Kal o /zev iyKOjpuov Kvpov, 6 Se 'AAefdVSpou 7T€7Tolr]K€. Kal <rfj ipfjLrjveia Se TrapairXTjOLOS , ttXt]V on ojs diroypa^os e'f dpyzTVTTov hevrepevet.

Ylyove Kal ^SXevavopos AioyeVou? fJLa6r)rr)s> o eTTLKoXovpievos Apu/xos1, davfiaarr/s 'OfjLrjpov, Kal 86

VI. 83-84. MONIMUS— ONESICRITUS

One Monimus there was, a wise man, Philo, But not so very famous.

a. He, you mean, Who carried the scrip ?

b. Nay, not one scrip, but three. Yet never a word, so help me Zeus, spake he

To match the saying, Know thyself, nor such Famed watchwords. Far beyond all these he went, Your dusty mendicant, pronouncing wholly vain All man's supposings.

Monimus indeed showed himself a very grave moralist, so that he ever despised mere opinion and sought only truth.

He has left us, besides some trifles blended with covert earnestness, two books, On Impulses and an Exhortation to Philosophy .

Chapter 4. ONESICRITUS (flor. 330 b.c.)

Onesicritus some report to have been an Aeginetan, but Demetrius of Magnesia says that he was a native of Astypalaea. He too was one of the dis- tinguished pupils of Diogenes. His career seems to have resembled that of Xenophon ; for Xenophon joined the expedition of Cyrus, Onesicritus that of Alexander ; and the former wrote the Cyropaedia, or Education of Cyrus, while the latter has described how Alexander was educated : the one a laudation of Cyrus, the other of Alexander. And in their diction they are not unlike : except that Onesicritus, as is to be expected in an imitator, falls short of his model.

Amongst other pupils of Diogenes were Menander, who was nicknamed Drymus or " Oakwood," a great

87

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

'Hyrjcrias Hivamevs 6 KAotos" eTTiKXiqv, /cat OtAtWos- 6 AlywqTr)s> cos TrpoeiprjKapiev .

Ke<f>. e'. KPATHS

85 KpOLT7]S 'AoKOJvSoV OrjftoLLOS. KO.I OVTOS TUJV iXXoyLfJLOJV TOV KVVOS j.l0.dr)TO)V . 'llTTTofioTOS 0€

(f>7]OLV ov Aioyevovs avrov /JLaOrjrrjv yeyovevai, dXXd TSpvcrajvos rod 'A^atou. rovrov Ilatyvta <f)eperaL raSe-

Ilrjpr] tls ttoXls earl pbeaoj evl olvom rv<f>co, KaXrj /cat TTietpa, rrepippvrros , ovSev e)(ovaa} els rjv ovre ris elaTrXel dvrjp p,ojpos Trapdairos, ovre Xixyos iropviqs eTrayaXXopuevos Trvyfjaiv dAAa dvpLov /cat OKopha cj>epei /cat ovkcl /cat dprovs, i£ wv ov TToXejJiovoi rrpos aXXrjXovs nepl rovrcov,

Ol>X OTrXa K€KT7]VTai 7760t KepfJLCLTOS, OV 776/H So^TTjS .

86 "Ecrrt /cat i^rjfjbepls r} 6pvXovp,evr) ovra>s eypvaa'

Tt#€t fiayetpcp pbvas §e/c', larpcp opa^/XTp, /coAa/ct rdXavra irevre, avpiftovXcp kclttvov, 7Topvrj rdXavrov, (f)iXoa6<f>oj rpitufioXov.

'E/caAetTO he koI QvpenavoLKrrjs Std to et? irdaav eloievai ot/ctav /cat vovOerelv eanv avrov /cat robe'

ravr e^w daa* efiadov /cat e<\>povriaa /cat pierd Movawv

ae/xv* ibdrjv rd be 7roXXd /cat oA/3ta r€(f)os eptapipev.

" Not the same as Bryson of Heracleia, whom we know from the Platonic Epistles, from Aristotle, and from Athenaeus (xi. p. 508). He may, however, have been the

88

VI. 84-sg. ON ES1CRITUS— CRATES

admirer of Homer ; Hegesias of Sinope, nieknamed Dog-collar " ; and Philiscus of Aegina mentioned above.

Chapter 5. CRATES (of Thebes, for. 326 B.C.)

Crates, son of Ascondas, was a Theban. He too was amongst the Cynic's famous pupils. Hippobotus, however, alleges that he was a pupil not of Diogenes, but of Bryson a the Achaean. The following playful lines are attributed to him b :

There is a city Pera in the midst of wine-dark vapour,

Fair, fruitful, passing squalid, owning nought,

Into which sails nor fool nor parasite

Nor glutton, slave of sensual appetite,

But thyme it bears, garlic, and tigs and loaves,

For which things' sake men tight not each with other,

Nor stand to arms for money or for fame.

There is also his widely circulated day-book, which runs as follows :

Set down for the chef ten minas, for the doctor One drachma, for a flatterer talents five, For counsel smoke, for mercenary beauty A talent, for a philosopher three obols.

He was known as the " Door-opener " — the caller to whom all doors fly open — from his habit of entering every house and admonishing those within. Here is another specimen of his composition c :

That much I have which I have learnt and thought, The noble lessons taught me by the Muses : But wealth amassed is prey to vanity.

disciple of Pvthagoras mentioned bv Iamblichus ( Vita Pyth. c. 23).

1 Anth. Plan. v. IS. c Anth. Pal. vii. 326.

89

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

/cat otl €K <j)i\ooo(f>las avrcp rrepiyevoiro

depfjLcov re xoTvl£ /cat ro pLrjSevos pieXecv.

<^>eperai 8' avrov /cd/cetvo*

eptora rravei Xipbos, el Se \xrq) %povos' edv Se rovrois p,r] Svvrj xprjcrd ai, ^po^os".

87 "H/c^ta£e Se Kara rrjv rplrrjv /cat SeKarrjv /cat eKarocrrrjv 'OXvpLmdSa.

Tovrov <f)7](jLv 'Avriodevrjs ev rat? AtaSo^ats- dea- ddfievov ev rivi rpaycoSla T-qXecfiov oirvplSiov eyovra /cat TaAAa Xvrrpov a^at em rrjv kvvlktjv (j>tXoao(f)lav etjapyvpiodpievov re rrjv overlay — /cat yap rjv rwv €7TL(f)avtov — ddpolcravra rrpos rd [e/carov] Sta/coata rdXavra, rols rroXlrais Siavelpbat ravra. avrov Se Kapreptos ovrco </>tAocro(/>etv ojs /cat OtA^/xo^a rov KCupuKov avrov fiepLvrjadac. (fr-qul yovv

/cat rod depovs fJLev el^ev Ipudriov Saav, Iv cos Y^pdriqs fj, rod Se ^ct^a^o? paKos.

(f>r]o~i Se AlokAtjs ireloai avrov Aioyevrjv rrjv ovaiav pnqXo^orov dvelvai /cat el ri apyvpiov elrf, els ddXarrav fiaXelv.

88 Kat Kpdrrjros p,ev, <$>r)olv , 6 ot/co? vn 'AAe£- dvopov * * 'Irrrrapxlas Se vtto QiXIitttov. ttoX- Aa/cts" re rfj fiaKrrjplq rcov avyyevcov rtvas rtpoaiov- ras /cat drrorpeTrovras eolojKe /cat tjv yevvalos. (f)7]al Se ArjpL-qrpios 6 Wdyv^s rpaire^lrr] rivl 7rapaKaradeo0ai rapyvpiov , crvvSefxevov, el p.ev ol naZSes ISiOjrai yevouvro, avrols diroSovvai' el Se

a Anih. Pal. i\. 197. b 328-324 b.c.

90

VI. 86-88. CRATES

And again he says that what he has gained from philosophy is

A quart of lupins and to care for no one.

This too is quoted as his ° :

Hunger stops love, or, if not hunger, Time, Or, failing both these means of help, — a halter.

He nourished in the 113th Olympiad.6 According to Antisthenes in his Successions, the first impulse to the Cynic philosophy was given to him when he saw Telephus in a certain tragedy carrying a little basket and altogether in a wretched plight. So he turned his property into money, — for he belonged to a distinguished family,— and having thus collected about 200 talents, distributed that sum among his fellow-citizens. And (it is added) so sturdy a philosopher did he become that he is men- tioned by the comic poet Philemon. At all events the latter says :

In summer-time a thick cloak he would wear To be like Crates, and in winter rags.

Diodes relates how Diogenes persuaded Crates to give up his fields to sheep pasture, and throw into the sea any money he had.

In the home of Crates Alexander is said to have lodged, as Philip once lived in Hipparchia's. Often, too, certain of his kinsmen would come to visit him and try to divert him from his purpose. These he would drive from him with his stick, and his resolu- tion was unshaken. Demetrius of Magnesia tells a story that he entrusted a banker with a sum of money on condition that, if his sons proved ordinary men he was to pay it to them, but, if they became

91

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

<f>i\6<Jo<j)Oi, to) hrjjjup Stayet/xar pLrjhevos yap €K€lvovs SerjoreaOai SiXooocpovvras . ^paroaOiviqs he (j)-qoiv, e£ TiTTrapx^as , nepl rjs Xe£ojj,ev, yevo- fievov ttoliSos avrw dvo\xa WaaiKXeovs, or i£ icf>r]ficov eyevero, ayayelv avrov erf ot/c^/xa rrai- Slgktjs koll (f)dvai rovrov avro) rrarpGiov elvat rov

89 ydfAOV rovs he rtbv fjioixevovrajv rpayiKovs, <f>vyas <yap> koL (f>6vovs ^X€LV eTradXov rov? he rdjv

irCLLpaiS TTpOGLOVTOJV KCOfXlKOVS' i£ OLGCOTLCLS ydp KOL

fjbed-qg puavlav aTTepyd^eudai.

Tovtov yeyove IlacnKXrjs dheXcpos, pLadrjrrjs Eu/cAetSou.

Xaptev 8' avrov Qaficoplvos ev hevrepco rtov ' ATTopLvrjfjLovevfJLdTOJV (f)ep€L. (formal ydp' TrapaKaXojv rtep'i rov rov yvpvao'iapypv ', rwv laxiojv avrov 7]7rrero' ayavaKrovvros he, ec/y-q, " ri ydp; ou^t /cat ravra ad eon Kaddrrep Kal rd yovara; eXeye r dhvvarov eivai dhidirrajrov evpelv, dXX woirep ev poia Kal oairpov rcva kokkov elvai. ^SiKohpojjLov e^epedlaas rov KiOapcohov VTTOJTTidodr]' Trpoodels ovv TnrraKiov ray pberoj-ncp erreypaijje,

90 " ^SiKohpopLOS eVotet." ras rxopvas eTrirrjhes eXoihopei, avyyvfjivd^wv eavrov irpos ras fiXacr-

Arjfjb-)]rpLov rov OaA^pe'a TrejJLi/javra avrco dprovs Kal olvov d>veihioev etrrajv, " eWe yap at Kprjvac Kal dprovs e(f>epov." hrjXov ovv ojs vhwp eirivev.

VI. 88-90. CRATES

philosophers, then to distribute it among the people : for his sons would need nothing, if they took to philosophy. Eratosthenes tells us that by Hipp- archia, of whom we shall presently speak, he had a son born to him named Pasicles, and after he had ceased to be a cadet on service, Crates took him to a brothel and told him that was how his father had married. The marriage of intrigue and adultery, he said, belonged to tragedy, having exile or assassina- tion as its rewards ; while the weddings of those who take up with courtesans are material for comedy, for as a result of extravagance and drunkenness they bring about madness.

This man had a brother named Pasicles, who was a disciple of Euclides.

Favorinus, in the second book of his Memorabilia, tells a pleasant story of Crates. For he relates how, when making some request of the master of the gymnasium, he laid hold on his hips ; and when he demurred, said, " What, are not these hip-joints yours as much as your knees ? " It was, he used to say, impossible to find anybody wholly free from flaws ; but, just as in a pomegranate, one of the seeds is always going bad. Having ex- asperated the musician Nicodromus, he was struck by him on the face. So he stuck a plaster on his forehead with these words on it, " Nicodromus's handiwork." He carried on a regular campaign of invective against the courtesans, habituating himself to meet their abuse.

When Demetrius of Phalerum sent him loaves of bread and some wine, he reproached him, saying, " Oh that the springs yielded bread as well as water ! " It is clear, then, that he was a water-drinker. When

93

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

V7TO TO)V ' ' AOrjVqGLV a<JTVVO}JL(X)V e7TlTLfJL7]d€t9 OTL

cnvoova rjfj,cf)L€aTO) €^77, " koX Qeocjypaarov vfiZv hei^aj cnvoova TrepL^e^XrjfMevov" a7TLcrrovvrojv Se, arnjyayev irrl KOVpeZov Kal e'Setfe K€ip6fi€Vov. iv Qrjfiais vrro rod yvpvauiapypv pLaoriywdecs — ol Si, iv KopLvdcp vtt* JLvdvKpdrovs — /cat eA/cd/xevos" rod 7tooos irriXeyev d^povriarcav,

e'A/ce ttoSos reraycbv 8td firjXov deorreoloio.

91 AiokXtjs Si cf)7]ULV iXxdrjvai avrov vtt6 MeveSrjfiov rov 'EpeTpt/cou. iireiS-q yap evTTpeTrrjs rjv Kal iooK€L xprioifAzveiv ' AoKXr)7ndSr) tw OAtacrtoj, aipdfJLevos avrov ra>v paqpcnv 6 Kpdrrjs i(f>r], " evSov 'AaKXrjTndSrjs." €</>' cb Svax^pdvavra rov Meve- Brj/jLov e'A/cetv avrov, rov Se rovro imXiyziv.

7sc)vojv 8' av 6 Ktrtei)? iv raZs Xpetats* Kal kojSlov avrov cf>T)o-L nore rrpoapd^sai tw rplftojvi dveTnarpe- nrovvra. r\v Si /cat rrjv oi/jlv alaxpos Kal yvfiva- t,6pi€vos iyeXaro. elajdet Si Xiyeiv iiralpojv ras X^Zpas, " ddppet, Kpdrrjs, virep 6cf)daXua>v Kal

92 rod Xoittov aojfjuaros' rovrovs 8' Sipec rovs /cara- yeXwvr as , 17817 /cat ovvecnraapiivovs vtto vocrov /cat ae fxaKapl^ovras , avrov? Se Karapbepu^ofiivovs eVt rfj dpyia." eXeye Si ^XPL rovrov SeZv </>tAo- cro(f)€Zv, p-€^pt ay So^axrtv ol crrparrjyol etvai ovqXdrai. iprjuovs e'Aeye rovs /xera KoXaKOJv ovras ojorrep rovs fMocrxovs iireiodv fierd Xvkojv waiv ovre yap e/cetVot? rovs TTpour\Kovras ovre rovrois ovveZvai, dAAd rovs iirifiovXevovras . crvv-

a Horn. II. i. 591.

VI. 90-92. CRATES

the police-inspectors found fault with him for wearing muslin, his answer was, " I'll show you that Theo- phrastus also wears muslin." This they would not believe : so he led them to a barber's shop and showed them Theophrastus being shaved. At Thebes he was flogged by the master of the gym- nasium— another version being that it was by Euthycrates and at Corinth ; and being dragged by the heels, he called out, as if it did not affect him a :

Seized by the foot and dragged o'er heaven's high threshold :

Diocles, however, says that it was by Menedemus of Eretria that he Mas thus dragged. For he being handsome and being thought to be intimate with Asclepiades the Phliasian, Crates slapped him on the side with a brutal taunt ; whereupon Menedemus, full of indignation, dragged him along, and he declaimed as above.

Zeno of Citium in his Anecdotes relates that in a fit of heedlessness he sewed a sheepskin to his cloak. He was ugly to look at, and when performing his gymnastic exercises used to be laughed at. He was accustomed to say, raising his hands, " Take heart, Crates, for it is for the good of your eyes and of the rest of your body. You will see these men, who are laughing at you, tortured before long by disease, counting you happy, and reproaching themselves for their sluggishness." He used to say that we should study philosophy to the point of seeing in generals nothing but donkey-drivers. Those who live with flatterers he declared to be as defence- less as calves in the midst of wolves ; for neither these nor those have any to protect them, but only such as plot against them. Perceiving that he was

95

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

atcrdavofievos otl a7TodvrjGKeiy i-nfjhe Trpds iavrov Aeyojv,

o-ret^et? 8r), (f>iAe Kvprojv,

fialveis t els 'AiSao Sojjlovs KV(f)6s Sid yrjpas.

rjv yap Kvcf)6s vtto ypovov. 93 Upds 'AXe^avhpov TrvdopLevov el fiovAerai avrov rrjv rrarpiha dvopdojOrjvac, e</>7], " Kal ri Set; irdAiv ydp Lcrajs 'AAetjavopos dAXos avrrjv KaraGKai/jeL." £Xeiv ^ 77"a,rpt8a abo^lav Kal rrev'iav dvdAojra rfj rvxjj Kal Aioyevovs elvat iroAir-qs dveTTifiovAevrov <f)66vco. jjL€fiV7]TaL oe avrov Kal MeVayopos" iv AtSu/xats" ovtojs'

GVfjL7T€pL7rarrjG€L5 yap rpLftiov e\ova e/xot, ojdTTep ^pdrrjri rep kvvlko) tto6* rj yvvrj, Kal dvyarep' e^zhcoK eKeivos, ojs €<f>7] avros, eVt 7T€Lpq oovs rpiaKovv* rjpuepas.

Madrjral 81

\ e>> » <■»

Ke<j>. r'. MHTPOKAHZ

94 hlrjTpoKArjs 6 Ma pajveLrrjs, dSeA</>os" *\Tnrapxias , os TTporepov aKovojv Geo(f)pdarov rod irepnrar-qriKov roaovrov hii(j>6apTO, ware rrore pueAerdjv Kal fieratjv 7rojs diroiraphdjv vtt* ddvfilas o'lkol KaraKAeiGros rjv} dnoKaprepelv fiovAopuevos. pLadtbv Srj 6 l\pdrr)s elafjAOe iTpos avrov napaKA-qdels Kal deppiovs eTTLTrjhes fiefipajKOJS erreide pcev avrov Kal oca rcov Aoyow parjSev cfyavAov TreTToirjKevaL' ripas yap dv yeyovevai el [jltj Kal rd Trvev\xara Kara cfrvoLV

96

VI. 92-94. GRATES— METROCLES

dying, he would chant over himself this charm, " You are going, dear hunchback, you are off to the house of Hades, — bent crooked by old age." For his years had bowed him down.

When Alexander inquired whether he would like his native city to be rebuilt, his answer was, " Why should it be ? Perhaps another Alexander will destroy it again." Ignominy and Poverty he declared to be his country, which Fortune could never take captive. He was, he said, a fellow-citizen of Diogenes, who defied all the plots of envy. Menander alludes to him in the Twin Sisters in the following lines :

Wearing a cloak you'll go about with me, As once with Cynic Crates went his wife : His daughter too, as he himself declared, He gave in marriage for a month on trial.

We come now to his pupils.

Chapter 6. METROCLES (c. 300 b.c.)

Metrocles of Maroneia was the brother of Hipparchia. He had been formerly a pupil of Theophrastus the Peripatetic, and had been so far corrupted by weak- ness that, when he made a breach of good manners in the course of rehearsing a speech, it drove him to despair, and he shut himself up at home, intending to starve himself to death. On learning this Crates came to visit him as he had been asked to do, and after advisedlv making a meal of lupins, he tried to persuade him by argument as well that he had com- mitted no crime, for a prodigy would have happened if he had not taken the natural means of relieving

VOL. II h 97

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

a7T€Kplv€TO- riXos Se kclL OLTTOTrapSoW avrov dv- ippojaev, d(/>' ojjloiottjtos rcov ipyojv 7rapap,v9r}- oapbevos. rovvrevdev tJkov€v avrov Kal iyivero dvr/p lkclvos iv </>tAocro</>ia.

95 Ovros ra iavrov crvyypdp,p,ara KaraKaLwv, ojs (f>r)cnv 'E/ccitcov iv TTpcbraj Xpeiwv, iiriXeye'

raS' ear ovelpcov veprepcov (j>avrdop,ara,

[otov Xijpos]' ol o\ on ras Qeocfrpdarov aKpodveis Karacf)Xiyojv itriXeye,

"H</>aicrre, TTpopioX oboe, Qirts vv tl veto yar^i.

ovros e'Aeye rwv Trpaypidrojv ra piiv dpyvpiov djvrjTa etvat, otov oIklolv ra Se xP°vov KaL em- /xeAetas", ojs Traioelav. rov ttXovtov fiXafiepov, el p.rj res d^iojs avro) xpcoro.

'EreAeirra Se vtto yrjpojs iavrov TrvLtjas .

Ma^rat S' avrov Qeopufiporos Kal KAeopievrjs, Qeofiftporov A-qfjL-qrptos 6 'AXetjavopevs, KAeo- fiivovs Tifjuapxos 'AXegav&pevs Kal 'E^e/cA^? 'E</»e- ctios" ov fxrjv dXXd Kal ^Kx^kXtjs Qeofxfiporov Si- rjKovaev, ov MevcoT^os", rrepl ov Xi^ofiev. iyivero Kal MeVl77770S• Hlvojtt€vs iv avrols im^avi^s.

k€</>. £'. innAPXiA

96 ^Q-qpddrj he rols Xoyocs Kal rj doeXfirj rov MrjrpoKXiovs '\TnrapyLa. ±s\apa>veZrai S' rjcrav dp,- <j)6repoi.

Kat rjpa rod Kpdrrjros Kal ra>v Xoyojv Kal rov filov, ovSevos rcov p,vqorevop,ivojv enLarrpecpopLevrj, 98

VI. 94-06. METROCLES— HIPPARGHIA

himself. At last by reproducing the action he suc- ceeded in lifting him from his dejection, using for his consolation the likeness of the occurrences. From that time forward Metrocles was his pupil, and became proficient in philosophy.

Hecato in the first book of his Anecdotes tells us he burned his compositions with the words a :

Phantoms are these of dreams o' the world below.

Others say that when he set fire to his notes of Theophrastus's lectures, he added the line :

Come hither, Hephaestus, Thetis now needeth thee.

He divided things into such as are procurable for money, like a house, and such as can be procured by time and trouble, like education. Wealth, he said, is harmful, unless we put it to a worthy use.

He died of old age, having choked himself.

His disciples were Theombrotus and Cleomenes : Theombrotus had for his pupil Demetrius of Alex- andria, while Cleomenes instructed Timarchus of Alexandria and Echecles of Ephesus. Not but what Echecles also heard Theombrotus, whose lectures were attended by Menedemus, of whom we shall speak presently. Menippus of Sinope also became renowned amongst them.

Chapter 7. HIPPARCHIA (c. 300 B.C.;

Hipparchia too, sister of Metrocles, was captured by their doctrines. Both of them were born at Maroneia.

She fell in love with the discourses and the life of Crates, and would not pay attention to any of her a Nauck, T.G.F.*-, Adesp. 285.

99

DIOGENES LAKRTIUS

ov irAovrov, ovk evyeveias, ov KaAXovg- dAAa rtavr rjv Kpar^s" avrfj. /cat hr) /cat f)TreiAei rols yovevaiv dvaipr)aeiv avrrjv, el pur) rovrco hoOeir]. KpaTT]? p^ev ovv 7rapaKaAovp,evos V7t6 rtov yovewv

aVTTJS CLTTOTpei/jOLL TT)V 77GU§a, iraVT €7TOl€l, KOLL

reAos fjLTj rreiOcov, dvaaras /cat diroBifxevos rrjv

eCLVTOV GKeVTjV aVTLKpV aVTTJS erf*7!' " ° iX^V VVfJL(f)LOS

ovros, 7] he KTrjcns avrr), Trpog ravra fiovAevov " ■ ovhe yap ecreadai kolvojvov, el pur) /cat rtov avrwv e7nrrjhevp,dra>v yev-qBei-q.

97 EtAero r) ttols /cat ravrdv dvaAafiovcra cr)(r)pLa crvpLTrepirjei rdvhpl /cat ev ra» (fravepcp crvveyivero /cat em, rd helirva air/jet. ore /cat Trpos Avoipiaxov els to GvpLTTOGiov rjASev, evda Qeohwpov rdv €7tlkA7]v "AOeov e7rrjAey£e, ao^)ta/xa Trporelvaoa roiovrov o ttoiGiv Oeohojpos ovk dv dhiKelv Aeyotro, ovh' 'Imrapxlo. TTOiovcra rovro dhiKelv Aeyoir* dv Oeohojpos he tvtttojv eavrdv ovk dSt/cet, ovh dpa 'IrnTapxLa Qeohajpov rvirrovcra ddt/cet. d he irpds p,ev to AexOev ovhev diTrjvT'qoev , dvecrvpe 8' avrfjs doifiaTiov dAX ovre Kar€7rAdyrj ^XTnrapyLa ovre

sshierapaxdr) ojs yvvrj. dAXd /cat elnovTOS avrfj,

avrrj >arlv rj ras Trap* lorols eKAirrovaa /cep/ct'Sas;

" iyo'j," (^tjgLv, " et/xt, Qeohajpe' dAAd pur) /ca/cco? crot hoKw BefiovAevoBai nept avrr)?, el, rdv x?ovov °v epueAAov larols TrpoaavaAojaeiv , rovrov els iraihelav KarexpTjcrdfjLTjv ; " /cat ravra pbev /cat dAAa /xupta rrjs <f>iAou6(f)ov .

Ocperat he rod Kpdrrjros fiifiALov 'EttiotoAcu,

a Eur. Bacch. 1236.

100

VI. 96-98. HIPPARCHIA

suitors, their wealth, their high birth or their beauty. But to her Crates was everything. She used even to threaten her parents she would make away with herself, unless she were given in marriage to him. Crates therefore was implored by her parents to dissuade the girl, and did all he could, and at last, failing to persuade her, got up, took off his clothes before her face and said, " This is the bridegroom, here are his possessions ; make your choice accord- ingly ; for you will be no helpmeet of mine, unless you share my pursuits."

The girl chose and, adopting the same dress, went about with her husband and lived with him in public and went out to dinners with him. Accordingly she appeared at the banquet given by Lysimachus, and there put down Theodorus, known as the atheist, by means of the following sophism. Any action which would not be called wrong if done by Theodorus, would not be called wrong if done by Hipparchia. Now Theodorus does no wrong when he strikes him- self : therefore neither does Hipparchia do wrong when she strikes Theodorus. He had no reply where- with to meet the argument, but tried to strip her of her cloak. But Hipparchia showed no sign of alarm or of the perturbation natural in a woman. And when he said to her :

" Is this she Who quitting woof and warp and comb and loom ? " a

she replied, " It is I, Theodorus, — but do you sup- pose that I have been ill advised about myself, if instead of wasting further time upon the loom I spent it in education ? " These tales and countless others are told of the female philosopher.

There is current a work of Crates entitled Epistles.

101

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

iv at? dpicrra (jiiAooo^el , rrjv Xi^iv eoriv ore TrapaTTArjcnos WAdrcovi. yeypa<f>e Kal rpaycpoias viprjAorarov ixovcras <f>iAooo(f>Las xaPaKrVPa > °*°v

€(JTL KOLKelvO'

ov)( els rrdrpas /xot 7rvpyos, ov fiia Greyrj, rrdcrrjs Se y€?GOV Ka~l TroAiOfxa Kal Sofiog eroLfjLOs rjfjuv ivoiairaoQai ndpa.

'JLreAevrrjcre Se yrjpaiog Kal irdcfrr) iv Botama..

Kecf>. r)'. MEXinnos

SS "SleVLTTTTOSy Kal OVTOS KVVLKOS, TO dv€Ka6eV T)V

Ooivi^, SovAos, ojg (f)T]OLV 'A^ai'/cos" iv 'HdlKOlS. AlokAtjs 8e Kal rov Seonor-qv avrov Uovtlkov elvai Kal Barcova KoAelodai. drrjporepov 8' alrcov vtto <j)iAapyvpias loxv(je Qrjfialos yeveodai.

Oepei \iev ovv orrovhalov ovSev ra 8e fiifiAia avrov ttoAXov KarayeAojros yepuei Kal ri icrov rolg "SleAedypov rod Kar avrov yevofxevov .

Qrjol 8' "Epfjurnros -qixepohaveiorr^v avrov ye- yovivai Kal KaAeloOai' Kal yap vavriKaj roKco 8a- veil,eiv Kal i£ev€Xvpid£,€LV, wore Trdp^rrAeiora XP7]' 100 fiara adpoiQeiv reAos 8' imfiovAevdevra rrdvra>v oreprjdrjvat Kal vv ddvfilas /3po;^a> rov filov LieraAXdtjai. Kal T^/xets" eVat^a/xev els avrov

■ Xauck, T.G.F.K Crat. i. p. 810.

b " Menippus ille, nobilis quidem canis," Varro apud Nonium 333. Of. Lucian, Icaromenippus 15, />'/.<? ircusatus :J>:',. Varro's Sctturae Menippeae, a mixture of prose and e< rse,

102

VI. 98-100. HIPPARCHIA— MENIPPUS

containing excellent philosophy in a style which sometimes resembles that of Plato. He has also written tragedies, stamped with a very lofty kind of philosophy ; as, for example, the following passage a :

Not one tower hath my country nor one roof, But wide as the whole earth its citadel And home prepared for us to dwell therein.

He died in old age, and was buried in Boeotia.

Chapter 8. MENIPPUS

Menippus,b also a Cynic, was by descent a Phoenician — a slave, as Achaiicus in his treatise on Ethics savs. Diocles further informs us that his master was a citizen of Pontus and was named Baton. But as avarice made him very resolute in begging, he succeeded in becoming a Theban.

There is no seriousness c in him ; but his books overflow with laughter, much the same as those of his contemporary Meleager.d

Hermippus says that he lent out money by the day and got a nickname from doing so. For he used to make loans on bottomry and take security, thus accumulating a large fortune. At last, how- ever, he fell a victim to a plot, was robbed of all, and in despair ended his days by hanging himself. I have composed a trifle upon him e :

were an imitation of the style of Menippus, although their subject matter was original and genuinely Roman.

c Strabo, however (xvi. p. 759), speaks of him as o-irovdo- yeXoios.

d For a fragment from his Banquet see Athenaeus 502 c.

e Anth. Plan. v. 41.

1 03

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

Qolvlkcl to yevos, aAAa. YLprjTLKOV Kvva, rjfjL€poSav€LGrrjv — rovro yap e^c/cA^eTO —

oioda ^Slivimrov Iuojs. Q-ijfirjGtv ovros ojs oicopvyrj Trork Kal rrdvr a.7T€^aXev ouS' evoei <j>vaiv kvvos,

avrov dveKpe/uLaaev.

"Evioi oe ra fitfiXC avrov ovk avrov elvai, aAAa Alovvglov Kal ZjOjTrvpov rcov l\oXocf>a)via)v, ot rod rraiQeiv €veK.a crvyypdcfrovres iSlBocrav aura) ws ev ovvap.€vaj ouaOeadaL.

101 TeyovaoL 8e ^Slivimroi e£- Trptoros 6 ypdipas rd rrepl Avoa)v Kal "Ravdov eTTLrepLOfievos, Sevrepog avros ovros, rpiros HrparovLKevs cro^Lar-qg, Kap ro dveKadev rcrapros dvopiavroTTOios, Trep^Trros Kal eKros i,a>ypd(f)OL- [lepLV-qrai 8' dp(f>or£pajv ' AiroXXohcapos .

Ta S' ovv rod kvvlkov fiifiXia earl oeKarpla, XeK-rta.

'E— KTToXoX K€KQflll/€Vft€Vai <J~b ruv TCOV 6t<j)V 7T/30CTOJ7701'.

Upbs rovs <f>v(TLKOvs Kal fxa$i]/xaTLKovs ko.l ypappari- kovs Kal

TOVU.S 'YjTTlKOVpOV KCU

Tas dpij(rK€vopeva<i vtt avrwv eiKaSas. Kal aAAa.

Ke<f>. 6'. MENEAHMOS

102 Meve'S^/xos" KwXujrov rod AapufjaKiqvov pLadf]- r-qs. ovros, Kadd <f>iqoiv 'iTnrofioros, ei's" roaovrov

° Of. Cic. Brut. 91, § 315 " post a me tota Asia per- agrata est, fuique> cum summis quidem oratoribus, quibus-

[04

VI. 100-102. MENIPPUS— MENEDEMUS

May be, you know Menippus, Phoenician by birth, but a Cretan hound : A money-lender by the day — so he was called — At Thebes when once on a time his house was broken into And he lost his all, not understanding what it is to be a Cynic, He hanged himself.

Some authorities question the genuineness of the books attributed to him, alleging them to be by Dionysius and Zopyrus of Colophon, who, writing them for a joke, made them over to Menippus as a person able to dispose of them advantageously.

There have been six men named Menippus : the first the man who wrote a History of the Lydians and abridged Xanthus ; the second my present subject ; the third a sophist of Stratonicea, a Carian by descent a ; the fourth a sculptor ; the fifth and sixth painters, both mentioned by Apollodorus.

However, the writings of Menippus the Cynic are thirteen in number :

Necromancy.

Wills.

Epistles artificially composed as if by the gods.

Replies to the physicists and mathematicians and

grammarians ; and A book about the birth of Epicurus ; and The School's reverence for the twentieth day.

Besides other works.

Chapter 9- MENEDEMUS

Menedemus was a pupil of Colotes of Lampsacus. According to Hippobotus he had attained such a

cum exercebar ipsis lubentibus ; quorum erat princeps Menippus Stratonicensis meo iudicio tota Asia illis tempori- bus disertissimus," and Strabo xvi. 660.

105

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

repareias rjXacrev coore 'ILpivvos dvaXafiwv cr^^a 7T€pLTj€L, Xeytov €7tl(JK07tos dftxQou i£ aSov TtOV dfiapravopievajv, ottojs ttolAlv Karidtv ravra arr- ayyiXXoi rols eKel haipioaiv. rjv Se aura) rj eodrjs avrrj- ^irajv (f>aids rrohiqprjs, rrepl avrco ^ojvtj (froiVlKT), nlXoS WpKdSlKOS €7Ti rrjs KecjxiXfjs eyojv eVu(/>a<7/xeVa rd 8a>8e/<:a arot^eta, e/x/?arat rpayiKoi, TTwyojv vTrepfjLeyedrjS, pdfiSos ev rfj X€LPL j^etAtV?].

103 Kat OVTOL (JL€V OL /StOt TOJV KVVIKWV €KaOTOV .

TTpocwTToypddjojJiev Se koX rd koivjj dpeaKovra avrols, alpeaiv /cat ro.vrr\v elvai eyKpivovres rrjv (f>iXoo~o(f>iav, ov, Kadd c/>aat rives, evaraoiv fiiov. dpeoKei ovv avrols rov XoyiKov /cat rov (pvcriKov tottov irepiaipelv, epufrepdos 'Aptcrrcjvt, tco Xia>, /jLovcp Se Trpcoeyeiv ra» tj9lko). /cat oirep rives eiri HcoKpdrovs, rovro AiokXtjs em Aioyevovs ava- ypdcfrei, rovrov (f)daKOJV Xeyeiv y Ael ^rjrelv

orri roi ev p.eydpoioi kclkov r dyadov re rervKrai. napairovvrai he /cat rd eyKVKXia /xaflrj/xara. ypdpifxara yovv /jlt] piavddveiv e<f>acFKev 6 'Avrt- (jOevrjs rovs (Jojcfipovas yevopievovs, Iva fir) Sta-

104 orpecf)Oivro rols dXXorpiois. rtepiaipovui 8e Kat yeojfxerpiav /cat llovoikt]v /cat rrdvra rd roiavra. 6 yovv Aioyevrjs rrpos rov emSeiKvvvra aura* ujpo- OKOTrelov, " xp7)Oi\xov" e</>rj t " to epyov irpos rd llt) vurepijaai SeiTrvov." irpos rov eTTiheiKvvfievov avrco fiovcriKov e(fyrj'

yvwpiais ydp dvhptJuv ev fxev oiKovvrai rroXeis, ev 8' oIkos, ov ipaXjxoloi koI reperiopiaGiv.

a Horn. Od. iv. » Of. Eur. Antiope, I rag. .""> DinA

]()()

VI. 102-104. MENEDEMUS

degree of audacity in wonder-working that he went about in the guise of a Fury, saying that he had come from Hades to take cognisance of sins com- mitted, and Mas going to return and report them to the powers down below. This was his attire : a grey tunic reaching to the feet, about it a crimson girdle ; an Arcadian hat on his head with the twelve signs of the zodiac inwrought in it ; buskins of tragedy ; and he wore a very long beard and carried an ashen staff in his hand.

Such are the lives of the several Cynics. But we will go on to append the doctrines which they held in common — if, that is, we decide that Cynicism is really a philosophy, and not, as some maintain, just a way of life. They are content then, like Ariston of Chios, to do away with the subjects of Logic and Physics and to devote their whole attention to Ethics. And what some assert of Socrates, Diocles records of Diogenes, representing him as saying : " We must inquire into

Whate'er of good or ill within our halls is wrought." a

They also dispense with the ordinary subjects of in- struction. At least Antisthenes used to say that those who had attained discretion had better not study literature, lest they should be perverted by alien influences. So they get rid of geometry and music and all such studies. Anyhow, when somebody showed Diogenes a clock, he pronounced it a service- able instrument to save one from being late for dinner. Again, to a man who gave a musical recital before him he said b :

By men's minds states are ordered well, and households, Not by the lyre's twanged strings or flute's trilled notes.

107

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

'Ape'cr/cet 8' avrols /cat reXos elvai to /car' dperrjv t,r\v , c!)s 'AvTLadevrjs cfr-qolv Iv toj 'Hpa/cAet,

OjJLOLCOS Tols OTOJIKOIS' €7T€i K.O.I KOlVOJVld TtS" Tat?

hvo ravrais alpeoeulv kvriv. ddev /cat tov kvvl- afxov elprjKacn ctvvtojjlov eir* dperrjv oSov. /cat outgo? e/?ta> /cat ZjTjvojv 6 Ktrteu?.

'Apecr/cet 8' aureus- /cat AtTaj? fiiovv, avrdpKeuL XpanzcVot? (JLTiois /cat rpificooi fxovois, ttXovtov /cat Sof^s* /cat euyeveta? Kara^povovcnv . evioi,1 yovv /cat fiordvais /cat TTavraTraoiv uSart ^pcovrat

l/jVXpOJ (JK€7T0US T6 Tat? TU^OUCTatS /Cat TTlQoiS,

Kad&Trep AtoyeV^s", oV e</>acr/ce #eajv /xev t'8tov etVat fxrjSevog Seladat, row 8e #eots" ojjlolojv to oXiycov

105 'Aoeavcet 8' aureus" /cat -r^v dperrjv 8t8a/cr^v etvat, /ca#a <\>r\Giv ' Avnodeviqs Iv rto 'Hpa/cAet, /cat avaTTofiXrjTov virdpyeiv d^iepavrov re tov oo<j)6v /cat dva/jLdprrjTOV /cat <j>iXov rep o/xguoj, T^X?? r€ /^Sev £.7TiTp€7T€iv. rd Se fxera^v dperrjs /cat /ca/ctas" dSid(f>opa Xiyovoiv o/xota)? 'ApicrrtovL rarXta;.

Kat OVTOL [JL€V OL KVVIKOL' fl€TLT€OV 8' €7Tt TOUS"

otwikovs, wv rjp$€ 7j7]vojv, p,adr)Tr)s yevopuevos KparryTos'.

1 &uo£ re codd. : eVtor<? Reiske.

108

VI. ioi-105. MENEDEMUS

They hold further that " Life according to Virtue "

is the End to be sought, as Antisthenes says in his Heracles : exactly like the Stoics. For indeed there is a certain close relationship between the two schools. Hence it has been said that Cynicism is a short cut to virtue ; and after the same pattern did Zeno of Citium live his life.

They also hold that we should live frugally, eating food for nourishment only and wearing a single garment. Wealth and fame and high birth they despise. Some at all events are vegetarians and drink cold water only and are content with any kind of shelter or tubs, like Diogenes, who used to say that it was the privilege of the gods to need nothing and of god-like men to want but little.

They hold, further, that virtue can be taught, as Antisthenes maintains in his Heracles, and when once acquired cannot be lost ; and that the wise man is worthy to be loved, impeccable, and a friend to his like ; and that we should entrust nothing to fortune. Whatever is intermediate between Virtue and Vice they, in agreement with Ariston of Chios, account indifferent.

So much, then, for the Cynics. We must now pass on to the Stoics, whose founder was Zeno, a disciple of Crates.

109

ISTOPION Z

Ke</>. a\ ZHNON

1 TLrjvajv Mvaaeou r) A^/xeou Ktrteu? aVo Kimpou, 7roAtcr/xaros' 'EAATpt/cou, OotVt/cas" iiroiKovs e^X7)'

KOTO?.

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2 AirjKovcre 8e, /ca#d Trpoelprjrai, Kpar^ros" etra /cat 2rtA7r6ovos' d/coucrat <f>acnv avrov /cat Sevo- Kpdrovs err) Se/ca, ojs" Tt/xo/cpar^s" eV to* At'cow dAAd /cat rioAe/Aawos". 'E/cdra)v Se ^at /cat 'A77oAAa>vtos" o Tupto? eV rrpdircp rrepl Tufjvajvos, XprjGTrjpLaorafievov1 avrov rl nparrajv apicrra fiiaj- aerat, arroKpivaaQai rdv deov, el avyxpojrl^oLTO roZs veKpoZs- 66 ev ^vvevra rd rcjv apxatajv avayivcoGKeiv. tw ovv Kpdrrjrt napeftaXe rovrov

1 xfyy]OTt]pia'^o\x.ivo\j PFD Cobet. 110

BOOK VII

Chapter 1. ZENO (333-261 b.c.)

Zexo, the son of Mnaseas (or Demeas), "was a native of Citium in Cyprus, a Greek city which had received Phoenician settlers. He had a wry neck, says Timotheus of Athens in his book On Lives. Moreover, Apollonius of Tyre says he was lean, fairly tall, and swarthy — hence some one called him an Egyptian vine-branch, according to Chrysippus in the first book of his Proverbs, He had thick legs ; he was flabby and delicate. Hence Persaeus in his Convivial Reminiscences relates that he declined most invitations to dinner. They say he was fond of eating green figs and of basking in the sun.

He was a pupil of Crates, as stated above. Next they say he attended the lectures of Stilpo and Xenocrates for ten years — so Timocrates says in his Dion — and Polemo as well. It is stated by Hecato and by Apollonius of Tyre in his first book on Zeno that he consulted the oracle to know what he should do to attain the best life, and that the god's response was that he should take on the complexion of the dead. Whereupon, perceiving what this meant, he studied ancient authors. Now the way he came

111

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

rov rporrov. rropfyvpav lp.rTenopevp.ivos cltto rrjs Qolvlktjs npos raj YVeipaiel evavdyqaev . dveXOtbv 8' els ras 'Adrjvas 17877 rpiaKovrovr-qs eKaBtue rrapd riva ^i^XiottojXtjv . avayivcouKOvros 8' eKeivov to Sevrepov ra>v "Eevo(f>6jvros ^ATropLvrjpLOvevpLarojVy r)odels envdero rrov Suarpi^oiev ol roiovroi avhpes.

3 evKaipojs 8e rrapiovros Kpdrrjros , 6 fiifiXioirojXr]s Sei^a? avrov (jyiqoi, " rovrw rrapaKoXovdrjaov .' " ivrevdev rji<ovcre rov Kpdrrjros, dXXojs fxev evrovos <d)v>1 irpos <f>i\o(JO(f)iav , alorjp,a>v he ojs* irpos rrjv Kvviktjv avaiayyvriav . odev 6 Kpar^S" fiovX6p,evos avrov2 Acat rovro depanevaai SiSojcri yvrpav ^atfrj? Sid tov Kepa/xet/cou <f>epeiv. eVet 8' et8ev avrov aiSov/xevov kol TrapaKaXvnrovra, Traiaas rfj ftaK- rrjpia Kardyvvai rrjv yyrpav (j>evyovros 8' avrov /cat rrjs (f>aKrjs Kara rcov OKeXcbv peovcrrjs, <f>rjcrlv 6 Kpdrrjs, " ri ^evyets, <&olvlki$lov ; ovhev heivov

7T€7TOv9aS . ' '

4 "Ecus' p>ev ovv twos rjKovcre rod Kpdrrjros' ore koll rrjv YioXireiav avrov ypdipavros, rives eXeyov rral^ovres em rrjs rov kvvos ovpas avrrjv ye- ypafyevai. yeypacfre 8e Trpos rfj YioXireia Kal rdoe'

Ylepl rov Kara <f>vo~iv fiiov.

Uepl opprjs rj -irepl dvOpwirov cfjvcreo)S.

Ylepl 7ra0<j)i>.

Uepl rov KaOi'/Kovros.

1 &v add. Richards. 2 avroD F Cobet.

a Cynosura, Dog's Tail, like Dog's Head, Cynoscephalus, 112

\ 11. 2-4. ZENO

across Crates was this. lie was shipwrecked on a

voyage from Phoenicia to Peiraeus with a cargo of purple. He went up into Athens and sat down in a bookseller's shop, being then a man of thirty. As he went on reading the second book of Xenophon's Memorabilia, he was so pleased that he inquired where men like Socrates were to be found. Crates passed by in the nick of time, so the bookseller pointed to him and said, " Follow yonder man." From that day he became Crates's pupil, showing in other respects a strong bent for philosophy, though with too much native modesty to assimilate Cynic shamelessness. Hence Crates, desirous of curing this defect in him, gave him a potful of lentil-soup to carry through the Cera- micus ; and when he saw that he was ashamed and tried to keep it out of sight, with a blow of his staff he broke the pot. As Zeno took to flight wibh the lentil-soup flowing down his legs, " Why run away, my little Phoenician ? " quoth Crates, " nothing terrible has befallen you."

For a certain space, then, he was instructed by Crates, and when at this time he had written his Republic, some said in jest that he had written it on Cynosura, i.e. on the dog's tail.a Besides the Republic he wrote the following works :

Of Life according to Nature. Of Impulse, or Human Nature. Of Emotions. Of Duty.

was the name of several promontories, notably one in Athens and one in Salamis. Relatively to Cynicism, "holding on by the dog's tail" would seem a more appropriate inter- pretation.

VOL. II I 113

DIOGENES LAERT1US

Ilepl vofjtov.

Tlepl rrjs lKXXi]VLKrj<i TratSeio-s.

TLepl o\J/e<i)S.

YLepl rov oXov.

Utpl (rrjfj,ei(av.

UvOayopiKa.

KaOoXuca.

YLepl Ae^cojv.

Upof3\i]/J.aro)v *OpqpLK(Zv rrevre.

"Earn S' avrov koI Tky\'i] koX AiVeis Kal "EAeyxot oro.

\ — Op.\'qp.OV€.Vp.(XTO. KptJ.Ti]TO$.

Kat rdoe piev rd /?i/?Aia. reXevralov he drreary] Kal ro)v TTpoeipiqpievojv 7]Kovorev ecu? ertov eiKocnv Iva Kal <f)aGLV avrov elirelv , " vvv evirXor/Ka, ore vevavdyrjKa." ol §' eVt rov Kpar-qros rovr avrov 5 €L7T€lv clXXol he htarpi^ovra iv rat? 'Ad-rjvais OLKodoaL rrjv vavayiav Kal etTrelv, " ev ye irotel r) rvx*) TrpooeXavvovoa rjpias </>iAocro</>ta." evioi Se, huadepievov Wd-qvrjcn ra (propria, ovroj rpaTrr\vai rrpos (f)t,Xocro(f)iav .

' AvaK(ifi77rojv hrj iv rfj ttolklXtj oroa rfj Kal UeLcnavaKricp KaXovpLevrj, drro he rrjs ypacprjs rrjs

G Our word " colonnade " better describes a roofed build- ing, supported at least on one side by pillars and thus affording a public thoroughfare like an arcade or cloister, but open to the sun and air. Owing, however, to the Latin " porticus '" Zeno's school has received in English literature the appellation of " the Porch." The frescoes or pictures, with 1 1 1-

VII. 4-5. ZENO

Of Law,

Of Greek Education.

Of Vision.

Of the Whole World.

Of Signs.

Pythagorean Questions.

Universals.

Of Varieties of Style.

Homeric Problems, in five books.

Of the Reading of Poetry. There are also by him :

A Handbook of Rhetoric.

Solutions.

Two books of Refutations.

Recollections of Crates.

Ethics. This is a list of his writings. But at last he left Crates, and the men above mentioned were his masters for twenty years. Hence he is reported to have said, " I made a prosperous voyage when I suffered shipwreck." But others attribute this say- ing of his to the time when he was under Crates. A different version of the story is that he was staying at Athens when he heard his ship was wrecked and said, " It is well done of thee, Fortune, thus to drive me to philosophy." But some say that he disposed of his cargo in Athens, before he turned his attention to philosophy.

He used then to discourse, pacing up and down in the painted colonnade, which is also called the colonnade or Portico a of Pisianax, but which received its name

which the Stoa was adorned, made it in some sense the National Gallery of Athens. For further information see by all means Frazer's note on Pausanias i. 15 (vol. ii. pp. 132-137).

115

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

IloXvyvcorov ttolklXij, Sl€Tl0€to tovs Xoyovs, fiou- Aofievos /cat to yoopiov aTrcpiorrarov Troirjoai. iirl yap twv rptaKovra tojv ttoXltojv Trpos rot? ^tAtots" rerpaKOGLOL1 avjiprjVT iv avTco. irpocnfleoav orj Xolttov olkovovt€s avrov /cat 8ta tovto Sran/cot €KX-t]6rjGav /cat ol citi' avrov o/xotoj?, nporepov 7j7]vojv€lol KaXovjjLevoi, Kadd (f)7]OL /cat 'ETTt/COUpO? iv Ittiuto Xa Is . /cat rrporepov ye SraH/cot ZkoXovvto ol hiarpifiovres iv avrfj TrotTirat, Kadd <f)T)criv '^Lparoodevqs iv oyhorj Uepl rrjs ap^ata? /caj/xajStas", ol /cat rov Xoyov iiri rrXeiov 'qv^rjuav.

'ETifjLQjv or) ovv 'AdrjvaloL o(f>6opa rov "L-qvajva, ovtojs ojs /cat rcov reiyojv avrw ras" kXcls irapa- Karadiodai /cat ^pvGO) OTecfydvcp TipLrjcrai /cat Xa^Kfj €lkovl. tovto Se /cat tovs ttoXitols avTod Troirjoai, Koofiov -qyovpievovs tt)v TavSpos eiKova. dvT€7ToiovvTO 8' avrov /cat ol iv 2t8<wt Ktrtets". drreSex^TO 8' avrov /cat 'Avrlyovos /cat et ttot' 'A#rjya£e rj/cot, tJkov€V avrov noXXd re 77ape/caAet dcpiKecrdai d>s avrov. 6 Se touto /zev Trapr^r-qoaro , riepaatov 8' eVa tojv yvojpifxojv airier eiXev, os rjv A'q/JirjTpiov fikv vlos, KtTteus" Se to yevog, /cat fy/c/zafe /cara, tt^v rpiaKoor-qv /cat iKaroorrjv 'OAu/xmaSa, 77877 yepovTos ovros ZjTjvojvos. r) 8' eVtoroAr) rov 'AvTiyovov rovrov et^e rov rpoTrov, Kadd /cat 'ATToAAojvtos- o Tuptos* eV rots' Ilept Zr^ojyos" (f>rjar

1 So Cobet : MS8. read 717)65 to"* xiX/01/s rerpaKoaiovs, which may be right though the expression is unusual. Cf. "civium ad mille quadringentos oceisi."

116

VII. 5-6. ZENO

from the painting of Polygnotus ; his object being to keep the spot clear of a concourse of idlers. It was the spot where in the time of the Thirty 1400 Athenian citizens had been put to death. a Hither, then, people came henceforth to hear Zeno, and this is why they were known as men of the Stoa, or Stoics ; and the same name was given to his followers, who had formerly been known as Zenonians. So it is stated by Epicurus in his letters. According to Eratosthenes in his eighth book On the Old Comedy, the name of Stoic had formerly been applied to the poets who passed their time there, and they had made the name of Stoic still more famous.

The people of Athens held Zeno in high honour, as is proved by their depositing with him the keys of the city walls, and their honouring him with a golden crown and a bronze statue. This last mark of respect was also shown to him by citizens of his native town, who deemed his statue an ornament to their city,6 and the men of Citium living in Sidon were also proud to claim him for their own. Anti- gonus (Gonatas) also favoured him, and whenever he came to Athens would hear him lecture and often invited him to come to his court. This offer he declined but dispatched thither one of his friends, Persaeus, the son of Demetrius and a native of Citium, who flourished in the 130th Olympiad (260-256 B.C.), at which time Zeno was already an old man. According to Apollonius of Tyre in his work upon Zeno, the letter of Antigonus was couched in the following terms :

° Probably the Thirty met in the Stoa and passed sentence of death there. It is not likely that this was the place of execution.

b Pliny, N.H. xxxiv. 92.

117

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

7 " BaotAeu? 'Avriyovos TjTjvojvl (f>iXoa6<f)cp xatpetv. " 'Eyoj tvxJ] ftev /cat hotjrj vopbi^oj Trporepelv rod

gov filov, Xoyov he /cat Traiheias Kadvarepelv koI rrjs reXeias evhaipiovias r)v ov KeKTr/crat. hioirep K€KpiKa TTpou^ojvrjuai uoi napayeveadai rrpos €/X€,

7T€7T€LCrfJL€VOS 0€ flTj dvrepelv TTpOS TO OL^LOVjJLeVOV .

crv ovv TreipaOrjTi €K rravrds rporrov ovpLpbt^at pLOi, Si€LXrj(f)d)£ rovro Store oi>x ivos ifiov TraihevTrjs ear), iravrtov he Ma/ceSoVojv avXXrjfihrjv. 6 yap top rrjs Ma/ceSovtas- dpxovra koI Traihevojv /cat ayojv eirl ro\ /car' dperrjv cfyavepds eorat1 /cat rovs V7TOT€TayfjL€Vovs napaGKevdt.ojv Trpos evavhpiav. olos yap dv 6 rjyovpbevos fj, tolovtovs euKos ojs eirl to ttoXv yiyveadai /cat rovs vrroTeraypievovs ."

Kat 6 Tuiqvajv dvnypdfyei cSSe*

8 " BaatAet ' Avriyovco Zrjvwv ^atpetv.

" 'ArroSe^o/zat gov rrjv c/>tAo/xa#€tav Kadoaov Trjs dXrjdLvrjs /cat et? ovtjglv reivovorjs , dAA' ou^t r^? hrjfJLOjhovs /cat ei? hiaorpo^-qv rjOoov avrexj] Traiheias. 6 he <f)iXooo(f)ias ajpeypcevos, €KkXlvojv he rrjv ttoXvO pvX-qrov r)hovqv, r) tlvcov OrjXvvei veojv ifjv)(ds, <f>avepos eonv ov ptovov <f>VG€L rrpos evyeveiav kXivcjv, dXXa /cat Trpoaipeoei. (j)VGis he evyevrjs puerpiav duK-qotv TrpoaXafiovoa, ert he rdv d(f)96va)S hihdtjovra, pahiujs epx^rai Trpos rrjv reXetav avd-

9 Xyji/jlv rrjs dperrjs. eydo he owe'^o/xat aa>uart doOevel hid yrjpas' era>v yap elpa oyho-qKovra' hionep ov hvvapbai crot crtyx/zt^ai. aTToareXXco he ool TLvas row epiavrov avaxoXaardjv , ot rots p>ev Kara ifjvxrjv ovk dTroXeirtovrai ifMov, rots' he

1 tan vulg. : corr. Richards. ] 18

VII. 7-9. ZENO

" King Antigonus toZeno the philosopher, greeting.

"While in fortune and fame I deem myself your superior, in reason and education I own myself inferior, as well as in the perfect happiness which you have attained. Wherefore I have decided to a<k you to pay me a visit, being persuaded that you will not refuse the request. By all means, then, do your best to hold conference with me, understanding clearly that you will not be the instructor of myself alone but of all the Macedonians taken together. For it is obvious that whoever instructs the ruler of Macedonia and guides him in the paths of virtue will also be training his subjects to be good men. As is the ruler, such for the most part it may be expected that his subjects will become."

And Zeno's reply is as follows :

" Zeno to King Antigonus, greeting.

" I welcome your love of learning in so far as you cleave to that true education which tends to ad- vantage and not to that popular counterfeit of it which serves only to corrupt morals. But if anyone has yearned for philosophy, turning away from much-vaunted pleasure which renders effeminate the souls of some of the young, it is evident that not by nature only, but also by the bent of his will he is in- clined to nobility of character. But if a noble nature be aided by moderate exercise and further receive ungrudging instruction, it easily comes to acquire virtue in perfection. But I am constrained by bodily weakne^. due to old age, for I am eighty years old ; and for that reason I am unable to join you. But I send you certain companions of my studies whose mental powers arc not inferior to mine, while their

1 19

DIOGENES LAEFxTIUS

/cardcroyza Trporepovoiv ols crvvtbv ovhevos kol9- vGTeprjGeis tojv Trpos tt)v TeXetav evhaipiovLav aV-

7)k6vTOJv"

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10 to rrepl olvtov tojv WOrjvaiajv VTroypdipai. /cat

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Qpdcrtov Qpdoojvos 'Ava/cateus" etrreif'

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11 q\k6Xov6ov ovTa toZs Xoyois ols hieXeyero , TVXfl dyadfj SeSop(#at toj Srjfioj, erraiveuai piev Z^vojva Myaaeou Ktrtea /cat oreciavojaat XPV(J<? OTecjjdvcp Kara tov vo/jlov dperrjs eveKev /cat ooj<f>poo~vv'qs , OLKoSofirjaai 8e aura) /cat rdc/>ov eVt rou Keoa- fjL€LKod SrjjjLOGia' ttjs Se Trot^aea;? rou o-Te<f)dvov /cat r^s" OLKO&op,ris tov rdepov xeipoTovrjoat tov Srjpiov

T]Sr) TOVS €7TllXe\l]GO}JL€VOVS 7T€VT€ dvhpCLS €$ 'A-

a Of. Tarn, .////;*/. (7a». p. 309, especially note 106; he considers the decree, ^ we nave it. a fusion of two genuine I 20

VII. 9-11. ZENO

bodily strength is far greater, and if you associate with these you will in no way fall short of the conditions necessary to perfect happiness."

So he sent Persaeus and Philonides the Theban ; and Epicurus in his letter to his brother Aristobulus mentions them both as living with Antigonus. 1 have thought it well to append the decree also which the Athenians passed concerning him. It reads as follows ° :

" In the archonship of Arrhenides, in the fifth prytany of the tribe Acamantis on the twenty-first day of Maemacterion, at the twenty-third plenary assembly of the prytany, one of the presidents, Hippo, the son of Cratistoteles, of the deme Xypetaeon, and his co-presidents put the question to the vote ; Thraso, the son of Thraso of the deme Anaeaea, moved :

<; Whereas Zeno of Citium, son of Mnaseas, has for many years been devoted to philosophy in the city and has continued to be a man of worth in all other respects, exhorting to virtue and temperance those of the youth who come to him to be taught, directing them to what is best, affording to all in his own conduct a pattern for imitation in perfect consistency with his teaching, it has seemed good to the people — and may it turn out well — to bestow praise upon Zeno of Citium, the son of Mnaseas, and to crown him with a golden crown according to the law, for his goodness and temperance, and to build him a tomb in the Ceramicus at the public cost. And that for the making of the crown and the building of the tomb, the people shall now elect five commissioners

decrees, ( i ) voting a crown to Zeno in his life-time, (2) decree- ing a public funeral after his death.

121

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

dr]vala>v. eyypdifjai oe <r6Be > ro i/j-q^iorpia rov ypa/z/xare'a rod Sr/fiov iv arr/Xats <Xidlvai$ > hvo Kal itjelvai avrcov delvai rrjv p,ev iv 'A/caSr^/xeta, ttjv oe iv AvKeico. ro he avaXajfia ro els ra? OTTjAag ytvofievov \xeplaai rov iirl rfj hioiKiqaei, 07760? <dv> diravres elhujoLV on 6 Sfjfjios 6 [rajv] 1 'Adrfvalafv rovg dyadovs Kal ^covrag rt/xa Kal

12 reXevrrjcravras. 677t [8e] ttjv <7tolt]glv rod ore- cfxivov Kal ttjv > OLKO&ofjLTjv Keye^porovrprai Qpdcrajv 'AvaKaievs, OiAokAt]? Yleipaievs, QaiSpos 'Ava- cf)XvoTiog, McScoy 'A^apvei;?, ^IlkvOos HvTraX'qrrevs , Alojv IlaLavievs."

Kal to ipr/(f)LOiJLa p,ev a)he e^6t.

O^at 8' 'Avrtyo^os" o Kapuorto? ovk apveloOai avrov elvat Kinea. rcov yap ctV tt)i> eViOTceu^v rod Xovrpojvos avfifiaXXopLevajv elg tov /cat ava- ypa(f)6fji€vo? iv rfj arrjXr], " TjTjvojvos rod <f>iXo- v6<f)OV," rj^LOJoe Kal to Ktrteus" TrpocrreOrjvai. TTOLTjGas he nore kolXov irrldr]}ia rfj XrjKvda) rrepiicpepe vo\Liu\xa, Xvglv eroif.Lovx rcov dvayKalcov

13 Iv* €Xot Kpdr-qs 6 SiSacrxraAos". <f>aorl o' auroy U77ep ^t'Aia raAavra eypvra iXQelv els ttjv 'EAAaSa Kal ravra havei^eiv vavnKcos- yjadie 8' dprihia Kal pbeXi Kal oXiyov evoohovs olvapiov emve. 7raihapiois re i^prjro OTravlcos, d-nai; rj Sis ttov TTaiOLGKaplcp nvl, Iva firj hoKol-q paaoyvvqs elvai, ovv re Ylepaalco rr)v avrrjv oi/aav tpKer Kal avrov avXr/rploiOV elcrayayovros rrpos avrov, airdoas irpos rov rTepoatov avro dn-qyayev. tjv re, <\>aalv, evavp,7Tepl(f)opos, cbs noXXaKts 'Avrl-

1 tTot/j-ou HP: eToi/jL-qi' eeteri. 122

VII. 11-13. ZENO

from all Athenians, and the Secretary of State shall inscribe this decree on two stone pillars and it shall be lawful for him to set up one in the Academy and the other in the Lyceum. And that the magistrate pre- siding over the administration shall apportion the expense incurred upon the pillars, that all may know that the Athenian people honour the good both in their life and after their death. Thraso of the deme Anacaea, Philocles of Peiraeus, Phaedrus of Ana- phlystus, Medon of Acharnae. Micythus of Sypalettus, and Dion of Paeania have been elected commissioners for the making of the crown and the building."

These are the terms of the decree.

Antigonus of Carystus tells us that he never denied that he was a citizen of Citium. For when he was one of those who contributed to the restoration of the baths and his name was inscribed upon the pillar as " Zeno the philosopher," he requested that the words 11 of Citium " should be added. He made a hollow lid for a flask and used to carry about money in it. in order that there might be provision at hand for the necessities of his master Crates. It is said that he had more than a thousand talents when he came to Greece, and that he lent this money on bottomry .a He used to eat little loaves and honey and to drink a little wine of good bouquet. He rarely employed men-servants ; once or twice indeed he might have a young girl to wait on him in order not to seem a misogynist. He shared the same house with Persaeus, and when the latter brought in a little flute-player he lost no time in leading her straight to Persaeus. They tell us he readily adapted himself to circum-

0 The security tor the loan was either the cargo shipped or the vessel itself. As the risk was great, the interest was proportionately high. Demosth. Or. xxxiv. 23, 1. 17, lvi. 17.

123

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

yovov rov fiaaiXea emKco fxdo at avrco Kal irpos * ApioroKXea rov KiOapcohdv dp? avrco eXdelv em 14 kcojjlov, elra pbevroc VTrohvvai. etjeKXtve he} (fa-qal, koI to 7ToXvhy]p,cohes, cos" hf aKpov KaQl^eodai rov fiddpov, Kephaivovra to yovv erepov puepos rrjs ivoxArjcreojs . ov p,rjv ovhe /xera rrXeiovcov hvo rj rpicov Trepieirdrei. eviore1 he kcll xa^KOV elu-

€7TpOLTT€ TOVS 7T€puaT0LpL€VOVS , <Gl)0~T€ h eh LOT as > TO

hchovai fjLT] evoxXelv, KaOd cbycn YLXedvdrjs ev rco He pi xolAkov' irXeiovcov T€ rrepiaravrcov avrov, hel^ag ev ttj crroa /cot' aKpov to tjvXivov irepicbepes

TOV ficopLOV €(f)7], " TOVTO TTOT eV pietTCp €K€LTO, hid

he to ifJLTToSl^eiv Ihia eredrj- koll vpuels ovv Ik rod

puecrov ^acrrduavres avrovs rjrrov rjp.lv evoxXrjaere ."

Ar/pioxdpovs he rod Aa^Tyros" do"7ra£o/xeVou avrov

koli <f>dcrKOVTos Xeyeiv Kal ypdfyeiv cov dv xPeiav

exj] TTpos ' ' Kvrlyovov ', cos eKeivov ndvra irape^ovros ,

51 aKovcras ovKer avrco ovvhierpiipe. Xeyerai he

Kal ptera rrjv reXevrrjv rod 'Lrjvcovos elirelv rov

5 Avriyovov , olov etrj dearpov diroXcoXeKo'js' dOev Kal

hid Qpdocovos Trpeofievrov irapd rcov ' Adiqvaicov

rjrrjaev avrco ttjv ev KepapLetKco racfrtjv. epcorrj-

dels he hid ri OavpLa^et avrov, " on," e<f>r), " rroXXcov

1 ivlovs libri.

a Zeno must have foreseen that this compliment would be followed by a request to use his undoubted influence with the kin# on behalf of Demochares, who, as an Athenian patriot and the nephew of Demosthenes, was out of favour at the Macedonian court. Indeed the fact of his making

124

VII. 13-15. ZENO

Stances, so much so that King Antigonus often broke

in on him with a noisy party, and once took him along with other revellers to Aristocles the musician ; Zeno, however, in a little while gave them the slip. He disliked, they say, to be brought too near to people, so that he would take the end seat of a couch, thus saving himself at any rate from one half of such inconvenience. Nor indeed would he walk about with more than two or three. He would occasionally ask the bystanders for coppers, in order that, for fear of being asked to give, people might desist from mobbing him, as Cleanthes says in his work On Bronze. When several persons stood about him in the Colonnade he pointed to the wooden rail- ing at the top round the altar and said, " This was once open to all, but because it was found to be a hindrance it was railed off. If you then will take yourselves off out of the way you will be the less annoyance to us."

When Demochares, the son of Laches, greeted him and told him he had only to speak or write for any- thing he wanted to Antigonus, who would be sure to grant all his requests, Zeno after hearing this Mould have nothing more to do with him.a After Zeno's death Antigonus is reported to have said, " What an audience I have lost." b Hence too he employed Thraso as his agent to request the Athenians to bury Zeno in the Ceramicus. And when asked why he admired him, " Because," said

such advances at all is so strange that Ferguson (p. 17-2) and Tarn (p. 94, note 11) feel constrained to offer hypo- thetical explanations.

6 Tarn, Antig. Oon. p. 310, well compares Plato, Politicus 260c, and Epicurus (ap. Senec. Ep. 7. 11), "satis enim magnum alter alteri theatrum sumus."

125

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

/cat fxeydXcov avrco SlSojjl€vojv vtt* ifiov ovSenor' exavvtodr) ovSe tq.7T€iv6s d'j<f>diq."

'Hv Se Kdl £,7]T7]TLk6s Kdl 7T€pl TraVTOJV OLKpifioXo-

yovpuevos' odev /cat 6 Tifiojv iv rols StAAots" (frrjolv ovtoj-

/cat OoiVtcrcrav loov Xixvdypavv OKiepto ivl rv<f>oj Trdvrojv IfJieipovaav 6 S' eppei yvpyadds avrrjs apLLKpos icov vovv S' €t^ep iXdocrova KLvSaipolo.

16 ^YjTTijJLeXojs oe teal TTpos QLXojva rov StaAe/crt/cov Ste/cptVero /cat ovvecr)(oXal,€V aura)' odev /cat davfxaodrjvat V7t6 7Ltjvojvos tov vecorepov oi>x tjttov Acoooopov rod StSaavcaAou avrov. rjoav Se

TTepl aVTOV KOLL yV/JLVOppVTTapOL TLV€S, OJS (f)TjGL Kdl 6 TlflCOV

6(f)pa rreveurdajv1 avvayev vi(f>os, ot irepi rrdvrojv TTTOj^oraroi r -qoav /cat Kov<f>6raroL ftporol dorebv.

Avrov Se orvyvov r elvai /cat rriKpov, /cat ro

TTpOGOJTTOV OVV€07TaOjJL€VOV . YjV €VreXrj? T€ G<f)OOp<l

/cat fiapfiapiKrjs e^op-eyo? oyxt/cpoAoytas", irpoox'h'

fJLOLTL OlKOVOpbiaS. et 0€ TLVa iTTLKOTTTOL, 7T€pL€GTaX-

fievats /cat ov x^or]v> dXXd iroppcodev Xiyoj ok olov

17 €ttl rod /caAAa>7Tt^o/xeVou Tvori €(f>r). oxctlov ydp tl OKvqpojs avrov vrrepfiaivovTOS, " ot/cata/?," etnev, " v(f)opa rov tttjXov ov ydp eortv iv avrw Karorrrpi- oaodaL." w? 8e Kvvikos re? ov (f>rjoas eXaiov €X€LV ^v rfj XrjKvdco, Trpoarjrrjoev avrov, ovk ecf)^ oojoetv aVeA&Wa2 fxevrot e/ce'Aeuae orKeipaodai

2 aweXdovTa. vulg. : &Tre\06i>Tos Richards. 26

VII. i.v it. ZENO

he, " the many ample gifts I offered him never made him coneeited nor yet appear poor-spirited."

His bent was towards inquiry, and he was an exact reasoner on all subjects. Hence the words of Timon in his SiUi a :

A Phoenician too I saw, a pampered old woman ensconced in gloomy pride, longing for all things; but the meshes of her subtle web have perished, and she had no more in- telligence than a banjo. b

He used to dispute very carefully with Philo the logician and study along with him. Hence Zeno, who was the junior, had as great an admiration for Philo as his master Diodorus. And he had about him certain ragged dirty fellows, as Timon says c in these lines :

The while he got together a crowd of ignorant serfs, who surpassed all men in beggary and were the emptiest of townsfolk. d

Zeno himself was sour and of a frowning coun- tenance. He was very niggardly too, clinging to meanness unworthy of a Greek, on the plea of economy, If he pitched into anyone he would do it concisely, and not effusively, keeping him rather at arm's length. I mean, for example, his remark upon the fop showing himself off. When he was slowly picking his way across a water- course, " With good reason," quoth Zeno, " he looks askance at the mud, for he can't see his face in it." When a certain Cynic declared he had no oil in his flask and begged some of him, Zeno refused to give him any. However, as the man went away, Zeno bade him consider which of

a Frag. 38 D. b Cf. Od. xi. 281, 271.

c Frag. 39 D. d Cf. II. ii. 831, xxiii. 133.

127

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

dirorepos e\ri dvcuheorrepos. epojriKtos he hiaKei-

pi€VOS \p€fJLCOVL()OV, TTapO.Kad LL^OVr OJV CLVTOV T€ KOLL

l\Xedv9ovs, aveorr]' davpudc^ovros he rod KXedvdovs €(j)T] " KOLL row larpcov aKovw rcov d.yadtov, Kpd- riurov eivai cpdppiaKov Trpds rd cpXeypualvovra rjcrvxiav.'' hvolv 8' VTravaKeipbevoiv1 ev Trdrtp Kal rod vtt* avrov rdv vcf^ eavrdv OKip.aXit.ovros rep TTohi, avrds eKelvov rep yovari. eTTiarpacpevros he, " ri ovv " <ee\>r\ > " o'Ul rdv viroKareo crov Trdvyew

18 vtto gov; " Trpds he rdv epiXoTraiha ovre rovs hihauKaXovs €<f>r) tppevas exeiv> ®-eL hiarpi^ovras ev Traihapiois, ovr eKelvovs. ecpaoKe he rovs puev reov dcroXoiKOJV Xdyovs koI arrripricrpjevovs dpiotovs eivai rep dpyvpiep rep ' ' AXeijavhpivep- evocf>6dXpiovs puev Kal TTeptyeypapLpLevovs Kadd koI rd vdpucrpia, ovhev he Sid radra fieXriovas. rovs he rovvav- riov defyojpiolov rocs ^ ArriKols rerpahpaxp-ots elKrj pev KeKop,pLevois Kal ctoXolkojs, KadeXKeiv pievroi TToXXaKis rds KeKaXXcypacb-qpievas [Xetjets]. 'A/ot- areovos he rod p.adrp-od TroXXd hiaXeyopuevov ovk evepveus, €via he Kal nponerds moll dpaueeos,

dhvvarov," elrrelv, " el paq ere 6 irar-qp pcedveov eyevvrjorev" ddev avrov Kal AaAov aireKaXei, fipaxyXoyos eov.

19 Ylpds he rdv dtpoepdyov p,r]hev rots crvfiftiojrais KaraXiudvra, iraparedevros Trore pueydXov l-^dvos, dpas olos rjv Kareadieiv epL^Xeipavros he, " ri ovv," ecprj, " rovs Gvpi^tajrds oleu irdox^v Kad* rjpiepav, el erv fjLLav purj hvvacrai eveyKelv rrjv epLrjv dipo-

Casaubon.

128

VII. 17-19. ZENO

the two was the more impudent. Being enamoured of Chremonides, as he and Cleanthes were sitting beside the youth, he got up, and upon Cleanthes expressing surprise, " Good physicians tell us," said he, " that the best cure for inflammation is repose." When of two reclining next to each other over the wine, the one who was neighbour to Zeno kicked the guest below him, Zeno himself nudged the man with his knee, and upon the man turning round, inquired,

How do you think your neighbour liked what you did to him ? " To a lover of boys he remarked, " Just as schoolmasters lose their common-sense by spend- ing all their time with boys, so it is with people like you." He used to say that the very exact expressions used by those who avoided solecisms were like the coins struck by Alexander : they were beautiful in appearance and well-rounded like the coins, but none the better on that account. Words of the opposite kind he would compare to the Attic tetradrachms, which, though struck carelessly and inartistically, nevertheless outweighed the ornate phrases. When his pupil Ariston discoursed at length in an uninspired manner, sometimes in a headstrong and over - confident way, "Your father," said he,

must have been drunk when he begat you." Hence he would call him a chatterbox, being himself con- cise in speech.

There was a gourmand so greedy that he left nothing for his table companions. A large fish having been served, Zeno took it up as if he were about to eat the whole. When the other looked at him, " What do you suppose," said he, " those who live with you feel everv day, if you cannot put up with my gourmandise in this single instance ? A

VOL. II k 129

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

tf)aylav ; " fieipaKtov Se rrepiepyorepov Trapd ttjv tjAlkiolv epwrwvros ^ijT7]fjL(i n, irpocrqyaye rrpos Karorrrpov /cat eKeXevaev efifiXeifjaL' erreir rjpcorr]- oev el So/cet avrtp dppiorrovra elvat <rfj > oifrei rotavrrf- tpqrr\puara. rrpos Se rov tbdoKovra ws rd 7roAAd avrtp ' Avriadevrjs ovk dpeoKoi, y^peiav

Ho6oK\eOVS 7TpO€V€yKdfJL€VOg fjpU)Tr)G€V 6t TLVOL KOLl

KaXd eyeiv avrtp 8o/cer rod 8' ovk elSevai <f)-q- aavros, " elr* ovk ala^vvrj , " etf)jj} <( el p,ev tl ko-kov rjv elpr\pAvov [yir* 'Avrtodevovs], rovr eKXeyopievos kolI fxvrjpiovevojv , el Se n kolXov, ouS' eVt/jaA- Xopuevos Kareyeiv; "

20 EtVoVTOS" Se riVOS OTL fJLLKpd OLVTO) So/C€t rd

Xoydpia rtov (fuXoootfiojv , " Xeyeis," elire, *' rdX-qdrj- Set puevroi /cat rds ovXXafids avrtuv ^pa^elas etvat, el Svvarov." Xeyovros Se twos avrtp rrep\ IToAe- jjlcovos ojs dXXa rrpodepievos aAAa Xeyet, UKvdpoj- Trdaas e(f)rj " ttogov yap <dv> -qyarras2 rd 8t8o- pueva; " Selv 8' e<f)Tj rovtp SiaXeyoptevov wcrTTep rovs VTTOKpirds tyjv p,kv tf)a>vr}v /cat rrjv Svvapnv fieydXr/v eyeiv, to pLevroi arop,a p,r) SteA/cetv o Ttoielv rovs 7roAAa fxev XaXovvras, dSvvara Se. rot? ev Xeyopuevots ovk etf>rj Selv KaraXeiTreadai tottov toGTrep rols aya#ot? reyyirais els to ded- craadaL, rovvavriov Se rov aKovovra ovroj irpds rols Xeyopuevois yiveodai toore pirj Xapuftdveiv Xpovov els ttjv eTTLO-qpietajo-LV.

21 Neavtovcot/ 7roAAa XaXovvros etf>r) " rd tord gov els rrjv yXojrrav uvveppvr]Kev." irpds rov KaXdv elnovra on ov So/cet avrtp epaodrjcrecrOaL 6 crowds

1 roiavTji vulg. : ToiavTa Richards: ra roiavra Cobet. 2 tt6<tov yap 777<x7ras vulg. : fort, irws yap ovk -fry. Richards. 130

VII. 19-21. ZENO

youth was putting a question with more curiosity than became his years, whereupon Zeno led him to a mirror, and bade him look in it ; after which he in- quired if he thought it became anyone who looked like that to ask such questions. Some one said that he did not in general agree with Antisthenes, whereupon Zeno produced that author's essay on Sophocles, and asked him if he thought it had any excellence ; to which the reply was that he did not know. " Then are you not ashamed," quoth he, " to pick out and mention anything wrong said by Antisthenes, while you suppress his good things without giving them a thought ? "

Some one having said that he thought the chain- arguments of the philosophers seemed brief and curt, Zeno replied, " You are quite right ; indeed, the very syllables ought, if possible, to be clipped." Some one remarked to him about Polemo, that his discourse was different from the subject he an- nounced. He replied with a frown, " Well, what value would you have set upon what was given out ? " He said that when conversing we ought to be earnest and, like actors, we should have a loud voice and great strength ; but we ought not to open the mouth too wide, which is what your senseless chatter- box does. " Telling periods," he said, " unlike the works of good craftsmen, should need no pause for the contemplation of their excellences ; on the contrary, the hearer should be so absorbed in the discourse itself as to have no leisure even to take notes."

Once when a young man was talking a good deal, he said, " Your ears have slid down and merged in your tongue." To the fair youth, who gave it as his opinion that the wise man would not fall in love,

131

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

" OvheV," €<f>r), " VfJLLOV dOXtojTepov €(J€o9ai TO)V

kglXoov." eXeye he /cat rtov <f)i\o(j6(f)a>v tovs TrXeLoTovs to. p,ev 7roAAa doocf)ovs elvai, rd he fjLLKpd /cat rvxqpd dfiadels. /cat irpoe^epeTO to rod ¥La(f)iOLOV , os em^aXopievov tivos tcov fiaOrjTcov /xeyaAa cfrvoav, Trard^as elirev ojs ovk ev rep pieydXco to ev Keipievov et'77, dXX ev rep ev to pieya. veavioKov he twos OpacrvTepov hiaXeyopievov, " ovk dv ei7TOipu," ecfrr], " pieipaKiov, a eTrepyeTa'i /xot."

22 'Pohlov he tlvos kclXov /cat 7tXovolov, dXXcos he fMrjhevt it poo Keipievov avTcp, p,rj fiovXopievos dv- ex€O0aL, TrpcoTOV piev errl rot KeKovupueva tcov fiddpojv eKadi^ev clvtov, tva pioXvvrj ttjv ^AaytSa* eVetra

€tV TOV TCOV 7TTO0yG)V TOTTOV , CO(TT€ OVVOVaTpifieodai

tois paKeoiv avTOJV /cat TeXos aTrrjXOev 6 veavioKos. TrdvTOJV eXeyev drrpeiTeoTepov1 elvai tov TV(f>ovy /cat jLtaAtcrra enl tcov vecov. pbrj ras* cficovas /cat ra? Xe^eis d7TopLvrjpioveveLV} dXXd rrepl ttjv hiddeoiv ttjs Xpeias tov vovv doxoXelodai, purj cooirep eifj-qoriv Tiva 77 OKevaolav dvaXapifidvovTas . helv t eXeye tovs veovs Trdarj KoopnoTrjTi xprjodai ev Tropeia /cat cr^rj/xart /cat TrepifioXf}' awe^e's Te 7Tpoecf>epeTO tovs

€77t TOV KanaveCOS KvpiTTlhoV OTL)(OVSy OTL filOS

p,ev rjv avTcp

r\KioTa V oXptp yavpos tjv, cppovqpia he ovhev rt piei^ov et^ev 7) Treves dvrjp.

23 "EAeye he paqhev elvai ttjs olrjoecos dXXoTpicoTepov irpos KaTaXrupLV tow emoTiqpLcov , p,7]hev6s 6* rjpL&s

1 airpeireaTaTov Richards.

a Cf. Athen. xiv. p. 629 b. b Supplices, 861-863.

132

VII. 21-23. ZENO

his reply was : " Then who can be more hapless than you fair youths ? " He used to say that even of philosophers the greater number were in most things unwise, while about small and casual things they were quite ignorant. And he used to cite the saying of Caphisius, who, when one of his pupils was endeavouring to blow the flute lustily, gave him a slap and told him that to play well does not depend on loudness, though playing loudly may follow upon playing well.a And to a youth who was talking some- what saucily his rejoinder was, " I would rather not tell you what I am thinking, my lad."

A Rhodian, who was handsome and rich, but nothing more, insisted on joining his class; but so unwelcome was this pupil, that first of all Zeno made him sit on the benches that were dusty, that he might soil his cloak, and then he consigned him to the place where the beggars sat, that he might rub shoulders with their rags ; so at last the young man went away. Nothing, he declared, was more unbecoming than arrogance, especially in the young. He used also to say that it was not the words and expressions that we ought to remember, but we should exercise our mind in disposing to advantage of what we hear, instead of, as it were, tasting a well-cooked dish or well-dressed meal. The young, he thought, should behave with perfect propriety in walk, gait and dress, and he used continually to quote the lines of Euripides about Capaneus :

Large means had he, yet not the haughtiness

That springs from wealth, nor cherished prouder thoughts

Of vain ambition than the poorest man.6

Again he would say that if we want to master the sciences there is nothing so fatal as conceit, and

133

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

ovrcos etvai ivSeels a>? XP°V0V- ipojrrjdels tifo icTTL <f)lAos, " aAAos," €(f>r), " iya>." hovAov errl kAotttj, (fxiuLV, ifxaGTLyov tov 8' elrrovTos, " tLfiapTO pot KAeifrai," €<f>f)> " koll oaprjvai." to kolAAos elire rrjs craxfrpocrvvr]? avdos elvac- ol Se rod kolA-

AoVS TTjV GCO(f)pOO"Ul>r]V . TtOV yV(X)pip,(X)V TIVOS 7TO.I-

SdpLov p,€fjiOjAoj7nGpL€vpv OeaadpLevos npos avTov, " opoj gov," e(f)Tj, "rod Ovpuov rd lxvrl'" ^P^s tov

K€XptO-fJi€VOV TO) [JLVpOJ, " TLS €GTLV," €(^7), " 6 yVVO.1-

kos oI.ojv ; " Aiowcriov he rod Mera^e/zeVou etVoVros- avro) Sid rl avrov fiovov ov $LOp9oT, €(/>r), " ov

ydp GOL 7TLGT €VOJ." TTpOS TO (f>AvapOVV pb€LpaKLOV ,

" Sua rovro," €L7T€, <f Svo oJra e^o/xev, crrd^a oe ev, Iva irAeiova /jlzv aKovajpiev , rjrrova 8e Aeyojfiev." 24 iv GvpLTTOGLto KaraK€L[JL€Pos crtyfj ttjv atTiav rjpaj- rrjdr]' e(f)Tj ovv tw lyKaAiaavTi a7TayyelAai Trpos tov /SaoaAea on rraprjv tls olojttov lirLGrdpievos' rjaav 8e ol ipa>TrjaavT€? irapd YlroAefxacov irpi- afieis d(f)LKopb€voL Kal fiovAojxevoi p,adeiv rl eliroiev 7rapy avrov Trpos tov jSaatAea. ipajrrjdels ttojs c^ei 7Tpos Aoioopiav, " KadaTrep," elirev, " el TTpevfiev-

TTjS dvaTTOKpiTOS 0.770 GTeAXotTO." <f>T)Crl 8' 'A^oA-

Aojvlos 6 Tvpios, cAkovtos avrov K.pdrr)TOs tov Ifiartov drrd ^riAiTaivos , elirelv, " to Kpdr-qs, Aafirj (f}iAocr6<f)a)v icrTLV imSe^iog r) 8td to>v cjtojv Treiaas

0 The change of (pwqs . . . (puvqv to awcppocruv-qs . . . auxppo- avv-qv is due to Cobet. Cf. § 130 ibpa &v6os apeTrjs, and § 173. For virtue in general Cobet's change here substitutes the particular virtue required. Von Arnim, adhering more 134

VII. 23-24. ZENO

again there is nothing we stand so much in need of as time. To the question " Who is a friend ? " his answer was, " A second self {alter ego).''' We are told that he was once chastising a slave for stealing, and when the latter pleaded that it was his fate to steal, " Yes, and to be beaten too," said Zeno. Beauty he called the flower of chastity, while according to others it was chastity wThich he called the flower of beauty .a Once when he saw the slave of one of his acquaintance marked with weals, " I see," said he, " the imprints of your anger." To one who had been drenched with unguent, " Who is this," quoth he, " who smells of woman ? " When Dionysius the Renegade asked, " Why am I the only pupil you do not correct ? " the reply was, " Because I mistrust you." To a stripling who was talking nonsense his words were, " The reason why we have two ears and only one mouth is that we may listen the more and talk the less." One day at a banquet he was re- clining in silence and was asked the reason : where- upon he bade his critic carry word to the king that there was one present who knew how to hold his tongue. Now those who inquired of him were ambassadors from King Ptolemy, and they wanted to know what message they should take back from him to the king. On being asked how he felt about abuse, he replied, "As an envoy feels who is dis- missed without an answer." Apollonius of Tyre tells us how, when Crates laid hold on him by the cloak to drag him from Stilpo, Zeno said, " The right way to seize a philosopher, Crates, is by the ears :

closely to the mss., would replace (pojvijs by pdj^-qs and retain (puv-qv, which would give the meaning, " Beauty he called the flower of strength, while according to others it was the voice which he called the flower of beauty."

135

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

ovv cXk€ tovtojv el 8e fi€ ^La^r/, to puev croiua TTapa ool carat, tj he ipvxr) irapa IItlXttojvl."

25 HvvSierpajje he Kal Aiohwpcp, KaOd <f>r)(jiv 'I77770- fioros- nap' to Kal Ta StaAcKrtKa e^eTTOvrjcrev . rjhrj he TTpoKOTTTcov elarjei Kal rrpog YioXepLcova vtt* arv<f)ias, toore (f)acrl Xeyeiv eKelvov, " ov Xavddveis, d) Zj-qvtov, reds KrjTraLOLis rrapeiopeajv dvpais Kal rd Soy/xara /cAeVrojv Qoivikikojs pLeTapL<f)Levvvs ." Kal 7rpos t6v oeltjavra 8' aura) oiaXeKTiKOV ev tw Bepitovn Xoycp eTrrd hiaXeKTiKas Iheas TTvdeaOat, TToaas elaTTpdrrerai puodod' aKovaavra he e/caroV, oiaKouias avToj hovvat. tooovtov rjoKei <f>iXo- piddeiav. </>aat oe Kal npojTov KadrJKov ojvopua- Kevat Kal Xoyov nepl avrov 7re7TOLrjKevaL. rovs 9* 'HcrioSou oriyovs pueraypd(f)eLv ovtoj'

Kelvos p<ev TravapLOTOS os ev elirovTi m'^rat, eodXos 8' av KaKelvos os avros iravra voj]ar\.

26 Kpelrrova yap elvai rov aKodoat KaXcog hvvdpievov to Xey6[ievov koI xpijcrdai avrcv rod St' avrov to nav uvvvorjoavTos' t<x> p,ev yap elvai p,6vov to crvveZvai, to> 8' ev ireiodevTi irpouelvai Kal ttjv irpd^tv.

^pojTTjdels oe, (firjcri, hid tl avcrTTjpos wv ev tG) ttotoj Sta^etrat erf*7}' " KaL °6' ^eppiot iriKpol ovTes fipeypp.evoi yXvKaivovTai." (f>rjal he /cat 'E/cdVojv ev to) hevTepco twv Xpetojv dvleodat avTov ev Tat? rotatrrats- Koivajvlaig. eXeye re KpeiTTOv elvai rots'

a Hesiod's lines as they stand ( Works and Days, 293 f.) run thus :

"He La besl of all, who finds out everything for himself; that man too is good who follows good advice."

136

\ II. 24-26. ZENO

persuade me then and drag me off by them ; but, if you use violence, my body will be with you, but nay mind with Stilpo."

According to Hippobotus he forgathered with Diodorus, with whom he worked hard at dialectic. And when he was already making progress, he would enter Polemo's school : so far from all self- conceit was he. In consequence Polemo is said to have addressed him thus : " You slip in, Zeno, by the garden door — I'm quite aware of it — you filch my doctrines and give them a Phoenician make-up." A dialectician once showed him seven logical forms concerned with the sophism known as " The Reaper," and Zeno asked him how much he wanted for them. Being told a hundred drachmas, he promptly paid two hundred : to such lengths would he go in his love of learning. They say too that he first introduced the word Duty and wrote a treatise on the subject. It is said, moreover, that he corrected Hesiod's lines thus :

He is best of all men who follows good advice : good too is he who finds out all things for himself.0

The reason he gave for this was that the man capable of giving a proper hearing to what is said and profiting by it was superior to him who dis- covers everything himself. For the one had merely a right apprehension, the other in obeying good counsel superadded conduct.

When he was asked why he, though so austere, relaxed at a drinking-party, he said, " Lupins too are bitter, but when they are soaked become sweet." Hecato too in the second book of his Anecdotes says that he indulged freely at such gatherings. And he would say, " Better to trip with the feet than with

is:

DIOGENES LAERTIUS

ttoglv oXiadelv 7} rfj yXcoTTT). to ev ylvecrOou p,ev

7T0Lpa [XLKpOV, OV pLT]V fJLLKpOV elvdl. [ol §6 So>-

Kpdrovs.]

'Hv Se KaprepiKcLraTOS /cat Aitotcltos, dnvpoj

27 Tpo(f>fj xpw/jievos /cat Tplfiajvi AeTTTcp, o)<jt€ XeyeG0aL eV avrov-

rov 8' ovr dp X€LfjL<l>v Kpvoeis, ovk dixfipos dnelpajv, ov cf)A6£ -qeXloio Safid^erac, ov voo~os alvq, ovk sports SrjfjLov evapel fxevog,1 dAA' o y dreiprjg dfjb(f)l SioaGKaXlrj rerarai vvktgls re /cat 77/xap.

01 ye paqv koj/jukol eXdvdavov erraivovvres avrov hid rcuv GKco/jLfjbdrcjov. tW /cat QiXrjfiajv c/)7]glv ovtojs ev Spa/Juan OtAoao^ots"*

eh dpros, oipov LG^ds, errnrielv voojp. <f)iXoGO(f>Lav kolivtjv yap ovrog (f)iXoGO(f)el, ireivrjv StSda/cet /cat puad-qrag Aa/x/3dVer

ol Se XloGeLOlTTTTOV .

"HSi^ oe /cat el? Trapoipblav G\eodv e^ojprjGev. eXeyero yovv eV avrov-

rov (J)iXogo<J)ov TjTjvojvos eyKpar ear epos .

dXXd /cat WoGelonnros Mcra^epo/xeVots"

ojgt ev rjfxepais Se/ca etvat hoKelv ZjTjvojvos eyKpareGrepov.

28 Toi yap ovn rrdvras vrrepefidXAero rep r ethei rovrco /cat rfj GepLvorrjri /cat Srj vr) Ala rfj \xa- KaptorrjTL- oktoj yap TTpds rot? ivevrjKovra fiiOVS err) KareGrpeipev, dvoaos /cat vyirjs SiareXeaas.

1 evapidfjuos libri. 138

\ II. 26-28. ZENO

the tongue." "Well-being is attained by little and little, and nevertheless it is no little thing itself." [Others attribute this a to Socrates.]

He showed the utmost endurance, and the greatest frugality ; the food he used required no fire to dress, and the cloak he wore was thin. Hence it was said of him :

The cold of winter and the ceaseless rain Come powerless against him : weak the dart Of the fierce summer sun or racking pain To bend that iron frame. He stands apart Unspoiled by public feast and jollity : Patient, unwearied night and day doth he Cling to his studies of philosophy.

Nay more : the comic poets by their very jests at his expense praised him without intending it. Thus Philemon says in a play, Philosophers :

This man adopts a new philosophy. He teaches to go hungry : yet he gets Disciples. One sole loaf of bread his food ; His best dessert dried figs ; water