os eer x

y

Save one om ae

ae crea nina)

oe

oe

La Ra RER

prose

ge RL

Fast re CERTES

RACE

RESTE

Ce PE STE SP OIL IOI LE LPL OEY BET LONGEST

Des NYSE

AT

3 eer

LOCO TGA ISR IAIE ETS OEE

US

AAA ARTE Een

:

ma

erent

0e

rites RE REC A en CT Cr) ESSE ION Er DCS ù

cry

RD RE EE RE IT à

Ar

© fei)

4 ve

v +4 Li

il ee VTC

COME ai: ek E Niue

MEMOIRES

DE LA

SOCIETE ROYALE

DU

CANADA

POUR L’ANNEE 1885.

TRONVER Lh

MONTREAL : DAWSON FRÈRES, LIBRAIRES-EDITEURS 1886.

PROCEEDINGS

AND

mere ANSACTIONS

OF THE

RDS" ©: © ne ney

OF

OFASIN AIDA.

FOR THE YEAR 1885.

VOLUME III.

(Naren Hisrorr | Ne ORPORATE p 188A

MONTREAL: DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. 1886.

ExrereD according to Act of Parliament in the year 1886 in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture by Dawson Broruers, for the Royau Socrery. :

PENSE:

PRINTED BY THE GAZETTE PRINTING COMPANY, MONTREAL.

AB OL CONTENTS;

PROCEEDINGS. PAGE LE ROBRAED ORS. FOP ASKS) encencebo pb en eee es eee ere e se See esse eee cie I Appendix to Proceedings.— Report of a Committee of the Royal Society of Canada on the Encouragement of Original Literary and Scientific Work... XXIX Officers and List of Members ......« Re NN tes ee COCO A idan mae as ore clopatios Deas XLIIT TRANSACTIONS. SECTION I. Les premières pages de notre histoire, par LOUIS FRÉCHETTE....................... 1 Prétendues origines des Cunadiens-français, par BENJAMIN SULTE........................ 13 Lettre d'un volontaire du Ye voltigeurs campé à Calgary, par A.-B. ROUTHIER.........-. 29 Un des oubliés de notre histoire Le capitaine de vaisseau Vauquelain, par FAUCHER TDS) SAN PAOD ENCi an orergonnc ones deco MS CS OEM RON OU OUEU One 35 Les derniers seront les premiers Hommage à Son Honneur Rodrigue Masson, lieutenant-governeur de la province de Québec, par PAMPHILE LEMAY............…. 49 Biographie de Gérin-Lajoie Fragment, par L'ABBÉ CASGRAIN........................ 55 La race française en Amérique, par NAPOLEON LEGENDRE ................................. 61 L'Angleterre et le clergé français réfugié pendant la Révolution, par L'ABBÉ BoIs........ 17 La frontière nord de la province de Québec, par P. DE CAZES.............................. 89 Epitre à M. Prendergast, après avoir lu “Un soir d'automne,” par PIERRE J. O. CLR ne ARR Ce eet ee BER eee OU EC LE Ce 101 L'élément étranger aux Etats-Unis, par FAUCHER DE NAINT-MAURICE.......... ........ 105 Autrefois et Maintenant, par NAPOLEON LEGENDRE.......................................... fl L'anatomie des mots, par NAPOLÉON LEGENDRE............................................... 115 Le dernier boulet Nouvelle historique, par JOSEPH MARMETTE ..............,.......... La DP Aigle et la Marmotte Fable, par F. G. MARCHAND........:............................ 135 An TERE SES TEE (SITES, par D'ABBELO MANGA. cree nec e ce messe eococe seen. a 157

SECTION II.

PROS PTE DT I ONE DE NE ee cer ae scissors en eceseeciees cased osc cuidecrecsies 1 RAR ENT en DD MOINS INR AIDER RE ee rene ess. Season: cie ss seeeeseanas 23 Sources of Early Canadian History, by GEORGE STEWART, JUN........................... 39 The Adventures of Isaac Jogues, S.J., by REV. W. H. WITHROW .......................... 45 Me Annals of an Old Society, by JOHN M. HARPER...................... ee sous 55 The Artistic Faculty in Aboriginal Races, by DANIEL WILSON.....................,,..... 67 eo CEE er SOLD ANE TE WILSON: «2.52 .0s0cadesesaeecstveseotsagesdsredsrecedcssse sss 119 The Prue Horis of Winniner, by REV. GEORGE BRYCE............sccces veneteccscerecesnees 135

IT

LD VIII.

LI.

Vale

TABLE OF CONTENTS. SECTION III.

(PresidentialAddress. by sAGEXANDER JOHNSON... ce eaneee tes Rea Blowpipe Reactions on Plaster of Paris Tablets, by E. HAANEL ............................. On some Iron Ores of Central Ontario, by E. J. CHAPMAN "nee à On the Density of Weak Aqueous Solutions of Certain Salts, by J. G. MAcCGREGOR..... On the Analysis of Sitk.—Quantitative Estimation of Silk in a Mixed Texture, by H.

APABAVINE situe tenue se senpias chess sv sane ceahet nese DIE ee ee eee On a Natural System in Mineralogy, with a Ce of Native Silicates, by T. SIDE EUAN sec.conse ichassGecoce ea yoaehe et ee Ur ON aa Tidal Observations in Canadian Waters, by ALEXANDER JOHNSON .......................

On the determination in terms of a definite integral of the value of an Algebraical expres- sion, the series to be continued only as long as the quantity raised to power, m + n, is posilive, n being a positive integer, and im a positive intexer, zero, or a negative integer numerically less than 1; and on the deduction therefrom of approximate values in certain cases, by CHARLES CARPMAEL PR seen

The Longitude of McGill College Observatory, by W. A. RoGERs and C. H. McLeop.

SECTION IV. On the Mesozoic Floras of the Rocky Mountain Region of Canada, by S1R J. WILLIAM 14510). eee eee en rente eee 20e sec een OR RS DR EU On the Wallbridge Hematite Mine, as illustrating the Stock-formed Mode of CGR inrcertaniOre-Deposis 07) Ei. JACEAPMANCE RER eae eee Geology of Cornwallis or McNab’s Island, Halifax Harbour, by REY. D. HONEY MAN. Illustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group, continued. No. III.— Descriptions of new Genera and Species (including a description of a new Species of Selenopleura, Dy ds ea. Wihiteaves). by G:. EE MATREHE WE... ce eteeer Gee ree nee een eee eRe ne Catalogue of Canadian Butterflies, with Notes on their Distribution, by W. SAUNDERS. On the Skull and Auditory Organ of the Siluroid Hypophthalmus, by R. RAMSAY HAL RE Monaco OO D cee oa CPE EE OS Pl cin doraccrcibacden Scotod

101 sai

TABLE OF CONTENTS. iI

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

SECTION IL

Three plates to illustrate PROFESSOR BRYCE'S paper on the Five Forts of Winnipeg.

SECTION III. One cut to illustrate PROFESSORS ROGERS and McLeop’s paper on the Longitude of the McGill College Observatory, p. 112. One plate to illustrate PROFESSOR MacGReEGor’s paper on the Density of Weak Aqueous Solutions of Certain Salts. SECTION IV. One cut of Brasenia antiqua in Sir W. DAwson’s paper on the Mesozoic Floras of the Rocky Mountain Region of Canada, p. 15. One cut to illustrate PROFESSOR CHAPMAN’S paper on the Wallbridge Hematite Mine, p. 25. Four plates to illustrate Sir W. Dawson’s paper on the Mesozoic Floras of the Rocky Mountain Region of Canada. Three plates to illustrate Mr. G. F. MAZTHEW'S paper on the Fauna of the St. John Group. Three plates to illustrate PROFESSOR RAMSAY WRIGHTS paper on the Siluroid Hypophthalmus.

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

PE OC EIN GS BOR 1885.

FOURTH GENERAL MEETING, MAY, 188s.

SESSION I. (May 26th.)

The Royal Society of Canada held its fourth general meeting in the Railway Committee room, Parliament Buildings, Ottawa, on Tuesday, May 26th. The President, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, took the chair at 11 o clock, A.M., and formally called the meeting to order.

The Honorary Secretary then read the following

Report or Counctn.

The Council have the honour to submit their Annual Report.

The first volume of the Proceedings and Transactions, viz., that for the years 1882 and 1883, was duly distributed, and acknowledgments from the recipients of the same in many foreign countries have been very generally received. The Council have to state, moreover, that several Socicties have already sent us exchanges, and that in this way the accumulation of a library of literary and scientific publications by the Society may be expected, for the reception of which provision must soon be made.

The publication of the second volume of Proceedings and Transactions, viz., that for the year 1884, was entrusted by the Council to a Committee consisting of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, Chairman, Sir J. William Dawson, Dr. Louis Fréchette, Rev. J. Clark Murray, and Dr, Alex. Johnson, Secretary, The report of this committee is subjoined :—

The Publication Committee have to report that the work of publication was by them entrusted to Messrs. Dawson Brothers of Montreal, who had already published and distributed Volume I in a very satisfactory manner, and have now issued Volume II, which has already been distributed throughout the Dominion, and in the next few weeks will be sent to foreign countries. As regards the work of editing, an important task for a volume of this kind, the publishers, with the approval of your Committee, made arrangements for the English part with Mr. R. W. Boodle of Montreal, a gentleman favourably known for his accuracy and critical scholarship, while, as regards the French, they were so fortunate as to secure the services of their colleague, Dr. Louis Fréchette. They have every reason to congratulate themselves on the ability and the care with which these gentlemen have performed a task, by no means easy, since in the publication of scientitic papers, especially such as are found in Sections IT, IIT and IV, there are many details as to letters, titles, proper names, etc., to learn the right use of which it was necessary to study carefully the best and the latest authorities.

Pro. 1885. A.

IT à ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

That this important work of editing has been well performed will be seen by the highly complimen- tary letters from men so eminently qualified to judge as Dr. Daniel Wilson and Professor George Lawson.

“The Committee desire to call the attention of the Council to the importance of having all papers that are offered for publication carefully prepared and completely written out, before they are presented to the Society, and also to the necessity of each author’s announcing in advance the number of printed pages which his paper will oceupy.

Of the second volume, as of the first, 1,500 copies have been printed and bound, besides which one hundred additional copies were printed and distributed in sheets to the several authors. The expenditures up to May 14th, 1885, for this work of publication are given in the accompanying memorandum from Messrs. Dawson Brothers. This it will be seen includes the cost of distribution for Volume I, but not for Volume II, and inasmuch as the cost of these two volumes has already reached about $10,000, the amount of the Parliamentary grant for the past two years, it is evident that the expense of distribution for Volume II must be paid from the $5,000 granted for 1885,—an obligation which will somewhat reduce the sum available for the publication of Volume III. In order that the Society may not find itself indebt at the end of the coming year, it is thought that the size of Volume IIT should not exceed 550 pages; on which account it is desirable that abstracts be

published wherever possible. Montreat, May 14th, 1885. The Royal Society of Canada.

“To Dawson Brothers, Dr.

“Kor Balance from last account. RER $ 177.39 eA ccount of Hditing, toy date 22e. == cree nee 187.94 Special Bindings of Extra copies... eee Ro ete 74.00

Foreign Freight and Express on Copies to Societies, Libraries, ete, to date; $181:66541ess, 62067. neem eee PART eo 160.99 Cases; hacking, SIP PINCE SDENS ES -eseatseeseten saseteee eat teense ete ae 50.00 Hxpenses\of Committeesic: M. ccc sccse cn ee 127.80 POStAGES Lire ras ue dees essnenie secs eee rer ce 16.46 Domestic Freight and Express Charges........ "HO ont aparoood acbneonbe a sbooRe 22.33 ExtrawMémhers-COples 22 street es oceans te ie 6 22.50 Corrections and eEAITeTAHIONS.---2. eee ces een n anne ins sin see 346.25 MMS TALON S were os -ilose terne nue a see eee ee D ee 152.00 BING Fe coc <x a nent ce has tco ce cest ee tate ee cones cn ee eee en senor ALOUD Raper. Comipositoniand Press NOR EE er see ents te eee eee 2,934.50 $4,947.16

pall Va CASN EEE ne NET Ale see ere ner te nee ee $ 492.54

Beale Od nos nuue oser oes Pee ee eae co doit R se 1,050.00

So a ORR CO EE CP DCE BRAC A cnc cei EE ar ton 750.00

Te ne SN nase csnaiat foveeins er ce nee 125.00

Soli ner nn an ee no een use DC nu ave ee De AE NE posa SU 697.50

APR PA OL ME RE CL ÉD EN PRET acrricictc 987.34

CF Mame ne ace ne LEE PERL EE OM DEN CE 206.25

D ARR EStonco OEM PO EE nates amen An COL U 350.00 a 4,658.63 MBATANCE ee sacred sorters eee eee terre enr ee $ 288.53

“(Signed) ALEx. Jonnson, Secretary.”

PROCEEDINGS FOR 1885. TT

The meeting in Montreal of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in the month of August, 1884, being an event of interest to the men of letters and science in the Dominion, your Society, through its President, made to the British Association a formal address of welcome which was pronounced by him before the President and Council of the Association, and was as follows :—

& To the President and Council of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.

“My Lorps AND GENTLEMEN :—The Royal Society of Canada greets with cordial welcome the members of your Association on the occasion of its first visit to the American Continent, and rejoices to find, among those who have accepted the invitation of the citizens of Montreal, so many names of men renowned as leaders of scientific research.

“The Royal Society of Canada, which is a body recently organized and in the third year of its existence, includes not only students of natural history and natural philosophy, who make up to- wether one half of its eighty members, but others devoted to the history and the literature of the two great European races, who are to-day engaged in the task of building up in North America a new nation under the shelter of the British flag.

“Recognizing the fact that material progress can only be made in conjunction with advancement in literature and in science, we hail your visit as an event destined to give a new impulse to the labours of our own students,—believing at the same time, that the great problems of material nature not less than the social and political aspects of this vast realm, will afford you subjects for profitable study; and trusting that, when your short visit is over, you will return to your native land with kindly memories of Canada and a confidence that its growth in all that makes a people good and great is secured.

(Signed) T. Srerry Hunt, President. Joun Geo. Bourtnor, Hon. Secretary. “Monrreat, August 27th, 1884.”

The British Association for the Advancement of Science, at its late mecting in Montreal, appointed a committee to communicate with the Dominion on the important subject of ‘Tidal Obser- yations in Canada. Recognizing the expediency of cooperating with the British Association, the Council of the Royal Society appointed a committee to use all the means in their power to create an interest in a question, so immediately affecting the navigation of Canadian waters and so intimately connected with the security of the commerce of the country. In January last this committee, con- sisting of the President, the Honorary Secretary, Sir William Dawson, Principal Grant, and Professor Alex. Johnson, had the honour of an interview with the Minister of Marine and Fisheries, who evi- dently takes much interest in the matter, and promises to give it his fuilest consideration, The Council of the Royal Society have also addressed memorials on the subject to the Privy Council and the Parliament of Canada. The following is a copy of the petition addressed to the House of Com- mons :—

“To the Honourable Members of the House of Commons of the Dominion of Canada.

“The Petition of the undersigned, members of the Council of the Royal Society of Canada, humbly sheweth :—That the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at its late mecting in Montreal, deemed it a matter of high importance, that the attention of the Parliament and Govern- ment of Canada should be drawn to the great need for Tidal Observations on the coasts of Canada, and to their great practical value in the interests of navigation; and appointed a committee to take steps to effect this object. The British Association has devoted much attention for many years to the subject of tides in general, and has endeavoured to secure greater accuracy and a wider range of observations, and at the same time to improve and develop the scientific methods for the prediction of the tides at any place where the observations have been taken; and consequently any communication

HV ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

from the Association on this subject is deserving ofspecial consideration, not merely as a matter of courtesy, but as likely to lead to measures highly advantageous to the Dominion.

“That the great deficiency in our knowledge of facts, on which to base trustworthy predictions of the tides for the different parts of our coasts, is a subject that might before this time have engaged the attention of the Royal Society, had it been longer in existence, not only for the high scientific interest of the problems involved, but also for the direct utility to seamen of the results depending on its solu- tion. The Council, acting on behalf of the Society, desire therefore to urge with the utmost earnest- ness the importance, not only of establishing stations to obtain the requisite observations, and of reducing these observations, when obtained, by the methods of the British Association, but of doing this as speedily as possible, in order that information of such great value to the commerce of the country may be procured with the least possible delay. That your petitioners would also respectfully urge that besides observations, at fixed stations, on the rise and fall of the tides—which are specially connected with questions of ‘soundings, —a survey should be made by a properly equipped vessel or vessels to determine the rate and direction of the Tidal Currents at different times of the tide, want of knowledge of which has been the cause of the loss of so much life and property.

“They would gladly hope that before long they may see published in their Transactions papers with regard to the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, as valuable as those published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London by the late Admiral Beechey, giving the remarkable results of his survey of the currents of the Irish and English Channels and North Sea.

Your Petitioners would, therefore, pray that your Honourable House will be pleased to take into your favourable consideration the foregoing facts, and sanction such measures as may secure those Tidal Observations on the coasts of Canada, which cannot fail to be of great practical value, not only to the scientific world at large, but to the many thousands of seamen who resort to the waters of the Dominion, and in that way to the growing commerce of the whole country.

And your Petitioners as in duty bound will ever pray.

(Signed) Dr. T. Srerry Hunr. ALEX, JOHNSON. Str W. Dawson. Joun Geo. Bourtnot, Hon. Sec.,” and others.

The customary invitations were sent to eminent scientific bodies in England, France, Belgium, and the United States, but they have been unable to send delegates to the present meeting for various reasons not necessary to state at length in this report. The following paragraph, from the reply of the President of the Association française pour l’avancement des Sciences,” demands the considera- tion of the Royal Society of Canada :-—

“Our annual session will be held at Grenoble from August 12th to 23rd next, and we shall be much pleased if the Royal Society of Canada can be represented on that occasion. If this is possible, I shall be much obliged to you if you will let me know the number of delegates who, during their stay at Grenoble, will be the guests of the city and of the Association française.”

We direct the attention of the scientific Sections to the desirability of appointing delegates in accordance with the foregoing cordial invitation,

The several scientific and literary Societies in the Dominion which have been affiliated with the Royal Society have been invited by circulars of the Honorary Secretary to elect delegates, to take part in all general and sectional meetings for the reading and the discussion of papers, and to communicate short statements of original work done and papers published during the year, and to report on any matters which the Royal Society may usefully aid by publication or otherwise. The following Societies have appointed Delegates, all of whom, we hope, will be present at this meeting :—

PROCEEDINGS FOR 1885. V

. Geographical Society of Quebee.—H. J. J. B. Chouinard.

. Literary and Historical Society of Quebee.—Dr. John Harper. . Nova Scotia Historical Society.—.7. G. Bourinot.

. Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Montreal.—R. W. McLachlan. . Murchison Society of Belleville—W. À. Smith.

. Natural History Society of New Brunswick— W. F. Best.

. Natural History Society of Montreal.—Dr. J. Baker Edwards. . Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society W. P. Anderson.

. Ottawa Field Naturalist Club. W. Z. Scott.

10. Société Historique de Montréal.—Judge Baby.

11. Hamilton Association.—7". C. Keefer.

12, Canadian Institute —Dr. Ellis.

13. Entomological Society of Ontario.— W. D. Harrington.

14. Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science.— Professor Johnson.

emt Dopp WwW DO =e

The Murchison Society of Belleville and the Hamilton Association having applied for affiliation with the Royal Society, and haying appointed Delegates to this meeting, the Council would recom- mend to the Society that their request be acceded to, and their names be formally placed on the list.

The loss by death of M. Oscar Dunn during the last year makes a vacancy to be filled in Sec- tion I, and the same may be said of Section IV, where, by the death of Mr. Alexander Murray, the number of members in that Section is reduced to nineteen.

The Council beg leave to report that M. N. Bourassa, Dr. Osler, and Dr. Bernard Gilpin, having resigned their positions as Fellows of the Society, they be permitted to retain their titles, and be entered on the lists as retired members in accordance with the second paragraph of the seventh Rule of this Society.

The Council have also to report that the five following members are considered to have resigned in consequence of haying failed to attend three years in succession, without presenting papers, or assigning reasons in writing satisfactory to the Society, as required by the third paragraph of the seventh Rule, viz., in Section I, M. Hector Fabre; in Section II, Professors Lyall, Watson, and Paxton Young ; in Section IV, M. St-Cyr.

In order to facilitate business, the Council would also suggest that the Committee of each Section do meet for the purpose of arranging matters connected with each Section at 10 o’clock in the morning during the session, and that the Section itself do assemble half an hour after the meeting of such Committee.

The Council would also recommend that the authors of papers who are not Members be entitled to receive hereafter one copy of the Transactions of the Society.

List or MEMBERS PRESENT.

The Honorary Secretary then called over the roll of Fellows, and the following gentlemen responded to their names :—

Abbé Bégin, Abbé Casgrain, Hon. M. Chauveau, M. Faucher de St-Maurice, M. Marmette, M. Sulte, Abbé Tanguay, Abbé Cazeau, Mr. John George Bourinot, Dr. Bucke, Rev. Æneas McD. Dawson, Mr. J. Lesperance, Mr. Evan McColl, Mr, J. Reade, Mr. Charles Sangster, Mr. George Stewart, jun., Dr. Withrow, Dr. Daniel Wilson, Mr. C. H. Carpmael, Dr. Fortin, Prof. Haanel, Very Reverend J. E. Hamel, Mr. Hoffman, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, Prof. Loudon, Mr. T. Macfarlane, Dr. G. M. Dawson, Sir J. W. Dawson, Dr. J. A. Grant, Prof. Laflamme, Prof. Macoun, Mr. G. F. Matthew, Mr. W. Saunders, Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, Prof. Johnson, M. Tassé, Dr. Girdwood, Dr. Bayne, Prof. Chapman.

VI ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF ORIGINAL LITERARY AND ScIENTIFIC Work.

Professor Alex. Johnson then read a Report, printed in full in the Appendix, from the Committee appointed at the last general meeting of the Royal Society.

On motion of Professor Loudon, seconded by Mr. George Stewart, jun., the Report was adopted.

On motion of Sir William Dawson, seconded by Mr. W. Saunders, the thanks of the Society were given to Dr, Johnson for the Report just adopted.

RESOLUTIONS.

The following motions were agreed to :—

1. That the names of the Murchison Society of Belleville and of the Hamilton Association be added to the list of those Societies affiliated with the Royal Society of Canada. (On the motion of Mr. Bourinot, seconded by Dr. Johnson.)

2. Que l’Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Beaux-Arts de Rouen soit sur sa demande mise sur la liste des correspondants de lu Société Royale du Canada. (On the motion of M. Faucher de St-Maurice, seconded by the Hon. M. Chauveau.)

3. That the Honorary Secretary be authorized to print the abstracts of those papers which have been presented at least three weeks before the first day of the meeting and haye been formally accepted, and to send copies of the same to the authors. (On the motion of Dr. Johnson, seconded by Mr. George Stewart, jun.)

4. Que la Société des gens de lettres de France soit mise sur la liste des correspondants de la Societé Royale du Canada avec priére d’échanger les bulletins, documents, ete. (On the motion of M. Faucher de St-Maurice, seconded by M. Marmette.) :

REPORTS FROM AFFILIATED SOCIETIES.

The Honorary Secretary then read again the list of Delegates, and the following Reports were submitted from the affiliated Societies :—

I. From the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, through Dr. Jon Harper :—

I have the honour to represent, for the second time, that old institution, the Literary and His- torical Society of Quebec, which still maintains its prestige among the literary and scientific associa- tions of Canada, notwithstanding the difficulties of which I spoke in a former report. This year the Society has for its president, Mr. George Stewart, jun., a prominent member of the Royal Society ; and, with his enthusiasm in all matters pertaining to English literature and Canadian history to guide the members in their researches, I have no doubt that the Society will continue to realize the purpose of its founders, and place on record its further progress as a means of interesting the citizens of the ancient capital and others in historical studies of a local character. The rooms of the Society con- tinue to be a favourite resort for all who seek literary recreation, beyond the ordinary news-room. The library is kept in an excellent state of preservation, and, with the additions made to it from time to time, becomes more valuable to the general reader every year; while this year a catalogue has been prepared by our librarian of all the original essays and manuscripts published by the Society since its inception in 1824, which cannot but be of the greatest service to all those who continue to prosecute their investigations in matters pertaining to the early history of our country. As I reported last year, the Society is greatly crippled in its finances on account of the withdrawal of the grant received for many years from the Provincial Government, and the Council has found it impos- sible to continue its operations in the matter of publishing original documents. A suggestion has been made by a former member of the Society, on the floor of the House of Assembly, to the effect that the Government should purchase from the Society the manuscripts in its possession and publish

PROCEEDINGS FOR 1885. VII

them under the supervision of the Provincial Secretary. This has been done in other instances ; and were it done in the case of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, that Society would be freed from the responsibility of storing up literary material which it is unable to publish for lack of funds. -In the matter of current expenses, the Treasurer has been forced to reduce the expenditure to the limits of bare expenditure, keeping out of debt, however, and expressing the hope that some public benefactor may yet come to his assistance and provide the means of carrying out more fully the purposes of the Society as set forth in its Royal Charter, viz., “the prosecution of researches into the early history of Canada; the recovering, procuring, and publishing of interesting documents and useful information as to the natural, civil and literary history of British North America, and for the advancement of the arts and sciences from which public benefit may be expected.”

The visit of the British Association for the Advancement of Science was an event of great interest to the members of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, and several of its officers took an active part in making arrangements for the publie reception of those of the scientists who found time to visit Quebec. Two of the members of the Council prepared a paper for distribution among the members of the Association as they arrived at Rimouski from Britain, its purpose being to call the attention of their distinguished visitors to the points of interest in Quebec and to the scenes which were worthy of notice on their way up the St. Lawrence towards the city. The compilers of the work were J. M. LeMoine, one of our past presidents, and J. M. Harper, one of the vice-presidents.

In the Annual Report, read on January 14th, 1844, mention is made of the death of three members of the Society——Messrs. McLean Stewart, J. B. Renaud and J. Brown, jun. There has been a slight decrease of members, the number of associates being at the present moment two hundred and thirty-nine, with twenty-three honorary and forty-two corresponding members,—the whole num- ber being thus three hundred and four. Mr. Matthew Arnold, who favoured the Society with a lecture during the winter of 1883-4, has been elected an honorary member, and Mr. R. A. Brock of Richmond, Virginia, a corresponding member.

During the winter, a paper was read on Edward I by the President, the Hon. D. A. Ross, who retired from office in January, and a lecture was delivered by Lieut.-Col. William Rhodes on Geography.

The librarian, Mr. F. C. Wurtele, in making his report for the year, takes note of the fact that want of funds has greatly curtailel the purchase of books. One hundred and seventy-five of the members have availed themselves of the privilege of taking out books to the number of three thousand from the ten thousand on the shelves. Among other things, the librarian advises the reprinting of some of the historical documents in order to make the series prepared by the Society complete.

The officers of the Society for the present year are the same as last year, with the exception of a change of Presidents and the election of Mr. H. M. Price, and Lieut.-Col. Cotton to the Council.

In presenting this report from the oldest literary society in Canada to an association so full of promise as the Royal Society of Canada, I have to join with my associates in Council in expressing the regret that we cannot place on record an indication of greater activity in extending the influence of our Society. The condition of affairs in our city is not unfrequently animadverte upon by those who presume to sum up a city’s prosperity in its commercial enterprise. If, however, the city of Quebec is not what it ought to be from a commercial standpoint—and he is but a faint-hearted Quebecer who has not hopes of improvement even in this respect—there is certainly no more delight- ful spot in Canada for the quiet prosecution of literary work and historical research, possessing, as it does, picturesque surroundings, unrivalled and teeming with historic interest. If Quebec and its enterprise are decaying, as some are inclined to think, it seems to me that a visitor, left to himself, would find some difficulty in detecting the evidence of such a state of affairs in the improvement of its squares and streets and public buildings. And so with her institutions. Though there is not to be found in their present condition the activity and growth of a younger town, there is anything but decay. As an evidence of this, I may say that in examining lately the annals of our Society with the intention of preparing a memoir of its Transactions, I have found in its changing fortunes ‘a

VIII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

record of the greatest interest; but in comparing the past of the Society with the present, I take some comfort in the fact that our affairs often presented a more striking appearance of decay in former years than they do at the present moment. Indeed, I feel that there lies before our Society a bright prospect of doing good work—a period of prosperity, let us hope, such as it enjoyed under the presidency of Mr. J. M. LeMoine, and others, years ago.

II. From the Nova Scotia Historical Society, through Mr. J. G. Bourtyor :—

Since the last report to the Royal Society, the Nova Scotia Historical Society has added fourteen “members to its roll, has held ten meetings, and has listened to eight papers, viz:—

1. Ships of war wrecked on the coasts of Nova Scotia and Sable Island in the eighteenth century, by $S. D. Macdonald, F.G.S.

2. Sketch of the Hon. Simon Bradstrect Robie, Master of the Rolls, by Israel Longworth.

3, 4. Plans submitted to the British Government in 1763 by Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dorches- ter): (1). Fox the founding of a Seminary of learning at Windsor in Nova Scotia; (2). For the estab- lishment of an Episcopate in Nova Scotia, communicated by T. B. Akin, D.C.L.

5. Life of Samuel Vetch, the first English Governor of Nova Scotia, by the Rev. Geo, Patterson, D.D.

6. Exodus of the Negroes from Nova Scotia in 1791, with extracts from the Journal of John Clarkson, by the Hon. Sir A. G, Archibald, K.C.M.G.

7. Translation of the Saga of Eric the Red, written in the eleventh century, giving an account of the Discovery of Vineland, by Ove Lange, read by Peter Jack.

8. Early history of St. George’s Parish and the trials of the early German settlers in Nova Scotia, by the Rey. Francis Partridge, D.D.

Besides these, numerous other papers are in course of preparation, and the Society has now in the printers’ hands a fourth volume of collections containing, among other things, the first part of Win- slow’s Journal,” and an account of the ill-fated expedition to Quebec under Sir Hovenden Walker.

IU. From the Entomological Society of Ontario, through Mr. W. Hacur Harrineron :-—

As delegate from the Entomological Society of Ontario it affords me much pleasure to announce that the Society has continued to make satisfactory progress, both in membership and in the work which it undertakes. The monthly publication of the Entomologist brings before students of insects both in this country and abroad, very valuable and interesting papers on the habits and life- histories of our species, with frequent descriptions of new species discovered in our extensive country. Volume XVI has been completed and several valuable parts of Volume XVII have been already issued. The Annual Report” No. xiv, issued by the Society, contains several instructive papers prepared especially for agriculturists, and is well supplied with such illustrations as may enable them to recognize the insects therein described. The Montreal Branch of the Society is in a flourishing condition, which is due to the exertions of the energetic and enthusiastic entomologists who reside in that city.

Gratification is felt at the evidence of a growing interest in regard to the very important question of the serious losses annually caused throughout the country by the depredation of various insects. The Select Committee appointed by Parliament in 1884 to obtain information as to the Agricul- tural Interests of the Dominion, issued circulars to a large number of leading fruit-growers and other agriculturists throughout the country, requesting, among other points, an expression of opinion as to the desirability of the appointment of a Government Entomologist. A large majority of the answers were in favour of such an appointment. Two members of the Council of the Entomological Society

PROCEEDINGS FOR 1885, IX

were also called, and gave evidence, before the Committee, as to the ravages of insects in Canada, and as to the advantages which would result from the appointment of a competent Entomologist. The Department of Agriculture, impressed by the importance of the subject as thus brought before its notice, has since appointed as Entomologist one of the most energetic officers and workers of our Society, Mr. James Fletcher, who has issued a Preliminary Report, briefly describing the most noticeable injuries caused by insects last season to the various crops.

In the United States great attention is still paid to the study of economic entomology. Several of the States, as well as the Federal Government, make liberal provisions for the investigations of appointed Entomologists. The published reports of such investigations are exceedingly valuable ; and furnish, with the exception of that supplied by the Entomological Society of Ontario, almost the only reliable information regarding the injurious insects infesting our orchards, fields and gardens.

It is a matter of no little importance that as full information as can be obtained should be circulated as widely as possible among our farmers, and to this end the appointment of an Entomolo- gist by the Department of Agriculture is an important step in the right direction.

IV. From the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, through Mr. W. L. Scorr :—

As delegate from the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club I am able to report that the last year has been for it one of continued progress and success. Its twofold work of studying local natural history, and of endeavouring to popularize science has been vigorously prosecuted and its membership has been largely increased, Forty persons joined the Club during the year, of whom several reside in distant parts of the country and have sought to evidence their interest in the welfare of the Club by enrolling themselves in its ranks. The membership is now one hundred and seventy.

Four large excursions were held last summer, at the first of which the Club was honoured by the presence of many fellows of your honourable Society, and delegates thereto. Sub-excursions of working parties were also held on alternate Saturdays curing the season and contributed largely to a fuller knowledge of our geological formations and of our fauna and flora,

At the winter Soirees (six in number), Reports by the leaders appointed in Zoology, Botany, Entomology, Conchology, Ornithology and General Zoology, were presented, and the following papers of much interest and value were read :— *

1. The President’s Address, by Dr. H. Beaumont Small.

The Canadian Otter, by W. Pitman Lett.

The Minerals of the Ottawa District, by C. W. Willimott.

Wheat (with special reference to that grown in Ottawa District), by William Scott. Our Saw-flies and Horn-tails, by W. H. Harrington.

. Local Trenton Fossils, by W. B. Billings.

oO & bo

Classes in Botany, Mineralogy and Ornithology were conducted during several weeks,—the first- named subject, under the very interesting treatment of Professor Macoun, being specially attractive to the members and their friends.

Tt has been the aim of the Club since its formation to make its published Transactions as complete and valuable as its circumstances will permit, and No. 5 (Vol. II. No. 1, pp. 152) which was published during the year, is one which would be creditable to any older and wealthier Society. No. 6, which is now in the hands of the Publishing Committee, will contain the Report and Papers before referred to, as well as Annual Reports of Librarian, Treasurer, Council, etc.

The library of the Club has received numerous valuable donations and exchanges, including the magnificent volume of the Transactions of your honourable Society, for which I am instructed to convey to you the thanks of the Club.

Pro. 1885. x.

X ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

At the Annual Meeting of the Club, held on March 17th last, the following Officers were elected for the year 1885-86 :—

Président icsstevcsmpteeseract sac «secret W. H. Harrington. Ast Vice-President, 0.0... John Macoun. 2nd COP) siieseecseeestisstiscssacse S. S. Woods. SIRE HEI 7 cocoosccqnes oorsnenocuo OT BRSEE, James Fletcher. TCASUTOER EE Eee nee. T. J. MacLaughlin. Wiibrarian’ secrets suse cee « W. L. Scott.

( F. D. Adams, COMTAULER Eee Henry M. Ami,

Rev. C. F. Marsan.

V. From the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, through Dr. J. G. MAcGREGOR :—

The Institute has just concluded a somewhat successful session. I say ‘‘ somewhat” successful, because we feel the effect of the establishment of the Royal Society in a diminution of the number and value of the communications brought before us,—the more important papers being naturally contri- buted to your Society. We hope, however, that before very long, the establishment of the Royal Society may result in a stimulus which will produce so much energetic work, that the Transactions of both the central and the local Societies may be large as to number and valuable as to contents.

The scientific communications of the past Session have been as follows :—

1. Geological Notes of Excursions in Nova Scotia with members of the British Association, by Rey. Dr. Honeyman, D.C.L.

2. On Feather Alum Halotrichite, by Edwin Gilpin, A.M.

3. On new or rare plants of Nova Scotia, by Prof. G. Lawson, Ph. D., LL.D.

4. Louisburg, past and present,—historico-geological, by Rev. D. Honeyman, D.C.L.

5. List of Plants collected round Truro, Nova Scotia, by G. G. Campbell, B. Se.

6. On Fresh-water Sponges of Nova Scotia, by A. H. McKay, B.A., B.Sc.

7. Note on Temperatures of Maximum Density, by Prof. J. G. MacGregor, D.Sc.

8. Nova Scotian Ichthyology, Honeyman, D.C.L.

During the session, the Institute has spent a good deal of time in a careful revision of its laws, I send you herewith a copy of the laws as finally passed.

I embrace this opportunity of suggesting that the Royal Society should take steps to promote co-operation in the work of our local Societies. There are many kinds of scientific work, such, for instance, as the observation of the migration of birds, which can only be carried on with complete success by means of simultaneous observations over the whole country. Might it not be well to appoint a Committee, consisting of Fellows of the Royal Society and Delegates of affiliated Societies, to draw up aseries of recommendations as to work of this kind and modes of carrying it out ? Reports

additions to the Catalogue of Nova Scotian fishes, by Rey. Dr.

of the work carried out by the local Societies on the lines of this Committee’s recommendations might be published in full in their Transactions, and a General Report might be published by the Central Committee in the Transactions of the Royal Society.

PROCEEDINGS FOR 1885. XI

SESSION II. (Afternoon Sitting.)

ADDRESSES BY THE PRESIDENT, VICE-PRESIDENT AND DR. CHAUVEAU.

The fellows and delegates again assembled in the Railway Committee Room at 2 o’clock. His Excellency the Governor-General, the Marquis of Lansdowne, took his seat as Honorary President, and called upon the President to deliver the opening address.

The following is an abstract of the address of the President, Dr. T. Srerry Hunr :—

The President, in opening the session, congratulated the Society on the work that it had accom- plished during the past year, and referred to the two quarto volumes of its Transactions published in 1883 and 1884, and already distributed among the principal libraries and institutions of learning throughout the world, as showing that Canada was adding somewhat to the progress both of literature and of science. He spoke with feeling of the loss by death of two of the members of the Society during the past year. One of these, Mr. Oscar Dunn, a young man of great promise in French litera- ture, had distinguished himself, not only in Canada, but in the world of journalism in Paris. The other, Mr. Alexander Murray, was for more than twenty years a member of the Geological Survey of Canada under the late Sir William Logan, and had done much to make known the geology and phy- sical geography of the great Jakes and the valleys of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence, before he was called to direct the geological survey of Newfoundland, where he rendered important services to science.

The Royal Society of Canada has before it vast fields of labour, alike in history, in antiquity, and in natural science. After alluding briefly to the territory of Canada as a battle-ground upon which, for a century, two great European races were contending for the mastery of the continent in a prolonged struggle, the study of which affords precious material alike for the man of letters and the philosophic historian, he passed to a review of some of the problems which lie before the members of the two scientific Sections of the Society. Vast regions now belonging to the Dominion of Canada, stretching from the lakes to the Arctic sea, and from ocean to ocean, are still to a great extent unexplored. These present important questions in geography and geology, and in the study of their fauna and flora. Closely connected with this subject is that of the correct determination of longitudes. Twenty- five years ago much uncertainty existed as to the precise location on the map of the globe of our Canadian cities. It was then that the Geological Survey undertook to fix the longitude of Quebec, Montreal, and other places, by the electrical method, and with excellent results. Within the past few years, however, methods admitting of greater accuracy have been devised, and, by the help of these, the longitude of Cambridge, Massachusetts, as compared with that of Greenwich, has been carefully redetermined. It hence became of importance that the exact longitude of Canadian cities with refer- ence to Cambridge should be fixed, and the results of a series of careful observations, under the combined direction of Professor Rogers of the Cambridge Observatory and members of our Society, will be laid before the physical Section of our Society and published in our Transactions.

The geography of our sea-coasts presents problems of great importance. The Pacific shores of the Dominion are but little known, and our Atlantic waters are subject to strong tides and local currents which are sometimes disastrous to navigators. Other nations have done much to investigate and to systematize the knowledge of tides and marine currents, and Canada, in view of her important commercial marine, should take part in such work. The Dominion Government has been solicited to cooperate with a joint committee composed of members of the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science together with members of our own Society, and there are good hopes that systematic labours will soon be commenced both on our Pacific and our Atlantic shores. Not remotely connected with the last subject is that of our fisheries. Much attention has already been given to those of the inland waters, but the scientific cultivation of the marine fisheries and the care of those vast meadows of the sea, so rich in food, has hitherto been neglected. The systematic work of the United States

XII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

Fish Commission affords a model for imitation, and the zoologists of our Society cannot do better work than by insisting upon the claims of this great branch of national industry to the attention of the Government.

Our forests are perhaps even of greater value to the Dominion than the fisheries. For many years they have been a great source of wealth to the country, and, during all these years, the lumberer has been wasting them. In other lands, great time and attention are devoted to forestry, and the modes of planting, pruning and protecting trees are carefully studied, but on this continent the subject has hitherto been much neglected. The early settlers, who looked upon the forest as their enemy, and as the hiding place of savage beasts and more savage men, thought only of its destruction. Now, with the disappearance of wood, so needful as a fuel in our rigorous climate, we are beginning to prize the forests and to lament their premature disappearance. The establishment of botanic gardens and schools of forestry, in which the various problems, connected alike with agriculture and with the growth and preservation of trees for timber and for fuel, may be carefully investigated, are subjects near to every one who desires the prosperity of the country, and should not be lost sight by the mem- bers of this Society.

In conclusion, the President insisted upon the many reasons for congratulation on the success which had attended the past three years of the Society’s existence, and for looking forward to a useful and a brilliant future.

The Vice-President, Dr. DANIEL Wrison was next called upon by His Excellency. He observed that he thought it was fortunate for Canada that it had taken the step of organizing this Society before the meeting of the British Association on Canadian soil, thereby testifying that our recognition of the value of abstract science was alike hearty and spontaneous. There was no lack of appreciation of the worth of such contributions of science as the telegraph and the ocean cable, which, as it were, anni- hilate time and space, and bridge over for us the wide Atlantic; of the telephone, with all its mar- vellous facilities and still grander possibilities of inter-communication; or of electric light, by which at will we turn night into day. Our legislature had, for many years, liberally subsidized the Geolo- gical Survey, to find for us coal and copper, gold, silver, lead and other minerals, and to map out for us in economic detail the physical resources of our vast domain. But this recognition of science, for its own sake, was a grand step in advance. It furnished the best evidence that Canada had passed beyond the mere elementary stage of narrow utilitarianism, and had awakened to some just sense of the value of that self-denying search for abstract truth in all its scientific relations, without which such practical results as those already referred to could no more be secured than the autumn harvest without the labours of the seed time.

After the comprehensive summary of the efforts and achievements of the past year, which they had just listened to from their President, it would be a work of supererogation for him to detain His Excellency and the members with further remarks, were it not that one subject had still a special claim on their attention. Dr. Sterry Hunt had, not unnaturally, given prominence to physical science ; but not only did the Society embrace in a special manner the literature of two of the most cultivated languages of Europe, but along with this it included archeology, ethnology and comparative philo- logy ; and, in the last two, encouragement was given to researches into the races and languages of this continent, and especially of our Dominion, to which too much importance could not be attached. The races of our great Northwest are vanishing. Now or never the materials must be collected from which to deduce scientific results. We can only preserve any remnant of our aborigines by a process of civilization and absorption which involves the loss of language, of native art, and all else that is of value to the historian and the ethnologist. To this, therefore, it is indispensable that im- mediate attention be given; for it is work that must be done now or never.

Again, the language of France, the old France of the Regency and long before it, as brought from Normandy and Brittany, survives in the Province of Quebec in modified forms replete with interest to

PROCEEDINGS FOR 1885. XIII

the philologist. To these and to other branches of kindred study, embraced alike in the depart- ments of ethnology and history, the labours of Sections I and IT, are invited with a special, if not indeed a preeminent claim on their attention, and with the promise of result full of interest and value to us all.

Dr. CHAUVEAU, at the request of His Excellency, next addressed the meeting as follows :—

Milord,— Veuillez me permettre de vous remercier de m’avoir appelé à prendre la parole, contrai- rement à l’usage qui réserve cet honneur au président et au vice-président. J’apprécie pleinement le motif de cette gracieuse invitation: on veut que la langue française soit représentée. Je regrette d'en avoir été prévenu il y a quelques heures seulement, et cela d'autant plus que M. le président qui s’est exprimé en un français très élégant à une séance de la première section, l’année dernière, aurait pu peut-être remplir ici une double tâche.

(’a été une heureuse idée que de réunir dans une même société les sciences et les lettres, qui se touchent de si près, que plusieurs hommes célèbres en France ont fait ou font partie de l’Académie française en même temps que de l’Académie des sciences. Aussi M. Hunt et plusieurs membres des sections scientifiques se sont-ils trouvés tout à fait à l’aise dans les séances des sections littéraires. Je noserais dire que la réciprocité soit parfaite sous ce rapport, et il y a tel mémoire de la section des sciences physiques et mathématiques qui ne chatouillerait pas bien agréablement l'oreille de nos hommes de lettres. On fait plus facilement d’un savant un littérateur que d’un littérateur un savant.

Je ne puis, du reste, qu'approuver tout ce que M. Hunt a dit sur l’accueil bienveillant que la Société Royale a reçu du public canadien et de l'étranger, et sur l'importance des devoirs que nous avons à remplir pour justifier pleinement la confiance que l’on nous a témoignée.

Je me permettrai d'appuyer sur une partie du discours de M. le président, non pas pour y ajouter beaucoup, mais plutôt pour confirmer par mon témoignage l'éloge qu'il a fait de notre regretté collègue, M. Oscar Dunn.

Il a dit avec raison que M. Dunn avait été un exemple frappant des singuliers résultats que produisent ici le mélange des races et notre état social et religieux. Fils d’un Ecossais protestant et d’une mère française et catholique, M. Dunn, après la mort de son père, fut convoité et disputé par ses deux familles, et l’on peut dire par les deux races et les deux religions, et cela même devant les tribu- naux. Il s’attacha à la langue et à la religion de sa mère, qui avaient été victorieuses dans cette lutte, et cela tout en conservant d'excellents rapports avec sa famille paternelle.

Cet amour de la langue française fut encore accru par sa résidence à Paris, où, après s’étre distin- gué à la rédaction du Courrier de Saint-Hyacinthe dans notre pays, il fut attaché à celle du Journal de Paris.

La Minerve, l'Opinion Publique, la Revue Canadienne ont été successivement rédigées par lui à son retour, et dans son livre très remarquable, intitulé: Dix ans de journalisme, il a réuni les articles les plus sérieux et aussi les plus brillants de cette carrière de polémiste et de publiciste.

Un patriotisme exempt de toute exagération et de toute vulgarité, un cachet d'élégance naturelle et facile, distinguent tout ce qui est sorti de sa plume.

Ce demi-Ecossais, devenu plus français que les Français eux-mêmes, en vint à écrire une brochure sous ce titre: Pourquoi nous sommes restés francais, brochure qui produisit quelque sensation lorsqu'elle fut exposée dans les vitrines des libraires de Paris. Le contraste du titre avec le nom de l’auteur était assez piquant, et les anciens collaborateurs de M. Dunn au Journal de Paris eurent peut-être seuls le mot de l'énigme.

J'ai déjà fait remarquer que nous avions dans la personne d’un de nos collègues de la section de la littérature anglaise la contre-partie vivante de M. Dunn: M. John Lespérance, d’un père français et d’une mère anglo-américaine, Par une assez singulière coïncidence, M. Lespérance était rédacteur du Canadian Illustrated News en même temps que M. Dunn rédigeait l'Opinion Publique Illustrée les deux entreprises n’en formant qu’une ; —et M. Dunn m'a raconté qu'un jour il aurait dit à son

XIV ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

collègue : “Maintenant ce serait à vous de publier une brochure sous ce titre: Why it is that we remain English.”

Il y a deux ans, lorsque M. Lespérance lut devant la section de la littérature anglaise un travail bien remarquable sur la littérature franco-canadienne, j'invitai M. Oscar Dunn à faire une étude du même genre sur la littérature anglo-canadienne et à la lire devant la section des lettres françaises.

Malheureusement des circonstances impérieuses ont empêché notre regretté confrère d'assister à nos séances, et de contribuer à la publication de nos Mémoires. Il se le reprochait, et il avait entre pris pour cette session un travail auquel il se livrait avec ardeur et que sa mort est venu interrompre.

Il en a été ainsi de la seconde édition de son Glossaire franco-canadien, auquel il consacrait une grande partie de son temps depuis plusieurs années. Nos collègues apprendront avec plaisir que M. Faucher de Saint-Maurice s’est chargé de surveiller ce qui reste à faire de l'impression, Ce Glossaire est une œuvre importante et qui n'aurait pas été indigne des efforts réunis de tous les membres de la première section.

Un éloge plus complet de notre regretté confrère, une étude de ses œuvres seront probablement la tâche de celui qui lui succédera; je ne puis qu’indiquer ici les traits principaux de son talent et de son caractère.

Il y avait en lui un polémiste, un chercheur et un bibliophile. Le polémiste nous a donné: Dix ans de journalisme, le chercheur a fait le travail du Glossaire, et le bibliophile avait déjà ramassé une très curieuse bibliothèque, que le res angusta domi l'a forcé à disperser en partie de son vivant, et dont les restes vont être vendus bientôt,

Partagé entre ces goûts et ces penchants, entre les diverses carrières de la politique, de la jurispru- dence et de l'administration, auxquelles il se livra successivement, M. Dunn était surtout dévoué au culte de sa langue maternelle. C’était sa passion dominante et le secret de toute l’ardeur qu’il avait mise à cette étude, nouvelle chez nous, de notre langage populaire. L'amour de la langue française ne le cédait chez lui qu’à ses convictions religieuses, qu'à travers bien des dangers il avait su conserver intactes.

M. le vice-président a appuyé sur l'importance des études philologiques comparées, et sur l'intérêt qu'offrent d’un côté les vieilles langues indigènes qui vont disparaître, et les modifications qu'ont pu subir sur ce continent les idiomes européens qui s’y sont établis victorieusement en leur place.

M. Dunn a planté un premier jalon dans une de ces voies nouvelles, et son œuvre a été appréciée en Europe et ici comme elle le méritait. On me permettra peut-être d’ajouter que la fille de notre souveraine avait fait de ce petit livre une espèce de vade mecum, et l'emportait avec elle dans ses péré- grinations à travers nos campagnes.

Les goûts, les inclinations, les travaux de notre regretté confrère avaient marqué d'avance sa place dans notre Société; il y laisse un vide considérable qu’augmente encore pour tous ceux qui l'ont connu intimement le souvenir de son amabilité, de sa conversation instructive et spirituelle, de toutes les brillantes et estimables qualités de son cœur et de son esprit.

Que déjà trois vacances se soient faites dans cette Société depuis le peu de temps qu’elle existe, c’est un avertissement qui doit engager chacun de nous à bien employer le temps qui lui reste pour le succès de notre grande entreprise.

Jusqu'ici il n’y a pas eu de ralentissement dans l'impulsion que notre bienveillant et noble fonda- teur le marquis de Lorne a imprimé à notre mouvement littéraire et scientifique, et je n’ai nul doute que, sous la protection éclairée de son digne successeur, le marquis de Lansdowne, ce mouvement ne se propage avec une rapidité continue.

Mais en mettant les choses au pire, et en supposant que notre Société éprouvât quelques hésita- tions ou même quelques défaillances, il ne faudrait point nous décourager pour tout cela. Nous devrons nous dire que toutes les choses humaines ont ainsi quelques oscillations dans leur marche et dans leur progrès, et qu'il suffit qu'une institution ait sa raison d’être et soit conforme au génie du peuple chez qui elle s’est implantée pour qu'elle dure et fasse vie longue et prospère.

Or nul ne saurait douter qu'il en doive être ainsi d'une institution qui a été calquée sur celles qui

PROCEEDINGS FOR 1885. XV

existent depuis longtemps dans les deux grands pays d'où les populations canadiennes tirent leur origine.

C’est le vœu de tous, et c’est chez moi une conviction profonde et qui n’est égalée que par la reconnaissance que je vous dois pour l'honneur que vous venez de me faire.

SPEECH BY THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL.

A vote of thanks to His Excellency for his attendance at the meeting was then moved by the President, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, seconded by the Vice-President, Dr. Wilson, and carried unanimously amidst applause.

In reply, His ExceLLency spoke as follows :——

I thank you for the vote of thanks which you have been good enough to pass. If I have earned it, | have, I think, done so by maintaining a decorous silence during the progress of the proceedings— a silence which I should probably be wise in continuing, if I wished to keep you under the same sense of obligation towards me. I should, however, be sorry not to have an opportunity of saying, how glad I am to find that the Royal Society is prosperous and full of energy, and of assuring you that person- ally it is a source of satisfaction to me to be associated, even in an honorary capacity, with so distin- guished a body. If I overstep these limits and attempt to say more, I shall find myself upon ground on to which I prefer not to venture. I confessed to you last year that I had no claims to a place, however lowly, in the ranks of either the representatives of literature or of science. The utmost for which I could hope would be that, from contact with you, I might obtain a superficial coating either of the one or the other. We all know that in Nature there is a tendency in plants and in animals, and even, if a distinguished member of the Society is to be believed, in inorganic substances, to mimic the forms by which they are surrounded, and to assume shapes and colours closely resembling those of their environment. In this way I can just now conceive that, after a time, I might be able to develop a spurious and superficial appearance of literary and scientific culture. You would, however, I am afraid, soon find me out; and you would not be long in discovering that, if I may use a geological simile which will perhaps pass current in the Ottawa district, what I had to present to you was pyr- oxene and not good, honest phosphate.

On the other hand, sir, | am only too ready to admit that we, whose lot is cast in political life, should be greatly the gainers if we were more directly under the influence of letters and of science. I am afraid it is too often the case that our literary tendency, if we have one, is not exhibited in any form more highly developed than that of a pungent epigram or a personal diatribe, and that our scientific investigations do not as a rule extend beyond researches into the prehistoric strata of Han- sard.” How much better it would be for us and for our clients if our facts were more carefully verified and collected, more methodically arranged, and our inductions formed with more strict reference to the facts? Are we not all of us too fond of the most unscientific, or, in other words, of the most illo- gical forms of reasoning? Unhappily, too many of us belong to the great band of followers and partizans, who generally do not get very far beyond the kind of reasoning which consists in the asser- tion, that such and such statement must be true because such and such a person has made it, or per- haps, conversely, that such and such a person has made the statement, and that therefore it cannot be true? Again, do we not—those of us who would wish to be classed among the leaders and not the followers, and who think that we are fit to be entrusted with the direction of public affairs and the guidance of public opinion often content ourselves merely with ascertaining that opinion, and assuming that when once it has been ascertained it must be right. We are, I am afraid, content with such methods as these and apt to banish political science first to our remotest book-shelves and then to the most distant planets.

And if we owe a debt to science, and if we ought to owe it a still greater one, we are surely no less in the debt of literature and no less blamable if we neglect her, In the age through

XVI ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

which we are passing, the volume of our public discussion is so immense, and the amount of public speaking expected of statesmen so enormous, that it is almost silly to hope for speeches modelled and polished like those of the great orators of earlier generations; and yet how immense is the superiority of those public men who, in addressing publie audiences, are able to bring to the illustration of their subject something of real literary power and knowledge. Can we, for instance, believe that Mr. Gladstone would be able to produce those marvellous effects upon British audiences without that literary culture which, if his career had been a non-political one, would undoubtedly have won for him a high place amongst the men of letters of the century? Lord Salisbury is another example of a public man who has wielded the pen with success, and who owes a great deal to his literary training. Nor can any one read the admirable speeches which have been delivered from time to time upon political subjects by the distinguished man who has for some years represented the great American republic in England, —I mean Mr. Lowell--without feeling how much there is in the culture of the scholar and the poet from which the performances of the politician might derive dignity and wisdom and gracefulness. I think, therefore, gentlemen, that although the Royal Society is, fortunately for itself, entirely dissociated from polities, those who follow politics should be the first to recognize that there should be no divorce between political life on the one hand and literary and scientific life on the other, but that the former stands in need of and owes a debt to the latter.

With reference to the work of the Royal Society, I have only to say that it appears to me that the volume of Proceedings which has been placed in our hands contains a large amount of solid and creditable work. There are two subjects, the papers upon which strike me as being both numerous and good in quality. The first of these subjects is the ethnology of our native races. I dwell upon this, because the subject is one not only of great importance and interest, but one which demands the earliest possible attention. There can, I fear, be no question that—partly owing to the diminution in the number of those races, partly owing to the change in their mode of life and their gradual adoption of European manners and customs—the materials for ethnological study are every year becoming scarcer and more difficult to distinguish. This was, as you will remember, a matter which was pressed upon our consideration by the committee of the British Association shortly after their visit to Canada. The other subject is that of historical criticism bearing upon the history of our own country. There can, I think, be no class of investigation to which Canadian research can be more profitably directed than that of matters concerning the history of the country itself. 1 am glad to see that, in Section I, there are no less than ten excellent papers of this class. As to the future work of the Society, I would beg permission to say. that I have listened with great pleasure to the words which fell from your President in regard to the study of the science of forestry. It is a relief to me to hear forestry spoken of as a science, because I am afraid we are too apt to forget what a very scientific matter forestry is. I am afraid that, in this country, we have been rather inclined to deal with our forests in a somewhat unscientific fashion. I do not mean to say that nothing has been done, because I have had the opportunity of looking into what has been written on the subject, and I am the first to recognize the value of information such as that contained in the writings of Mr. Phipp, Mr. Joly and Mr. Russell, of this city, whose excellent Report has been printed as a blue- book and presented to the English House of Commons. But I am satisfied that, the more we look into the subject of forestry, the more we shall find that, whether you regard the forests of this country as a valuable source of national revenue, or in reference to the results which will be occasioned to the climate of the country from their denudation which has been so rapidly progressing of late, you will find that the matter is one deserving of the most earnest investigation.

I have only to add, before I sit down, an expression of my concurrence in all that has been said by the President with regard to the visit of the British Association. The results of that visit will be far-reaching and most valuable to this country, both in adding to the fund of accurate and scientific knowledge with regard to the Dominion and its resources, and in establishing more intimate relations between the men of science and letters of the Dominion and those of the Old World,

PROCEEDINGS FOR 1885. XVII SESSION III. (May 27th.)

The Royal Society again assembled at 10.30 o'clock on Wednesday morning, in the Railway Committee Room, with the President, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, in the chair,

REPORTS FROM AFFILIATED SOCIETIES. (Continued.) The reports of delegates from affiliated societies were continued as follows :— VI. From the Natural History Society of New Brunswick, through Mr. W. F. Besr:—

As delegate from the Natural History Society of New Brunswick to the Royal Society of Canada, I have to report that the New Brunswick Society has made considerable advance during the past year. Our membership is larger than ever before, our finances are in a healthy condition—being assisted by a grant from the Local Legislature,—and, as you will notice when I read a list of the papers prepared during the year, the members of the Society have done a great deal of valuable work. The library and collections of the Society have received many important additions during the year, both by donation and purchase.

The city of St. John—the headquarters of our Society—not being a University town, has not the facilities for systematic scientific work which are to be found in connexion with the higher educa- tional institutions. In consequence of this, our Society finds itself obliged to become, to a certain extent, a teaching institution. We have been obliged to gather together books to form a Natural History Library, and collections of rocks, minerals, fossils, birds, animals, insects, etc.; and in addi- tion to all this we have found it necessary to undertake courses of elementary science teaching, in order to train up a new generation of workers in various departments of scientific investigation. In addition to this a Field Club has been organized, which will no doubt do valuable work in the departments of botany, geology, entomology, ete.

The chief drawback to the progress of the Society in the past has been, that there was only a limited number of active workers. It affords me much pleasure to state that several interesting papers have been contributed during the past year by gentlemen who had not previously taken an active part in the work of our Society.

Last summer our annual camp” was established at Bocabec, on Passamaquoddy Bay, and many valuable opportunities were afforded for the study of marine life as well as for that of the geology and botany of the region. In addition to this, a collection of stone weapons, implements, ete., with pottery and other relics of the Stone Age, was made and subsequently placed in the cabinets of our Society. Our valuable geological collections are now being placed in properly constructed cases, and the insects and birds belonging to the Society have also been arranged in glass cases.

We now consider it desirable that the rooms of the Society should be open to the public on cer- tain days of each week, and arrangements are being made with this in view. A free class in Ele- mentary Chemistry, held in the rooms of the Society during the winter, was attended by a large number of enthusiastic students, and the unexpected success of this effort will no doubt induce spe- cialists in other departments of scientific work to undertake similar courses of lectures next winter.

The original papers read before our Society during the year 1884-5 were as follows :—

Feb. 5, Discoveries at a Village of the Stone Age at Bocabec, by G. F. Matthew, M.A.

Mar. 4, The International Fisheries Exhibition, by Wm. M. McLean.

April 1, Gulls, by Fred W. Daniel.

A Lacustrine Deposit at Fredericton, by W. T. L. Reed.

May 6, The Geology of the Grand Falls, by R. Chalmers.

June 3, Rhizopods, by L. C. Allison, M.D.

Sept. 2, The Invertebrate Zoology of Passamaquoddy Bay, by W. I. Ganong.

Proc. 1885. c.

XVIII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

Oct. 7, Botanical Notes on the Upper St. John, by G. U. Hay.

Some Differences between Animals and Plants, by Prof. James Fowler. Nov. 4, Corvidæ, by Alfred Morrissey.

Cormorants, by Fred. W. Daniel.

Migration of Birds, by M. Chamberlain. Dec. 2, Fossils of the Cambrian Rocks at St. John, by G. F. Matthew, M.A. Jan. 6, The Food Fishes of New Brunswick, by W. M. McLean,

Besides the above there were five free lectures on Elementary Science, as follows :—

Feb. 19, The Atmosphere, by W. F. Best. Mar. 18, 25, The Anatomy and Physiology of Digestion, by W. F. Coleman, M.D. April 15, Winter Birds, by M. Chamberlain. May 20, The Fertilization of Plants, by G. U. Hay. Dec, 16, Public Hygiene, by L. C. Allison, M.D.

VII. From la Société Historique de Montréal, through ABBE VERREAU :—

La Société Historique de Montréal a l’honneur de porter à la connaissance de la Société Royale du Canada :—

lo Que dans le cours de l’année qui vient de s’écouler depuis le mois de mai dernier, elle a admis six nouveaux membres actifs ;

20 Qu'elle a vu sa bibliothèque s’augmenter de près de trois cents volumes, brochures et docu- ments parlementaires ;

30 Qu'elle a commencé l’impression du livre d’ordres du baron de Dieskau, et qu'elle espère le livrer au public dans le cours du mois de juillet ;

40 Qu'elle a continué à faire copier des documents manuscrits, autant que ses faibles ressources le lui ont permis ;

50 Qu'elle renouvelle le vœu, souvent exprimé, de voir la Société Royale recommander au gou- vernement fédéral la publication du Dictionnaire Généalogique de M. l'abbé Tanguay, comme œuvre. historique de la plus haute importance,

VIII. From the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Montreal, through Mr. R. W. McLAcHLAN :—

On behalf of this Society I have the honour to report the following original papers read during the past year :— . The History of Canadian Money, by R. W. McLachlan. . Old Montreal, by Henry Mott. . The Heraldic History of Canadian Towns, illustrated by sketches and examples, by J. H. Bowe. . Antiquities of the Island of Orleans, by R. C. Lyman. . The First Montreal Directory, by Henry Mott. . Le Chevalier de Levis, by the Hon. P. J. O. Chauveau, LL.D.

Nine meetings have been held during the year, at which many points relating to Canadian Numismatics and Antiquarian history have been taken up and discussed.

During the coming year the work of cataloguing and describing the coins and medals bearing on Canadian history, undertaken by a member of the Society, will be completed and ready for issue to the public.

The issue of the Canadian Antiquarian, which had been suspended for a year, has been resumed, and I have the pleasure to lay before you the first number of the eleventh volume. In this quarterly have appeared the Proceedings and Transactions of the Society and many original papers, elucidating difficult points in our history and describing new and rare numismatic mementoes.

oe 0 be

a

PROCEEDINGS FOR 1885. XIX

Thanking the Royal Society of Canada for this further opportunity of making its proceedings public, the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Montreal has much pleasure in submitting the above Report.

IX. From the Natural History Society of Montreal, through Dr. J. Baker Epwarps :—

I have the honour to report on behalf of the Natural History Society of Montreal that the Society (incorporated in 1832), completed its fifty-third session on the 18th instant, under the Presidency of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, who has held the chair for the past two years and is now succeeded by Sir William Dawson. During the past year, His Excellency the Governor-General has kindly con- sented to become the Patron of this Society. The Society has added to its numbers ten ordinary members, one life member, and one corresponding member—making the roll of the Society over 200 members.

The usual grant has been awarded by the Quebec Legislature, and many valuable additions have been made to the Society’s Museum, among which may be mentioned specimens of the Gopher, the Turkey Buzzard, White Pelican, Night Heron, American Badger, ete., obtained and presented by Mr. William Muir from the Northwest; also interesting fossil remains from borings for the Panama Canal, presented by Dr. Wolfred Nelson of Panama, and a collection of fossils, recent shells, and Indian curiosities from Central America, from Dr. Wolfred and Mr. George Nelson; also a very handsome care of British Game Birds, presented by Mr. Albert A. Jowett, of Sheffield, England. A handsome donation has also been made to the Society by a few of its active members, viz., a fine por- trait, by Mr. Bell Smith, of the late Sir W. E. Logan, which is placed in the Society’s library.

Valuable exchanges have also been added to the library, and the Society regrets that, from un- avoidable circumstances, the publication of their journal the Canadian Record of Science, has been un- duly delayed, but trusts that its issue will shortly be completed and punctual.

The usual number of monthly meetings have been held, and the following original papers con- tributed :—

1. The Scientific Aspects of the British Association in Montreal, by the President, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt.

2. The Geology of the Nile Valley, by Sir William Dawson.

3. The Habits of the Animals and Birds from the Northwest recently added to the Museum, by by Dr. O. C. Edwards.

On the Sanitary Disposal of Sewage by Cremation, by Dr. J. Baker Edwards.

On the Ring Growth of Exogens in Relation to the Age of Trees, by Prof. D. P. Penhallow. On the Canadian Diptera, their Habits and Development, by F. W. Caulfield.

On the Organic Remains in Fresh-water Lakes of Nova Scotia, by A. H. MacKay.

. On the Infusorial Deposits in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and their Utilization, by Mr. A. Mackenzie.

9. On the Cambrian Rocks of St. John, New Brunswick, by G. F. Matthew.

10. On the Work of the Exploration Fund in Egypt, by Sir William Dawson.

11. Chemical Notes, by Prof. J. T. Donald.

Seven public free lectures have been delivered in the annual Sommerville Course, which have been numerously attended and well received. On these occasions the Museum of the Society has been thrown open to the public, and a large number of persons, estimated at over 2,000, have availed themselves of the privilege of visiting it.

Se eae ia

oo

The lectures were as follows :—

Feb. 12. The British Association at Montreal, by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt. Feb. 19. Reminiscences of the late Sir W. E. Logan, by Dr. Robert Bell. Feb. 26. Certain Features of our Climate, by Dr. W. H. Hingston.

XX ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

March 5. Phenomena of Plant Growth, by Prof. D. P. Penhallow. March 12. Cholera, by Dr. J. B. McConnell.

March 19. Time-Observing and Time-Keeping, by Prof. C. H. McLeod. March 26. The Valley of the Nile, by Sir William Dawson.

X. From the Murchison Scientific Society, Belleville, through Mr. W. R. Smira:-—

In presenting this Report of the Murchison Scientific Society of Belleville, being the first which has been read before your Royal Society, I beg to give the following information as to its present position and standing. The Society was formed in June, 1873, as the Murchison Club, with the object of promoting research and of making known the general natural history and characteristic productions of the district, as well as of promoting scientific knowledge by reading papers and com- munications, ete. It was carried on under this name with varying success until 1882, when it was reorganized with the same aim and objects as the Murchison Scientific Society. A number of papers had been read during that time, some of them of considerable interest ; but, owing to the smallness of the membership (about thirty) and the want of funds for the purpose, no transactions or papers were printed. After having agitated the question for several years, it was decided in 1883 that an effort should be made to form a museum in connection with the Society. The authorities of Albert College, Belleville, on hearing our decision, offered to provide us with the room and to place their collection with ours. As their collection contained a good display of minerals and a large number of casts of leading types of fossils from different formations, this offer was accepted, and we have since carried on the museum with the utmost harmony and success. Our attention has been turned since then principally in the direction of obtaining specimens of the living fauna of the locality, and during the last two years we have placed over sixty species of birds and ten of mammals, stuffed and mounted, in the museum, besides representatives of other orders. A good representation of the characteristic fossils of the Trenton formation of the neighbourhood has been made, some of them very rare. We have also a fine display of the woods grown in the locality, numbering some fifty species, cut so as to show bark, quality and grain, As the County of Hastings contains large deposits of iron and other ores, specimens of all the mines that can be obtained have been placed on exhibition, so that a good idea can now be formed of the greatness and extent of our mineral wealth, which, gentlemen, I can assure you, will in the future be of the utmost importance, not only to our own county but to the country at large. Although our Society is small, it proves, as the preceding facts will show, that we have not been idle, considering that we have not had any municipal or other grant of any kind to assist us. The officers for the present year are :—

President........ ~evestical. acuneeessusaneek sence eateeseee Thomas Wills. CO BOSTON Titls<cicancsconcnss occe soe eee eee RC Ree Dr. H. James. MIG TIR DE ies sis Sao 20 sis css non De ane Jas. Marsden. FORTE TE 0 Pond une W. R. Smith.

XI. Dr. Eczis, on behalf of the Canadian Institute, made a brief statement showing the work of that association during the past year.

XII. In the absence of Mons. H. J. J. B. Crouinarp, the following Report of the Geographical Society of Quebec was received :——

Depuis le mois de mai de l’année dernière (1884), la Société de Géographie de Québec a continué a travailler dans la mesure de ses forces à faire connaître la géographie physique de la province de Québec en particulier, en prenant pour objet de ses études les terres peu connues situées au nord de cette province, dans la direction du Mistassini et de la Baie d'Hudson.

PROCEEDINGS FOR 1885. XXI

Une exploration aux frais communs du gouvernement fédéral et du gouvernement de Québec se poursuit actuellement dans la région du lac Mistassini, et notre prochain annuaire, maintenant en préparation, contiendra des renseignements nouveaux et importants sur ce sujet.

Nous formons des vœux pour que nos gouvernements continuent cette exploration sans perdre de vue la partie géographique, si importante pour la colonisation,

Dans le cours de l’année qui vient de s’écouler, notre société s’est maintenue dans un état de

1 ) prospérité remarquable. Notre annuaire prochain contiendra plusieurs travaux scientifiques qui n'ont pas été lus en public sous forme de conférences comme les années précédentes, mais qui ne manqueront pas d’intéresser les savants.

Notre société s’est efforcé de recruter de nouveaux membres, et a réussi à conserver les anciens. L'état financier est satisfaisant. vu les circonstances ; mais notre société ressent vivement les effets de la suspension des crédits que lui ont votés par le passé les gouvernements d'Ottawa et de Québec

5 .

Nous avons été heureux d'apprendre que la Société Royale de Géographie d Angleterre a choisi

cette année pour son président, le marquis de Lorne, ancien gouverneur du Canada. Les sympathies } ) ? 5 ympathies

que cet homme distingué a montrées envers notre société nous font espérer que sa promotion à cette

charge nous facilitera les relations qui nous unissent déjà aux sociétés géographiques de l’Europe.

Vous trouverez ci-jointe la liste de notre bureau pour l’année courante :

Présidente eee ee EE bane houmeards

Charles Baillairgé. Vice-présidents ....... ........... Vincent Cazeau. Le colonel Rhodes.

Sec.-cor. français ...............-....-.N. Levasseur.

PAIRS DC a Sees JON Choumard. Sec.-cor. anglais......... ............... Wie U, Seaton. PASE Es ee dels lebteraelll Seerétaire-archiviste......-........-..., D. Tims.

Ass. see .….…....W. D. Baillairgé,

IBiDHOLhÉCAITE..... ee... l, Mletcher:

INESSQINEPoocnco ppocuobpdonnbnoasoenedeGaTE/s ts Je AU atts)

Membres du conseil........ ............', Ledroit, le lieut.-col. Vohl, le Dr Venner, H, LeMoine, J. F, Guay.

XI. From the Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society, through Mr. Wm. P. ANDERSON :—

During the year which has elapsed since I had the honour of submitting its last report, the Literary and Scientifie Society of Ottawa has continued its work with a fair measure of prosperity, in the directions which experience has shown to be most successful, and as a prosperous career is usually an uneventful one there is little of interest to report this year.

At the Annual General Meeting held last month the following Officers were elected for the current year :—

BTP IT Weiailfnogaqoos- odagranedacea0de0007G ;oeonooocoScHOOE Nesey Anderson.

HITS DEVICE PTERTAGN HS... cesse. JP, Heatherston. Second Vice-President....................2.. ......D. Matheson.

SHORING acoost oo onnoansbonnbooasctionepsadodobeogsescod Cie WWE Greene. MPGASUTED 0... ee... some cersse Je Re Armstrong, MADAME ere escales sms ce Tec ace dass too e ses 00e ce .F. K. Bennetts. (CLIETIO® coscooscon.cogp ao ete CEE UE

Wm. D, LeSueur. Member's Of COUNCIL... esse se cssscse-.00--.4 Paul T, Lafleur. W. Scott.

XXII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

The number of members on our roll still continues about the same (350), and the reading room and library have been more used than in any previous years,—the capacity of the reading room being often so taxed as to suggest the desirability of a further enlargement of quarters. Some periodicals have been added to the reading room, while 214 new books have been bought or presented to the library, and the purchase of some additional popular works has been lately authorized.

The Society has found it unnecessary to continue any longer its classes of instruction, especially as Classes in art and design are now conducted by the better equipped and admirably managed Ottawa Art School.

The usual course of winter lectures was held, and proved most successful. The Society deems itself specially fortunate in having been favored by an cloquent address by the first President of your Society, Sir William Dawson.

One feature in the course, that of introducing a number of short papers on the same evening, was very popular, and seems calculated to bring to light and develop the literary abilities of our individual members, who might be unwilling to venture at first on more extended essays. For this reason our Society would recommend a trial of this system by other similar Societies.

The following is a list of the lectures delivered and papers read during the past winter :—

. Inaugural Address on the Elements of Culture, by the President, Wm. D. LeSueur. . Lecture on Methods of Illumination, with practical illustrations, by Wm. P. Anderson. . Lecture on the Principles of Symmetry in Nature, by A. Magill.

Lecture on the Geology of the Nile Valley, by Sir William Dawson.

. Lecture on John Milton, by the Rev. W. T. Herridge.

. Lecture on Latest Advices, by the Rev. Principal S. S. Nelles.

. Address on the Value of the Study of Entomology, by James Fletcher.

. Essay on the Origin of Prairie Lands, by Dr. G. M. Dawson.

. Essay on Mimicry in Nature, by W. H. Harrington.

. Address on Charles Lamb and Tom Hood, by J. R. Armstrong.

. Essay on the Modern School of Poetry, by A. Lampman.

. Essay on the Iroquois in the Time of Champlain, by F. H. Gisborne.

CO =T © oP wb

mi ii hi Noro ©

MiscELLANEOUS BUSINESS.

Dr. Johnson moved, seconded by Mr. Geo. Stewart, jun., That that section of the Report which refers to certain gentlemen as having failed to attend for three years be adopted, and that their resignations be considered final.”

Dr. Daniel Wilson moved, in amendment, seconded by Dr. Chauveau, “That the section of the Report in question be referred to a committee to communicate with the gentlemen named in the Report as assumed to have resigned, and to report to the Council on the subject with a view to estab- lish a precedent on the future action of the Society, and that the said committee be composed of Dr. Chauveau, Sir William Dawson, Dr. Johnson and Dr, Wilson.”

And the question being put on the amendment, it was agreed to, and the main motion amended accordingly.

On motion of Dr. Johnson, seconded by Mr. Bourinot, “It was agreed unanimously that M. N. Bourassa, Dr. Osler and Dr. J. Bernard Gilpin be permitted to retain their titles and be entered on the list of retired members, in accordance with the recommendation of the Report of the Council.”

PROCEEDINGS FOR 1885. XXIIT SESSION IV. (May 28th.) The President took the chair at 10.30 o’clock, A.M.

MiscELLANEOUS BUSINESS.

Rev. Æneas McD. Dawson moved, seconded by Abbé Tanguay, That the votes of the Fel- lows of a Section in which an election is required, who are unavoidably absent from illness or any other cause, be counted, as well as the votes of such as can be present at the meeting at which the election must take place; that such absentee members be afforded full opportunity of giving their votes, and that it be left to the Council of the Royal Society to arrange and determine in what way the votes of necessarily absent Fellows shall be taken.”

Dr. Johnson moved in amendment, seconded by Dr. Chauveau, That the matter be referred to the Council with a request to report thereon to the Society next year.”

And the question being put on the amendment, it was agreed to, and the main motion amended accordingly.

The following motions were agreed to :—

On motion of Dr. Chauveau, seconded by M. Marchand, “That the question of the augmenta- tion of Corresponding Members be referred to the Council.”

On motion of Sir William Dawson, seconded by Mr. Bourinot, “That the Council be requested to formulate a rule with regard to Amendments to the Constitution, and submit it to tne Society at its next gencral meeting.”

The meeting was then adjourned until the following day at 10 o’clock, A.M.

SESSION V. (May 29th.) The President took the chair at 10 o’clock, A.M.

MiscELLANEOUS BUSINESS.

Mr. T. C. Keefer made a brief report of the work performed by the Hamilton Association, and handed in a printed copy of its Transactions. The Society then proceeded to the election of new Fellows. The Honorary Secretary read the following communication from Section I, in accordance with Rule 6 :— SOCIÉTÉ ROYALE pu CANADA.

Orrawa, 28 mai 1885.

J. G. Bourinor, Esq., Secrétaire honoraire S. R. du Canada.

MONSIEUR,

J’ai l'honneur de vous informer que la lère section de la Société Royale du Canada a nommé au siège laissé vacant par la mort de M. Oscar Dunn, M. Alfred Duclos-DeCelles, conservateur de la biblio- thèque du parlement canadien. Les principaux titres de M. DeCelles à ce choix sont la haute valeur de cet écrivain comme journaliste, et les importants travaux littéraires et historiques qu'il a publiés dans diverses revues.

La section a également nommé au siège laissé vacant par la démission de M. Napoléon Bourassa,

XXIV ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

M. Alphonse Lusignan, qui depuis longtemps s’est distingué comme journaliste et comme auteur de plusieurs études littéraires, entre autres d’un livre intitulé: Coups d'œil et coups de plume. Vous voudrez bien communiquer cette information au Conseil de la Société. Et obliger Votre très humble, &e., L’ABBé Cypr. TANGUAY.

On the motion of Abbé Casgrain, seconded by Abbé Tanguay, the recommendation of Section I, just read, with respect to the election of Messieurs Lusignan and DeCelles as members of the Royal Society, was agreed to. -

The Honorary Secretary next informed the Society that the Council had received a communica- tion from Section IV, recommending the election of Mr. James Fletcher of Ottawa, Dr. Burgess of London, and Professor Penhallow of Montreal, as Fellows of the Royal Society, to fill vacancies in the foregoing section: The following recommendation of the same Section was also communicated with respect to the election of a new corresponding member, in accordance with the regulation passed in the session of May, 1884 :—

On the motion of Sir William Dawson, seconded by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, Resolved : that Professor T. C. Bonney, D.Sc., LL.D., F.RS., F.S.A., President of the Geological Society of London, Secretary of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and author of several important works and memoirs on geology, be recommended for election as a Corresponding Member of the Royal Society of Canada. Dr. Bonney has also rendered important services to Canadian science in connec- tion with the recent meeting of the British Association in Montreal.”

The foregoing recommendations were unanimously agreed to.

REPORTS OF SECTIONS.

The President then called upon the respective Sections to report their Lists of Officers and the work in said Sections during the present meeting. The following reports were accordingly made :—

Rapport de la Section I.

La première section s’est réunie le mardi 26 mai 1885. I] y a eu douze membres présents aux séances. Il a été décidé, le 27, que la section demanderait à la Société de faire mettre dans les deux langues de ce pays le titre des Mémoires imprimés de la Société, sur la couverture de ces Mémoires. On a aussi lu les études et ouvrages suivants : I. Une étude sur Vauquelain, par M. FAuCHER DE SAINT-MAURICE. IT. Le premier parlement canadien, par M. FAUCHER DE SAINT-MAURICE. UT. De l'élément étranger aux Etats-Unis, par M. Faucuer DE Sarnt-Maurice. IV. Une étude sur M. Gérin-Lajoie, par M. L'ABBÉ CASGRAIN. V. Une nouvelle historique: Ze dernier boulet, par M. MARMETTE. VI. La population blanche de la Nouvelle-France, de 1608 à 1631, par M. L’ABBÉ T'ANGUAY. VII. A travers les registres du X VIIe siècle, par M. L’ABBÉ Tanavuay. VIII. La race française en Amérique, par M. LEGENDRE. IX. L’anatomie des mots, par M. LeGENDRE£. X. Epître à M. Prendergast, après avoir lu Un soir d'automne, (poésie), par M. CHAUvVEAU. XI. L’ Angleterre et le clergé français, par M. L’ABBË Bors. XII. Autrefois et maintenant (poésie), par M. LEGENDRE. XIII. Une fable en vers: L’aigle et la marmotte, par M. MArcHAND.

PROCEEDINGS FOR 1885. XXV

XIV. Une épitre en vers, par M. Marcuanp. XV. Les premières pages de notre histoire (poème), par M. FRÉCHETTE. XVI. Lettre d'un volontaire (poésie), par M. Roururer. XVII. Les derniers seront les premiers (poésie), par M. Lemay. XVIII. Une étude sur les racines de la langue algonquine, par M. L'ABBÉ Cuoa. XIX. Une étude sur certaines prétendues origines des Canadiens-français, par M. Sucre. Le 28 mai. on procède aux élections pour remplacer deux membres. M. A. D. DeCelles remplace M. Dunn. M. Alphonse Lusignan remplace M. Bourassa, démissionnaire. Ces élections ont été faites au scrutin secret. Les candidats ont été proposés par des membres qui se sont constitués leurs par- rains et ont répondu de leur acceptation. Ensuite ont eu lieu les élections annuelles du bureau, avec le résultat suivant : BENJAMIN SULTE, président. Pauz DE CazEs, vice-président. ALPHONSE LUSIGNAN, secrétaire. M. Lusignan a été désigné à l'unanimité comme devant être nommé secrétaire, dans le cas son élection comme membre serait ratifiée par l'assemblée générale.

Le tout humblement soumis. F. G. MARCHAND, président.

BENJAMIN SULTE, secrétaire. Orrawa, 29 mai 1885.

Report of Section IT.

I have the honour to report that Section II has elected as Office-bearers for the ensuing year :— : Lr.-Cor. Grorer T. DENison, B.A., President. R. M. Bucks, M.D., Vice-President. GEORGE STEWART, Jun., Secretary.

The Committee on Publications is composed of Rey. Dr. J. Clark Murray, John George Bourinot, and George Stewart, jun.

The same committee appointed last year to consider the paper read by Rev. Professor Geo. Bryce, of Winnipeg, a delegate to the Royal Society, in which the question of publishing memoirs or old books relating to Canadian history, travel, etc., under the auspices of the Royal Socicty is discussed, was re- appointed. The committee is composed of John George Bourinot, Chairman; John Reade, John Lesperance, and George Stewart, jun.

The following papers were read :—

I. The Annals of an Old Society. By Joux M. Harper, Ph. D. I. The Artistic Faculty in American and other Primitive Races. By Dr. Dante, Witson. II. The Adventures of Isaac Jogues. By Rev. Dr. W. H. Wrrsrow. IV. The Five Forts of Winnipeg. By Rey. Pror. J. Bryce. V. Richard the Second in Scotland. By Rev. Æneas McD. Dawson. VI. Paleolithic Dexterity. By Dr. Danren WiLsoN. VII. Sources of Early Canadian History (presented). By GEORGE Srewarr, Jun. VIII. The Half-Breed (presented). By Joun Reaper. IX. Vita Sine Literis (presented). By Joux Reane.

I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, GEORGE STEWART, JUN., Secretury. Proc. 1885. D.

XXVI ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

Report of Section III.

The number of members of the Section in attendance was twelve. Of the absent members, Mr. Baillairgé, and Professors Cherriman and McGregor forwarded papers to be read. The other absent members were Capt. E. Deville, Professor N. F. Dupuis, Mr. Sandford Fleming, Mr. F, W. Gisborne, and Professor Harrington.

The Officers elected for the ensuing year were :—

Mr. C. CaARPMAEL, President. Mr. T. MacrARLANE, Vice-President. Mr. G. C. Horrmann, Secretary. The accompanying list gives the title of the papers read in full or in abstract, or accepted as read -— I. Presidential Address. By Dr. A. Jonnson. IT. On a Natural System in Mineralogy with a Classification of Silicates. By Dr. T. Srerry Hunt. III. Blowpipe Reactions on Plaster Tablets. By Dr. H. Haanet. IV. On the Quantitative Blowpipe Assay of Cinnabar. By Dr. E. HAANær. V. The following by Pror. J. P. Loupon :— 1. Clausius’ Theory of the Virial. 2. The Motion of a Rigid Body with One Point Fixed. 3. The Equation of Energy on Generalized Coordinates. 4, Geometrical Methods in Optics. VI. On the Longitude of Toronto. By Mr. C. CARPMAEL and Pror. McLzop. VII. Communicated by Dr. A. JOHNSON :— 1. On the Longitude of the Transit Instrument at the Observatory, McGill College, Montreal. By Pror, W. A. Rogers, of Harvard, Mass., and Pror. McLrop, of McGill College, Montreal. -2. On the Longitude of Cobourg. By Pror. McLeop and Mr. CHANDLER. VIII. On Tidal Observations in Canadian Waters. By Dr, A. JoHnson. IX. On the Analysis of Silk. By Dr. H. A. Bayne. X. On the Geognosy of Crystalline Rocks. By Dr. T. Srerry Huwr. XI. On the Determination in Terms of a Definite Integral, ete. By Mr. C. CARPMAEL.

XII. Verbal account by V. Rey. T. E. Hamer of a paper by Dr. D. Duvat, entitled: “Mémoire sur l’introduction et l'interprétation rationelle des quantités négatives et des quantités imaginaires dans le calcul.”

XIII, On some Iron Ores of Central Ontario. By Pror. E. J. ÜHAPMAN.

XIV. Concernant la théorie de M. Steckel sur la veine liquide contractée. By M. C. BAILLAIRGÉ.

XV. The Density of Weak Aqueous Solutions of certain Salts. By Pror, J. C. MaAcGREGOR.

XVI. A Commentary on Section IX of Newton’s Principia. By Pror. J. B. CHERRIMAN.

ALEXANDER JOHNSON, President. G. C. Horrmann, Acting-Secretary.

Report of Section IV.

The papers whose titles and authors are enumerated below were read either in extenso or by title :--

I. On a new Mesozoic Flora discovered by Dr. G, M, Dawson in the Rocky Mountains, By SIR WiLLiAM Dawson, LL.D. F.R.S,

PROCEEDINGS FOR 1885. XX VII

II. Illustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group. No.3. By G.F. Marrnew, M.A. III. Geology of Cornwallis or MeNab’s Island, Halifax Harbour. By Rev. Pror. Honeyman, D.C.L. IV. Notes on the Economic Minerals of New Brunswick, with a revised list of mineral localities in the Province. By Pror. L. W. Battery, M.A., Ph. D. V. On the Geology of South-eastern Quebec. By Tuomas MACFARLANE, M.E. VI. On the Geology of Thunder Cape, Lake Superior. By Tuomas Macrarvang, M.E. VII. On the Wallbridge Hematite Mine, as illustrating the Mode of Occurrence of certain Ore. deposits. By Pror. E. J. Cuapman, Ph. D., LL.D. VII. A Catalogue of Canadian Butterflies, with notes on the Distribution of the Genera. By W. SAUNDERS. TX. On Fossil Plants from the Trias and Permian of Prince Edward Island, collected by Mr. Francis Bain. By Str Wittram Dawson, LL.D., F.RB.S. X. Cambrian Rocks in the Rocky Mountains. By G. M. Dawson, D.Se., A.R.S.M., F.G.S. XI. Note on the Siluroid Genus, Hypophthalmus. By Pror. R. Ramsay Wrtout, M.A., B. Sc. The election of Officers of the Section for the ensuing session resulted as follows :—

Principat Sir Wiczram Dawson, LL.D., F.R.S., President. Rev. Pror. J. C. K. LArLAMME, D.D., Vice-President. J. F. WuiteAves, F.G.S., Secretary.

The following gentleman were nominated for the three vacancies in the Section, the names being given in the order of the number of votes received by each :—

1. Mr. James Fletcher, of the Parliamentary Library, Ottawa.

2. Prof. D. P. Penhallow, B. Se., of McGill University, Montreal.

3. Dr. Thomas Burgess, of London, Ontario.

The Section recommend that Professor R. G. Bonney, LL.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the British Association for the Advancement of Science and, at present, President of the Geological Society of London, be elected a corresponding member of the Society.

J. F. Wurreaves, Secretary.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The Society then proceeded to the Election of Officers for the ensuing year, and the following were unanimously chosen :—

President—Dr. Dante. Witson. (On the motion of Dr. Chauveau, seconded by Mr. George Stewart, jun.)

Vice-President—Very RevEREND Rector Hamet. (On the motion of Sir William Dawson, seconded by Dr. Johnson.)

Honorary Secretary —Mr. Joun GuorcE BouriNor. (On the motion of Mr. George Stewart, jun., seconded by Dr. Johnson.)

Honorary Treasurer —Dr. GRANT. (On the motion of Abbé Casgrain, seconded by Dr. Fréchette.)

ConcLupING RESOLUTIONS.

The following Resolutions were proposed and adopted :—

1. That the Council be instructed to supply hereafter only one copy of the Transactions to the Fellows of the Society, but at the same time to give them the privilege of obtaining three additional copies at cost price. (On the motion of Mr. T. Macfarlane, seconded by Mr. Carpmael.)

2. That a statement be submitted annually to the Society of the number of copies of each volume of the Transactions held by the Society. (On the motion of Mr. Carpmael, seconded by Mr. Stewart.)

XXVIII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

3. That Dr. B. J. Harrington, Dr. MacGregor, Professor Laflamme, Dr. Clarke Murray, M. Hector Fabre, and such other members as may be in Europe, be appointed Delegates to represent the Royal Society at the meeting of the Association francaise at Grenoble, in August next. (On the motion of Dr. Johnson, seconded by Dr. Chauveau.)

4. That the thanks of the Society be given to the Speakers of the Senate, and of the House of Commons, for the accommodation afforded the members during the present meeting. (On the motion of Sir Willlam Dawson, seconded by Dr. Chauveau.)

_ 5. That the best thanks of the Society be tendered to the retiring President for his earnest efforts in behalf of the Society. (On the motion of Sir William Dawson, seconded by Dr. Chauveau.)

The Society then adjourned until May, 1886.

ROYALE SOCIETY OF CANADA.

APPENDIX TO PROCEHEDINGS FOR 1885.

(See page vi.)

Report of the Committee of the Royal Society of Canada consisting of PROFESSORS Jounson, MacGREGOR and CHERRIMAN, Dr. Hunt and M. SULTE, on the Encourage- ment of Original Literary and Scientific Work.

Your Committee were appointed on May 25th, 1883, and instructed “to inquire into, and report upon the forms of Aid and Encouragement given in other countries to young men deemed qualified and desirous to engage in Original Literary or Scientific Work, and to suggest the best means of providing similar aid and encouragement for young men in Canada.” In consequence, partly, of the death of Dr. Todd, who had undertaken to assist in gathering together the necessary information, we were unable to make a report at the last meeting of the Society. We were, therefore, re-appointed with the original instructions. In carrying out your instructions, we have restricted our enquiries to the United Kingdom and her Colonies and the United States,

We have considered it unnecessary to report upon the educational facilities provided by Univer- sities for advanced study of literary and scientific subjects, such as lectures, libraries, museums and laboratories. An account of such facilities, as offered in various countries, would fill volumes, and we may safely assume that not only all the Fellows of the Society but also the educated public are already convinced of the necessity of giving our Universities the best possible equipment in these respects. We have, therefore, restricted our inquiry to the incomes provided by Universities and other corpora- tions, in the form of Fellowships, Scholarships, Exhibitions, Bursaries, etc., to enable young men of promise to devote themselves for longer or shorter periods to the study of the higher branches of learning.

Tt has been found somewhat difficult to distinguish between incomes provided to assist students in pursuing a course of general education (usually called Scholarships, Exhibitions, etc.,) and those intended to enable them to pursue the study of special branches (often called Fellowships). We have considered incomes awarded to students for their support before the attainment of the academic rank of Bachelor as beyond the scope of our report, but those intended to assist them in pursuing their studies after their attainment of that rank, we have considered to be “forms of aid and encourage- ment” as to which information was to be sought. In cases in which Scholarships, etc., though awarded before graduation are tenable after graduation, we consider them to be “forms of aid” beginning at the date of graduation, and they are thus entered in the table given below.

It need hardly be said that we have included in the statement given below, only those Fellow- ships, ete., which are awarded on conditions permitting the holders of them to devote themselves to advanced study of a literary or scientific kind. We have, therefore, excluded purely professional Fellowships. There are, however, cases in which the pursuit of some branch of what is ordinarily considered Professional study is permitted, as for instance Hebrew or Physiology, which we have considered to come within the scope of our report.

The information which we have collected will be found, we hope, to be tolerably full and practically accurate, although there may, no doubt, be errors in it in spite of all precautions. Our object has been, not so much to give a minutely detailed account of encouragement offered by Universities to their graduates to engage in literary or scientific work, as to shew had much greater is the encouragement offered by means of Fellowships in other countries than in Canada.

With respect to the United Kingdom, we have relied upon the Calendars of Universities and

XXX ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

Colleges, aud in cases in which these were not available, upon the excellent compendium of facts con- tained in Cassell & Co.’s Educational Year-Book. The Calendars of Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin Universities, in many cases, do not give the annual values of the numerous Fellowships provided by their Colleges or the sources whence their endowments have been derived. We have not considered it necessary to enquire into their values in detail. Probably for Oxford and Cambridge they may be taken in general at about $1,000 to $1,250 per annum. They have all been endowed mainly by private beneficence. The conditions of their tenure are different in different Colleges, and are under- going change under recent Acts of Parliament, the tendency being to render the Fellowships more productive of literary and scientific results. In Dublin, the Fellowships, which are awarded by open competitive examination, correspond more nearly to what would be called Professorships in this country, and rise gradually by seniority to an average yearly value of about $7,000 to $8,000 as we have learned. With regard to the Scholarships of some of the Colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, it is impossible to ascertain from the Calendars for how many years they may be held. Such Scholar- ships we have not mentioned, though possibly they may be tenable after graduation and may therefore serve to encourage literary and scientific work.

For information as to Fellowships available in the United States and in the British Colonies, we have entered into correspondence with the Presidents of about 150 of their principal Colleges. With regard to the United States and Canada our information is probably nearly complete. From Australia and New Zealand, however, replies have not yet been received, and hence the statement given below may possibly do these colonies injustice.

The facts which we have thus gathered together we have thrown into tabular form. The con- tractions employed will probably not require explanation.

. HE, o Ea | so me Source FELLOwSHIPS, &c. 33 a a 0 How AWARDED. Coxprrioxs, &c. À | 2 | Sx | Endowment. ENGLAND. Oxrorp UNIVERSITY. $ Craven Scholarships......... 6 400 3 Priv. Benefac.| Exam. in Classics. Dean Ireland’s Scholarships.| 4 150 4 CRMPES. Candidates of not more than 4 years stand- Senior Mathematical Scholar- Ships.......ss.....s....,... 2 150 2 oe Exam. in Math. and| Winner to study at Oxford. : | Exp. Phys. Boden Scholarships......,.., 4 250 4 if Exam. in ancient langs.| Winner to study Sanscrit at Oxford. Pusey and Ellerton Scholar- ships....................... 3 250 SN NE El are ste sde DÉCHO000S Winner to study Hebrew at Oxford. Kennicott Scholarships...... 1 sms 1 o. Exam. in Hebrew. Burdett-Coutts Scholarships. 2 180 2 ae Exam. in Geol. and Nat. Sci : Denyer and Johnson Scholar- SRS ships....... Mar orne 2 300 1 Exam. in Theological ; 2 subjects. Derby Scholarships........... it 600 1 es For distinetion in Clas- sies. pt Eater 1 150 1 rf Exam. in Latin. Davis Chinese Scholarships..| 1 250 2 ss Exam. in Chinese...... Winner to study Chinese at Oxford. All Souls’ College— Fellowshipsie ss «ses. 14 | 1,000 7 |College Funds.|Exam. in Law & Hist. iif 7 | 1,000 7 Se Exam.in other subjects. i 7 | 1,000 7 y Tenable on condition of undertaking lite- Es rary or scientific work. 3 | 1,000 7 |e ss Tenable with certain College offices. v 2 | 1,000 7 F Tenable with certain University offices. oH 12 250 7 se Tenable by former Fellows. 5 | 1,000 7 Re Tenable with certain Chairs.

REPORT ON FELLOWSHIPS, ETC. XXXI . re. Cha Pea || iON || eis Source Fettowsuirs, &c. 23) 6s as o How AWARDED. Conpitr0ons, &c. AS as Fst) Endowment. OxrorD UNIVERSITY.—C'on. Balliol College— Fellowships. ... Éd Soocd oops College Funds. Scholarships................. 15 400 1 SE Exam. (Elementary).. .| Tenable 5 HE candidates to be under 19 years of age. Mathematical Scholarships- 4 400 1 On |réoon SORT ere 2 87e | Tenable 4 years; candidates to be of not AGE more than 1 year’s standing. Exhibitions...................l 3 350 2 Ce scone BET Te sin Tenable 5 years; candidates to be of not Go more than 2 years standing. Warner Exhibition..........l 7] 450 1 |Priv. Benefac. |----+- A Sc Tenable 5 years. Jenkyns sus 2 500 4 EN M Sc nan obA Candidates to be of not more than 4 years standing. Brasenose College— Fellowships..............,.. ZO PR EAE EE HOBOOE -|College Funds. Somerset Scholarships....... 22 | 250-400 1 |Priv. Benefac. |Exam. (Elementary). --| Tenable 5 years. Open UG arcs 11 400 1 |College Funds. |...... DE cas Tenable 5 years ; candidates to be under 20. Hulme Exhibitions.......... 8 650 2 |Priv. Benefac. |......... me. Tenable 4 years; candidates to be of not less than 13 nor more than 3 years stand- ing. Christ Church— Senior Studentships.. D MEME) Eocecrs College Funds. Open Scholarships... 5 400 1 a Exam. (Elementary)---| Tenable 5 years. Scholarships....... 2 400 1 Cie? Pio rca CESSE Tenable 1 year beyond attainment of 4 è years standing. HxhibIHONnE mecs eesecene 10-12} 225 1 COMMISE ge Do. Do. Fell Exhibitions..........- mele: 200 1 |Priv. Benefac.|...... WS ant6ed Tenable 4 years from date of award. Careswell Exhibitions.............!,, Biswas 6 EDS Le cee Go Baaedo Tenable 10 years from date of award. Corpus Christi College— IN GVIOWSMIDB:(aiae(s)en'eleisieleicinietcc's 1A | ercetetenel| toto College Funds, |... | Two connected with Chairs. Scholarships. ..-.. 25 400 1 me nee stead Tenable 5 years from matriculation. Exeter College— PMGLIOWSHIDS Tee eee doc) Re PM Son aporiaocn ao Hertford College— Fellowships ........... 15 D 2 ce .| Ten. only by married men for limited time. Scholarships ... 30 500 1 co Exam. (Elementary)...| Tenable 5 years from award. Jesus College— Fellowships........,,........ 10-14 |........ acenogod Lincoln College— TYAN Me te ere DOW tess Dodo “6 Magdalen College— Fellowships.................. GE. Ge [ [Hioscemecce tenants Attached to Professorships. em Nie TR EE RER eee. Pret coe Ml ct none oo c Held by College officials. FE sr oghopeneneceacasen 13-23 |........ 7 ~ aoe in various sub- jects. Demyships (Senior).......... lagocodon bonnet PR PR ere el menus es el Candidates to have passed exams. for B.A. Merton College— Fellowships...........,..,.,. 19-26 |........| if CG Exam., or Election by! Some attached to Coll. or Univ. offices, | Coll. some given on condition of literary or ; scientific work. Postmasterships.......+. 18 400 1 ch Exam. (Elementary) in| Tenable 5 years from award. Class.,Math. and Nat. ewe Sci. in rotation. Exhibitions............ code) | 222 300 1 Do, 0, Do, Do,

XXXII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

e 2 E 3 2 ä | Source | FELLOWwSHIPS, &c. as ES as Rete How AWARDED. Conpirioxs, &c. < tal | = OxrorD UNIVERSITY-—Con. | New College— NGI WaHIDSe ne eee 5 |... College Funds. |....................,... Attached to Professorships. NT Wen dc de een aman I, Sornocied lens TN | Po na Nemo nt Attached to Tutorships. FE Wécostee ronge AA DIN Een lee eme | Winchester Scholarships..... cir.21| 400 1 3 Exam. (Elementary).. | Tenable 5 years from award. Open Sg Aca. cir.14 400 1 Ce (A sn En 4 rdc Do. Do. Oriel College— Fellowships........,......ee 150 adoocieg) |soniconoc Scholarships........,........ 10 400 3 ES, cc o Monte e ere ere | Tenable 5 years from award; candidates à to be of not more than 2 yrs. standing. Exhibitions.................. 4 400 1 4 Exam. (Elementary).. | Tenable 5 years from award. : Pembroke College— | ellOWSDIDE: sets TM Soon sacrindon 6e | Queen’s College— | Fellowships.................. 15 se... ss | Scholarships..... nes 21 450 1 ne nl accdao Rs steam tanes | Tenable 5 years from award. Hastings Exnibitions........ 27 450 1 |Priv. Benefac.|.......s.u..suss........ Do. Do. Fitzgerald CPAS 1 350 3 CON Minime ordis Tenable 7 years from award. Thanet En see Bodoce! a 200 1 PESTE EEE ECO CCCEE CEE EEE Tenable 5 years from award. Holme AN le 2 | 225 |) 4 ats) AE eee Rare Seen! Do. Fox es il 180 il GI) flsadorteddindooonugdooands Do. Do Dixon PL wh iSdrosntio 2 180 1 Wi ado owaondcsandduncoouoe: Do. Do. Tylney Po etes 1 200 1 FN i cr Nomination ..... Do Do. Thomas SE one se 2 350 1 ES Rl ecren Ces Do. Do Bible Clerkships............. 2 405 1 SE : Le dong Do. Do St. John’s College— Fellowships....,....,......... if sécontn boston College Funds. |'eees.....s--svses Official. Ah" bnsodaHHSDSUDOIGON Dane taercigg yc we Professorial. Gin Se art rentree 7-11 |... 7 ce Fereday Fellowships........ A Wises ves 14 [Priv. Benefac. Scholarships.. ............. Ca sc: 3 [College Funds. Tenable 7 years from award. ci one AP 0 à 1 LS .| Tenable 5 years from award. Casberd Scholarships......... 4 400'; 1 |Priv. Benefac. .| Ten. 4yrs. ; cand. to be of 1 year’s standing. Trinity College— Fellowships.................. 120 BooAAaratton Gaec College Funds. University College— F'ELOWSNIPS See seeeese seen Te Soccieoad 7 w Bcholarshipssccseeecwesse pers 17 400 1 os Sd ocbo ct one wat Tenable 5 years from award. Exhibitions........... cranes 12 | 100-350 1 4 rentes rene pires Do. Do. AT ce re DE TT 5 350 2 SO MN ciaialabisteinre siasnisivinn erreignon Candidates of not more than 1} year’s standing; tenable 5 years from award. fo sone sions eivepiseee rte 7 250 1 cd Loan Una porogn TE Tenable 5 years from award. Wadham College— Fellowships....,...,....,..... OM lee = Scholarships.....,...........| 18 400 1 de ler | Tenable 5 years from award.

REPORT ON FELLOWSHIPS, ETC.

XXXII

How AWwARDED.

Conpitioys, &c.

>> EE = ä Source Fezcowsutrs, &e. Sa} ss EE of eS aS ee Endowment. OxrorD UNIVERSITY.— Con. Worcester College— a) Fe:lowships..... SA ER ety A ee College Funds. Scholarships................ 19 315 | on © CamprinGe University. | | Craven Scholarships......... 6 400 6 |Priv. Bencfac. Battie a ES Sexe 1 |150-175 6 be Browne GE RE troe i 105 6 ks Davies PAR 1 150 6 à Pitt Se Ca »-| 1 |350-400 6 st Porson Soe OSes DR 1 PN Meal “6 Waddington“ -::....... 1 450 | 4 ve Bell etes 8 300 | 1 | os Barnes mE ee te ne 1 800 1 a Tyrwhitt Hebrew Scholar- | RIDING) ie ERRORS 6 | 100-150 3 sf Whewell Scholarships.......| § | 250-509 4 ns Balfour Studeptship.....-... 1 | 1,000 | 3 Sheepshanks Exhibition..... 1 250 3 i Gonville and Caius College— Fellowships................. Ale se 6 |College Funds. SON OTSIDSe see «false mere 6 300 3 bobos este 6 200 3 > Lu, comics 6 150 3 : LO ie ES ceetre «| 6 | 100 3 ‘a He Honor ncn cae 2 300 3 “s Tancred Studentships....:...| 5 500 3 |Priv. Benefac. Christ's College— | Senior Fellowships.......... PGS) IAE bSncnore (College Funds. | x Junior Ron re ts Sa 10-5 6 3 Tancred Studentships. ..... NOT! 500 3 |Priv. Benefac. Clare College— Fellowships (Senior)......... Fh OR ee 6 or more College Funds. 3 (Junior)......... Lo ere 6 or more ue 5 Corpus Christ College— EM OWHNIDS reas Re. -0 HAW |aretersteya cial|arerseisiace fe é | Darening College— RONDE Sop eg bmne SO SO Deana) Meat lll lanBeer al 7 or more es SHOT ET OR PARCS Saige OS 300 3 Le Emmanuel College— Rellowsbhipgiecrsvsssseccaccrctoscess|5. ......|60r more ey j

Exam. in Classies

ce

Exam. in Hebrew.

Exam. in International Law.

By a Trust on recom- mendation.

Exam. in Astronomy.

“ec

Exam. in Botany and Comp. Anat-

Pro. 1885. 3B.

Exam. (Elementary). . i

Tenable 5 years from award.

Tenable 7 years; cand. of not more than 3 years standing.

Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.

Ten. 4 yrs, open to candidates in 2nd yr.

Tenable 5 years, open to candidates not over 3 years standing.

Tenable 4 years, open to candidates not ayers yeur’s standing.

0. 0.

Winner to conduct original research in

Biology.

Tenure prolonged for University official work or for literary and scientific work. Awarded during B.A. course. May be held

between B.A. and M.A. for special merit.

Do. Do.

Do. Do.

Do. Do.

| Awarded during M.B. course. May held 3 years after graduation.

Tenable with University or College offices, or by men engaged in other University work, or by able men engaged in origin- al research.

One must be Professorial.

Awarded during B.A. course, but may be extended to M.A.

enior Fellowship tenable with College or University offices. One is Professorial ; others tenable by persons eminent in Theology, Literature or Science.

XXXIV

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

=> = 2 3 ca Source FeLcLowsurrs, &c. SE EE aS 0 as 2s en Endowment. CamBrtDGE Universiry.—Con. Emmanuel College— Scholarships ......... ces 4 400 3 | College Funds. de ado sado ge 4 350 3 a D. co mdospncos 4 300 3 ss D. | MAncoer emo 6 250 3 Es OO! =e 2 score 6 | 200 3 se | Thorpe Scholarships......... 6 150 3 Priv. Benefac. | Dinie Wee Sabaasdricn 3 150 3 BE Johnson See abo “000 4 175 3 KG Ash 3 Sanne 2 250 3 se Smith os Moon nor 1 80 3 P Jesus College— Fellowships ........ omsasxs sil Onl OL ayeraieteiers . 6 or more College Funds. Scholarships............ a | ea) 80 3 La King's College. KellOWSNS esse... AB MIRE rer came es | Scholarships .... ...........lcir. 24, 400 | 2 or 3 st Magdalene College— Fellowships..... 8010000 Vil Bache LEE AU A es Pembroke College— Fellowships......... scpadanad||! ils} Stal treet ecco Ee Queen’s College— Fellowships ........ nITAUDS NI ER Re i v2 Sidney Sussex College— Fellowships..... prictleeiet tis itete 10 Senior Taylor Scholarships..| 6 300 3 |Priy. Benefac. St. Catherine's College— Fellowships.......... sors. (Hi nen me llerer .. [College Funds. St. John's College— Fellowships.......... colo 43 6-11 5 Naden Studentship.......... 1 400 3 |Priv. Benefac. Fry Hebrew Scholarship.....) 1 160 3 «6 Scholarships...... eater ere 60 250 3 |College Funds. St. Peter's College— Kellowships ee... san ML ll Seay eee! 6 Se Scholarships...... Sharh an DAT O—AODI scot: Ke Trinity College— HOOERINE ares eee. eee 60 6 CG

How AwARDED.

Exam. (Elementary) ..

Examination

Examination

Exam. in Math...,.....

Exam. in Divinity.

in Hebrew.

Conpitions, &c.

Awarded during B.A. course, but may be held till M.A

Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Tenable B.A. to M.A.

Awarded during B.A. course, and tenable till 6 years standing is attained.

Tenure prolonged in case of Professors, Public Orators, and University and Col- lege officials.

Awarded in B.A. course. May be contin- ued till M.A.

Five held with Professorships, some by College or University officials, some by men eminent for science or learning. In these cases tenure indefinite.

Awarded in B.A. course, tenable 3 years after.

One Fellowship is professorial, others held by University or College officials and by eminent men. In these cases tenure

prolonged.

.|Awarded on entering, tenable till B.A., but

tenure may be prolonged.

Tenure prolonged in case of Professors, University and College officials, and eminent men in literature and science.

REPORT ON FELLOWSHIPS, ETC. XXXV

| | | | |

| es = 3 3 a Souree | FeLLowsatrs, &c. | SS) a3 a8 of 7 How AWARDED. Coxprrioxs, &c. | Es EE 5 | Endowment. & CAMBRIDGE University.—Con.| Trinity College— | Scholarships................. | 74 400 | 2 or 3 | College Funds.|Exam. (Elementary) ..| Awarded during B.A. course. Tenable 5} Ny years, and may be continued. Mixhibibiowse eee desea ctor: ie 250 3 5 “in Nat. Sci. Trinity Hall— Fellowships.-----.-.--m.. RSS [Least : 6 Hn MN ado usage Aaccosccocoe Tenure prolonged by holding University and College offices. DurHAM UNIVERSITY. | Fellowships.......... certe Lee O 600 6 a : peaeee of Wardenand enate. Pemberton Fellowship. 1 600 GY emis, teGuevcel Tee Gogumacoeccenoncc Winner to teach in University and study | Physical Science. Mather Scholarship.......... ait 200 1 # Exam. in Science. LONDON UNIVERSITY. Scholarships............. re. 9 250 3 |Univers’y Fund Exam. Three each in (1)| Awarded at Graduation. (Gov't. Grant) ae (2) Cla-s., (3) le EU Sora oigancosnon 16 250 2 (Univers’y Fund Exam. Two each in ())) Do. Do.

(Goy’t. Grant)| Exp. Phys., (2) Chem..,! (8) Bot., (4) Zool., 6)! | Physiology, (6) Phys. | Geog. and Geol., (7)| ; | Medicine, (8) Law.

To Loboootcosonte 4 150 2 Univers'y Fund Exam. Two each in (1) Do. Do. (Gov't. Grant)| Obstetries, and (2) Fo- rensic Medicine. Vicrorra UNIVERSITY.

170 2 |Priv. Benefac.|Exam. Math.......... Do. Do.

Derby Scholarship..........+ 2 Mercer re i 120 1 | “a MRACHEM ere Do. Do. Owens’ College, Manchester. Vietoria Scholarship a 200 2 | a “Class. (adv’d) Shuttleworth 1 | 200 1 0 | Pol. Econ. Shakspere a 1 200 2 fe Eng. Lit.“ Bradford e i 225 1-2 | ae “History oa Fraser x z 200 2) fe = es Class: æ Dalton ss 1l 250 2 | 55 ‘“ Chem. 2

oe Ce 1 125 1 UG ‘* Math. F Platt ed 2 250 2 | ss 1€ hysiol. ft Hegmbottom: "2. 2 150 2 KS SAP hive, Ss Ashbury ss 2 125 ol | co “°° Engin’ring “* Turner ae 1 125 3 | cs “Medicine Langton Fellowship... 1 750 3 | « Exam. in any two of

following: (1) Class., | {2) Hist. & Pol. Econ., | (3) Modern Langs., (4)

Oriental Langs. Science and Sir HE)

| lowships.. seesevereeeee| 5 500 13 | 0 Evidence of qualifica- | tion. Mason Screncr COLLEGE, Bir- | mingham. | | Scholarships... i |College Funds. |Distinction in Chem. or 7 | Engineering. ee se cs seven eceeeeceeeeeeseeeee| Holders to prosecute original research. KixG's Cotiece, London. Warneford Scholarships ....| 2 125 1 Priv. Benefac.|Exam. in Med. subjects) Tenable 2 years, awarded at end of 3rdyear Medical is ] , È of Medical course. edica, nace 1 200 a) 5 À BE Do. Do. Daniell ss ere JL 100 2 | as ‘in Prac. Chem. i Inglis Œ ASE 2 Oy | certes ic Hist. & Eng. Lit,

XXXVI ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. E > E 3 3 Fa Source FecLowsarrs, &c. oa) las aS of How AWwARDED. Conpitrons, &c. erful EE el Endowment. YORKSHIRE COLLEGE, Leeds. | Cavendish Scholarship....... 1 250 1 ee For investigations in | Natural Science. University CoLLeGE, London. Hume Scholarships......... 2 100 3 «e Exam. one in Jurispru- dence, other in Pol. , Economy. Ricardo SE eres arcs 1 100 3 ee Exam. in Pol. Econ. Mill 4 A vacaecee i 100 q 1e Ee See Dit. Tuffnell P, CELA 2 H 500 1 Ui «in Chem .......| Tenable 2 years; open to candidates of 3 years standing. Unconnectep with the Univer- SITIES. | HibberbiBursaries...-.......1..... 1000 2 0 By Hibbert Trust, on| Holders to study Philosophy abroad. testimonials. SCOTLAND. Epinsurcu Universiry- Pitt Club Class. Scholarship.) 1 300 4 id Ex. Classies & Eng. Lit. Mackenzie Class. TE 600 4 cs Classical & Eng. Lit. % Baxter Math. Ce lh i 270 4 fe “Maths. & Physics. Baxter Philo. à uf 270 4 36 # Log., Metaph., and : ; Mor. Phil Baxter Phys. Sci. 1 290 2 cs Physical palace: Baxter Nat. Sci. a 1 290 2 a “* Natural Science. J. E. Baxter Ph) ool 3} 500 3 5 Class., Math., and Ment. Phil., alter- mn nately. _ Drummond Math. 1 500 3 A Mathematics... .| Winner to travel and to inspect and report x ‘i on remarkable engineering structures. Bruce Classical 1 500 3 “Classics... Winner to study at Edinburgh or abroad. Bruce Philo. ci 1 500 3 43 “Philosophy ........ Do. Do. Bruce Math. ye ean) il 500 3 3 * Math.and Nat. Phil Do. Do. Rhind Sy 1 450 2 3 fe CLRSSICH Fe eres. are ....| Winner to study at Edinburgh and take Fs . 4 è part in teaching in University. Rhind 1 450 2 ie ‘© Philosophy.......… Do. Do.

Chas. Maclaren sf if 500 3 Us “Math. & Nat. Phil.| Winner to travel and to inspect and report ar : on remarkable engineering structures. Neil Arnott : 1 200 it a Excellence in Phys.| Winner to assist in conducting Laboratory

Lae d F Laboratory work. Classes. Skirving Mor. Phil. 1 250 3 iG Excellence in Mor. Phil Lang Scholarship............ Cl non) | rato aos CM esone sation iicaticucte To be founded on death of life renters: one in Math., one in Nat. Phil.,one in Chem., . and one in Botany. Vans Dunlop Scholarships.--| 15 500 3 |Priv. Benefac.|By Exam. One Schol.| Winners to prosecute study of subject in in-each of the follow- which they take scholarships. ing subjects: (1) Eng. Lit., (2) Lat. and Gk., (3) Engineering, (4) Pol. Econ. and Mer- cantile Law, (5) Logie and Metaph., (6) Nat. Phil., (7) Mathema- ties, (8) Oriental Lan- guages, (9) History, (10) Chemistry. ; (1) Nat. Hist., (12) Law : and three in Medical subjects. Guthrie Fellowship ........ 1 430 4 oe Exam. in Class‘eal Lit. Hamilton ‘“f trace Al 455 3 af “in Mental Phil. Fettes id ral eet 000) eacas GS el Nearer nore | Restricted to Graduates who have been educated at Fettes College. Falconer Memorial Fellows’p| 1 540 2-4 D es aiedl & Palæ- ontology. Research Fellowships. ......) 5 509 1-3 ls By election of Senatus; Open to Graduates of Scottish Universities. Winners must prosecute research in Math., Chem., Biol., Ment. Phil., or His- tory at Edinburgh University. Pitt Club Diy. Scholarship..} 1 700 3 ss Examination .........+ Tenable by M.A.’s who have studied Theol. 5 years.

cs

LA à

REPORT ON FELLOWSHIPS, ETC. XXXVII les = : ie EE Fi ; eR!) Eg ae Source Fezcowsxrrs, &c. Sea a3 a How Awarpep. Conpitions, &c. Bisel 2a Endowment. | | Epineurcu University.—Con. | | Maxton Div. oe sh ee |) 200 3 |Priv. Benefac.|,.......+. PO na | Tenable by students who have completed LS un Theol. course. Glover Div. & oo) al | 160 3 $ mere Dre Do. Do. Ettles bY sole 200 1 To most distinguished : Ae | graduate in Medicine) à Law Fellowship............. 1 | 500 3 ‘Examination A RTE Open to Graduates in Law. IOI eye RE ere crenees 1 loir. 400) 1 us [For rec in Phy-| |_ siology.

Goodsir Prize................ 1 300 1 = For Research in Ana; Awarded triennially. tomy. |

Hope ED aw cgenasreattoe | 1 500 1 Exam. in Chem......-- _ Winner to study Chemistry 1 year.

= Le A

Murchison Scholarship...... 1 250 1 eT sedrtaseo cascoccoppson Candidates must be of 4 years standing in

| Med: Fac.

Buchanan SOA settee 1 200 1 pal exam. in Mid-

| wilery.

Aitken Theo CN... 1 500 2-3 | Examination .......... | Winner to study Church History and Bibli-

cal criticism at Continental Universities.

Hope Prize da cesse À [roses 1 Ex. in Practical Chem.| Winner to assist. Prof. of Chem. and con-

: tinue study of Chemistry.

Syme Surgical Fellowship...| 1 500 2 cu For Thesis on Surgery shewing original re-

9 és d search. 4 Te

Swiney Geological Lectures’p| 1 720 § LC LR AR of British! M.D.’s of Edinburgh only eligible. Museum. |

Mackay Smith Schol........ 1 250 2 « Ex. in Nat. Phil......- Awarded in alternate pairs of years to

k 4 | Edin. and Glasgow stud. res Bpectively. as se CR are 1 250 2 ‘a ‘“ in Chemistry.......| Do.

Leckie-Mactear Fellowship..| 1 400 3 ** in Medical subjects Winner to engage in original research.

GLASGOwW UNIVERSITY.

Snell Exhibitions...... 10 650 i Gi Ex. in one or more of) Winners study at Balliol Col., Oxford. The Classics, Math., Phil., Exhibitions are held during B. A. course, = in M. A. Honours and for a time afterwards.

a xam.). Breadalbane Scholarships.--| 2 250 3 (OA à Ex. Math. & Nat. Phil. Winner to pursue a course of Scientific A * Study in Glasgow. Eglinton Fellowships ....... 2 500 3 tee in ut ass., Phil. and Winner to study and teach in Glasgow Univ. M Eng. Lit. Luke Fellowship........... Je) |e wal 600 3 Do. Do. ..| Winner to assist in teaching Eng. Lit. Thomson Experimental Scho- f larships. .... eee ener eee 3 100 il 65 For ability shewn in Winner to prosecute research in Phys. Lab. : fe Practical Physics | Findlater Scholarship..-..... 1 175 1 ae Ex. in Theology. | : > | Metealfe Fellowship...... OT 500 3 d in Math. of M.A.) Winner to prosecute study of Higher Math., A Honours Exam. | _ or Practical Astronomy, or Engineering. Clark Seholurship............ 4 1000 4 6e “in one of the Ho- Winner to study and teach in Glasgow. | nours Departm’nt 7 1 of M.A. Course. | Scott TON OBEN 1 400 2 ns ea Phil., and! Winner to teach and study in Glasgow. 4 ng. Lit. Black Fellowship............ 1 700 2 Us “jin Theology ....... nia to M.A.’s on completing Divinity : ourse. Ewing Fellowship.. ......... 3 400 5 one in each of fol-| Winners to teach in University. Jowing subjects: (1) Math. and Nat. ee Phil., (8) Eng. Lit Sr. Anprew’s UNIVERSITY. =

Spence Bursaries.......... | 8-10 250 2 fe For distinction in early Awarded during Arts Course, but may be

part of Arts Course. held two years after graduation if win- DRE in professional or special + if Ramsay Scholarship-........| 2 | 250 | 4 Ex. in subject of M.A. cans : ; . Course. :

GBC ES. Sr: ES 4 300 2 ci in Divinity, Class.,| Awarded during Arts Course, but may be Eng. & Math. held 2 years after graduation. Winner

may study abroad.

Bruce SR Bes ness 2 250 2 es “in a Department of

Honours for M.A. ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY. Simpson Prizes ............. 2 325 1 ce ‘“ one in each of (1) Greek, (2) Math. c er (M.A. Honours).

Boxill once deco o shel 140 1 te Math., M.A. Hons.

Hutton Classical Prize.......) 1 150 1 Ws «ein (ls alls Phil.

= : i (M.A. Honours.)

Neil Arnott Prize............| 1 | 175 1 xe Exp. Physics.

XXX VIII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. = cai D, R Ee 22 ource FeLiowsnres, &c, Se a aa of How Awarvep. Conpitrons, &c. xs => 2 | Endowment. ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY.— Con... Fullerton, Moir and Gray Scholarships......,........ 4 500 2 |Priv. Benefac.|Ex. two in each of (1) ee (2) Ment. BE Re et à 3 375 3 ss me and Nat. Murray RE" 1 350 3 ds in Classics, Math.,| For the education of “an ingenious youth,” Phil. and Sci, a graduate of the University, i in liberal seeular Profession.” OPEN TO ALL SCOTTISH UNIVER- SITIES. Ferguson Scholarships...... 6 400 2 od “two in each of (1)} Winner to prosecute studies in furtherance Classics, (2) Math. of the higher learning. ne Nat. Phil. ; (8) Shaw Fellowship............. 1 850 5 ou in Philosophy. Gunning Fellowship.........| 1 500 3 xs “Nat. Sei. & Theol. .| Open tostudts. on completing Theol. Course. IRELAND. | DuBLIN University. | Fellowships. OL aisteloistatere | caca College Funds.) a QE Math : = ixp. Sci. & Phil. Studentships. 14 | 500 T |College Funds.| ‘“ seven in each of (1) Classies, (2) no , | and Nat. Phil. 3 Scholarships................. ONE ee 3 [College Funds.! ‘“ in either Class. orl May be held during B.A. Course and for 3 Math. and Phil. years after. Winners have ful mons, rooms and tuition at half-rate, De Pe 2 and a salary. Erasmus Smith Exhib....... 7 200 3 |Priy. Benefac.| (Elementary)...... Awarded = beginning of B.A. Course, ten- y is ES able till M.A. DORE 7 125 3 se BrOOKERPTIZES. > eee 2 | cir. 200 il Wy ‘one in Class., one in : , Math. RoyAL University OF IRELAND ONO WSHIDSs. des. scores 2000 EXRIPIHONN eme ee 10 250 1 |General Fund|Final B.A. and other Re 4 (Goy’t. Grant) exams. CLOS ADD states 18 125 1 ns Do. Do. Studentahipg... 0 c)csss-s rans 10 500 5 Ex. in special depart- ment of study. Queen's CoLLrGE, Belfast. Senior Scholarships.......... 8 200 1 56 Ex. One in each of (1)| Winner to assist in Exam. and pursue ad- Class., (2) Mod. nes vanced course of study. and_Hist., (8) Mat! @ cee Phila, 6) Me- Queen's CozzeGe, Cork. Sa. oo “6) eee om Senior Scholarships.......... 8 200 1 Ge A eo FM Do. QurEn’s COLLEGE, Galway. Senior Scholarships.......... 8 200 1 = Do. Do. Do. UNITED STATES. HarvarD UNIVERSITY. Harris Fellowship....... sl 1 600 |1ormore|Priv. Benefac.|Election by Corporation| Winner to study at Harvard the higher . branches of Science. Rogers Scholarship.......... il 800 |1 or more uy Do. Do. Winner to study sound literature and learn- P ing at Harvard or abroad. Parker Fellowships.......-.. 4 800 | 1-3 cs Appointment by Presi-| Winner to devote himself to some special zs dent and Fellows. study. RATE, 1 650 | 1-3 Lg Do. Do. Winner to study at Harvard or abroad. Walker AE rer: 1 GNOME... : (mie “preference for " candidates in Phil.) . 2 MOT Te 4 500 1-2 y Appointment by Presi-| Winner to undertake advanced studies at : 2 Dre and TERI Harvard. Scholarshipsi...:... eos. 4 250 1 |General Fund. (Gandidates to be needy candidates for M.A or Ph.D.)

REPORT ON FELLOWSHIPS, ETC.

XXXIX

= = © SAME 22 Source FerLowsairs, &c. Ss a= ES of How AWARDED. Connitrons, &c. aS as ee Endowment. CozceGe oF New JERSEY, Princeton. Green Mental Sci. Fellows’p.| 1 600 1 |Priy. Benefac./Ex. in Ment. Phil......] Winner to study at Princeton or abroad. Classical Fellowship......... 1 600 1 a ‘© in Classics .......-. Do. Do. 1860, Exper. Sci. Fellowship.) 1 Gn) ere Œ ‘€ in Pure & Ap. Sei.. Do. Do. J. S. K. Math. # 1 600 1 ae Mathematics --.... Do. Do. Boudinot Hist. sl? 1 250 1 of For an essay on pre-| Winner to study History. , scribed subject. : - =a Mod. Lan. 1 250 1 se Ex. in Mod. Langs..... Winner to study Mod. Languages. E. M. Biological 1 (RG) Weoseroce a “in Biology......... Winner to study Biology. YALE COLLEGE, New Haven. Douglas Fellowship.......... 1 600 13 LP LES once ..|[Winner must pursue non-professional stu- : : dies in New Haven. Soldiers’ Memorial Fellows’p| 1 600 1-5 se Rise Fan eee : Do. Do. Silliman Fellowship.-....... 1 600 1-3 ca To a graduate of pro- Do. Do. mise in Phy. Science, Berkeley Scholarship .......| 1 55 1-3 U3 Ex. in Classies......... Do. Do. Clark UN, oo | 1 120 | 1-2 a jin several subjects. Do. Do. Larned LE RTE 1 320 3 CM ES ce DA O peo Fe Do. Do. Foote DD | icon Le 500 |1or more WN dbionnnto ot tte Winner to study in Department of Philoso- _phy and the Arts. De Forest © 1 120 1 sf Distinction in French..| Winner to study Romance Languages dur- ing next year. Jouns Hopkins UNIVERSITY, Baltimore. Fellowships.................. 20 500 12 |Gener’l Endow-lEvidence of success in Winner to prosecute special study at Balti- ment...-++--| paststudies. Three in more and assist in Examinations, &e, t each of the following subjects: (1) Chem., (2) Physies, (8) Biol., CARS and five in Cotumpra CoLLEGE, New York. | other subigets: Fellowships in Letters and in SIGE seronococonsanooee 15 500 3 |General Fund.l............ sone eee Winners to pursue non-professional studies 3 ee at Columbia Coll. and assist in teaching. Prize Tutorships in Law..... 3 500 3 Bante ah el ied. PR Winners to assist in teaching. Prize Lectureships in Politi- cal Science................. 3 500 3 SE (sacre ...| Winners to give at least 20 lectures per an- | num on prescribed subjects. UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF New York. (ReMOwship-nsccs se -ctactes esis 1 300 1 D RES denusecessse.s.| Winner to study at the University. - terete moeseseeses 1 200 1 RE meer rereue Do. Do. es an fe ree Soil Al 100 1 Sapbes. 0er 000 ee Do. Do. CorxeLz University, Ithaca. MeHowshipstescrctaveretsce cle F 400 | 1 or 2 L For marked ability as| Winners to study at Cornell. shewn by Exam. or VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY. aE: Fellowships.................. ...| 500 |2ormore|Tuition Fees...|[........... ............ Winners to pursue studies with success. ee se tee reese eeeeeee --| 300 |2ormore Cr NES oo bcp enr Do. Do. Bryn Mawr CozzxGe (for women), Philadelphia. Travelling Fellowship. ...... 1 500 1-2 |General Fund.|For excellence in scho-| Winner to pursue special studies at some < : larship. European University. Resident Fellowships........ 5 350 1-2 One for proficiency in| Winners to pursue studies at Bryn Mawr each of the following College. subjects: (1) Greek, (2) English, (3) Math., (4) Hist., (6) Biol. INDIANA University. | Tutorships............ Rares 4or5 300-1000 Sos ; ‘In Chemistry, Zoology,| Winner to assist in teaching.

English, German, &c.

XL

ROYAL SOCIET

Y OF CANADA.

FecLowsarrs, &c.

How Many.

Conpittons, &c.

WASHINGTON AND Ler UNIVER- SITY.

Howard Houston Fellowship. OPEN 70 ALL UNIVERSITIES— Tyndall Scholarship! .......

CANADA.

Universiry CoLLeGe, Toronto.

EN COS

Trinity CoLLEGE, Toronto.

Fellowship.

Datnousré Cotnegr, Halifax.

Munro Tutorships...........

OrEN 10 MARITIME PROVINCES—

Gilchrist Scholarship .......

AUSTRALIA.

University OF MELBOURNE.

BONDIATERIPS nn ec scare ce 4

Shakespeare Scholarship. ...

oe

Argus

Howitt Nat. Hist. Scholars’ps University oF SYDNEY.

Wentworth ‘Travelling Fel- lowship............ ao

Mackay Fellowships-....

NEW ZEALAND.

University or NEW ZEALAND.

Scholarshipsnc: ns. tcscreae

te

cr

Sas ee = 2 Ba Source aS 2 of a= | aA Endowment. | | 500 2 |Priv. §Benefac. | cir. 400 4 Found. by Prof.! Lvyadall.:... | | 500 3 (General Fund. | 500 3 |Priy. Benefac. 1000 1-2 4 500 3 va 225 2 |General Fund 250 3 |Priv- Benefac. ne i 250 3 ss Pareil | 3 rs 2000 eens ft 4 1 |Gov'tGrant...

+ Exam. (Elementary). .?

By Trustees for profi- ciency in Physics.

Ex. One in each of fol- lowing subjects: (1) Class., (2) Math., (3) -Phil., (4) French, (5) German, (6) Chem., (7) Biol.,(8) Geol.

For eminence in Biol. |

One each in Classics and Mathematies.

(Ex. (Matric. Exam. of London University).

Exam. One in each of (1) Class , (2) Math & Nat- Phil., (3) Nat. Sei., (4) History, &e., (5) Phil.

Exanr. in Shakespeare’s works and Essay or Poem. Exam. (Final Tonour Exam. of Engmeer- ing School.)

Exam. in Nat. Science.

fe Honours at B.A

‘To Bachelors of Science by mode not yet set- tled.

-| Winner to pursue special study at the U ni-

versity and assist in teaching.

Winner to study in some European Univ.

Winner to assist in teaching and to pursue some special line of study in his own de- partment.

Winners to conduct original investigation and to assist in te; iching: In course of foundation.

Winner to assist in teaching.

Winner to study in Edinburgh or London. Intended to be a Schol arship, but fre- quently used as a Fellowship for ad- vanced study.

Awarded at final B.A. Exam.

Awarded after final B.A. Exam.

Candidates not to be of more than 3 years standing.

Winner to study in England. Not yet awarded. The fund is accumulating. Winners to prosecute certain specified Sei- ences and to hold Fellowships so long as they do so. Recently established . F

Awarded to students while at school, ten- able for 8 years, the last year being spent in adv: ‘anced study of science.

1 The endowment of this Scholarship has recently been divided among three of the leading Universities of the United States.

Even a hasty glance at the above Table shews that, in the United Kingdom, very extensive provi- sion is made for enabling students of promise to pursue their studies into the higher regions of learning, without distraction from the necessity of engaging in lucrative employment. In the United States, endowments for this purpose are not so numerous or so large, but they are growing rapidly. Universities are for the most part comparatively young and haye had to employ their revenues for

REPORT ON FELLOWSHIPS, ETC. XLI

the provision of Professorships, Libraries, Museums and Laboratories. Most of the Fellowships which they possess have been founded quite recently, and several Presidents of colleges have reported to us that they are making efforts to obtain the necessary endowments and hope soon to be successful.

In Canada we have made a beginning, but the beginning is small, and the few Fellowships which our Universities possess are in all cases so conditioned that their holders, being required to engage in teaching, are unable to study abroad.

There can be no doubt of the immense value of such foundations as Fellowships, especially in a country like Canada in which the class of people who are able to provide incomes for their sons, while engaged in higher studies, is small. Thoroughly trained men in all departments are wanted to fill the Professorial Chairs at our colleges, to adorn our professions and to become our leaders in the making and administration of laws. In Science they are especially wanted to hasten the development of our natural resources. In support of this position we think we need present no argument. It only remains to ask how they can be got.

The sources of the endowments as shewn in the above table are three: (1) The General Endow- ment Fund of the university or college; (2) Direct Government Grant; and (3) Special Private Bene- faction. These also are the only sources from which Canadian Fellowships can be drawn.

1. From the first there is but little hope of any adequate provision of Fellowships being made. For our colleges are in general so badly endowed that all their funds are needed to provide the first requisites of university work, Professorships, Libraries, Museums and Laboratories. In fact not one of our colleges has anything like a proper equipment.

2. Fellowships might be established by Government Grant in a variety of ways.

(a) Granis might be given either by Central or Local Governments to all our universities. Were these not legion, such a scheme would be practicable. But their number is such that, to carry out this scheme, an enormous grant would be necessary, and it would not in all cases be well applied.

(6) Grants might be given either by the Central or the Local Governments to those of our universities whose graduates are really ready to enter upon advanced work. But the difficulties of selection under this course are obvious. In some few cases the selection might be made. In those Provinces, for example, in which one university is supported either by annual grant or by public endowment, Fellowships might be provided, just as Professorships have been. In Provinces which possess no other universities, no difficulty would arise. But in others, in which universities of private foundation exist, the Government would probably find it difficult to make the necessary grant.

(c) The Central Government might establish Fellowships, open to the whole Dominion, and appoint a Board of Examiners to award them. This scheme is probably feasible. But the Committee make no recommendation on it at present, leaving the matter for future consideration.

(d) The Local Governments might establish Fellowships, open to the respective Provinces, appointing Boards of Examiners to award them. On this also the Committee make no recommenda- tion. 2 3. The only other source is that from which large numbers of the Fellowships of other countries have been drawn, viz., private beneficence ; and your Committee are of opinion that it is from the benefactions of the friends of education in general and of particular seats of learning that Canadian Fellowships ought to be obtained at present. The progress which some of our universities have recently made through the munificence of their graduates and of appreciative friends, justifies the hope that so soon as the utility of Fellowships is understood and their necessity perceived, the funds will be forthcoming to endow them. To bring about their endowment at the earliest possible date, possibly the best means we can immediately employ is the circulation of information as to what has already been done in other countries. Your Committee would therefore recommend that this report should be published in the Proceedings of the Society, and that a large number of separate copies should be struck off and distributed to the Heads of Canadian Universities to be distributed by them to persons whom they consider able and willing to assist in this great work.

Pro. 1885. +.

IPÉRENR OA SOCIETY OF CANADA.

FOUNDER: THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE MARQUIS OF LORNE.

ONG ERs HOR sss 8i6r

HONORARY PRESIDENT AND PATRON:

HIS EXCELLENCY THE MOST HONOURABLE THE MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE, G.C.M.G.

GOV ERNOR-GHNERAL OF CANADA.

PRESIDENT - - - DANIEL WILSON, GE.Di, kanes: Vice-PRESIDENT - = VERY REV. T. E. HAMEL, M.A.

EX-PRESIDENTS.

SIR J. WILLIAM DAWSON, A.M., C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Montreal. HON. P. J. O. CHAUVEAU, LL.D., L.D., Montreal. T. STERRY HUNT, LL.D., F.R.S., Montreal.

OFFICERS OF SECTIONS,

SECT. I.—French Literature, History and Allied Subjects.

PRESIDENT - - - - BENJAMIN SULTE. VICE-PRESIDENT - - - PAUL DE CAZES. SECRETARY - - - - A. LUSIGNAN.

SECT. I1—English Literature, History and Allied Subjects.

PRESIDENT - - - - GEO. F. DENISON, B.C.L. VICE-PRESIDENT - - = R. MAURICE BUCKE, M.D. SECRETARY - - - - GEO. STEWART, Jun.

SECT. III—Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Sciences.

PRESIDENT - - - - C. H. CARPMAEL, M.A. Vice-PRESIDENT - - - T. MACFARLANE, M.E. SECRETARY - - - = G. C. HOFFMANN, F. Inst. Chem.

SECT. IV.—Geological and Biological Sciences.

PRESIDENT - - - - SIR J. WILLIAM DAWSON, A.M., C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S. VicE-PRESIDENT - - - REV. J. C. K. LAFLAMME, D.D. SECRETARY - = - - J. F. WHITEAVES, F.G.S.

Honorary SECRETARY - - - - - J. G. BOURINOT, F.S.S.

Honorary TREASURER - - - - : J. A. GRANT, M.D., F.GS.

The Council for 1885-86 comprises the President and Vice-President of the Society, the Presidents, Vice- Presidents and Secretaries of Sections, the Honorary Secretary, and the Honorary Treasurer, besides ex-Presidents of the Society.

THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

LIST OF MEMBERS, 1885-86.

I LITTÉRATURE FRANÇAISE, HISTOIRE, ARCHÉOLOGIE, ETC.

Baers, L’ABBé L. N., S.T.D. université Laval, Québec. Bors, L’ABBÉ L. E., Maskinongé.

CAsGRAIN, ABBE H. R., LL.D., Québec.

CHauveau, P. J. O., LL.D., L.D., Montréal.

De CAzEs, PAUL, Québec.

De Cezces, A. D., Ottawa.

FAgre, Hector, Paris, France.

Faucxer pp Sarnr-Mauvrice, N., Québec.

Frécairre, Louis, LL.D., Nicolet.

LrGenpre, NAPOLEON, Québec.

LeMay, PAMPHILE, Québec. LeMornp, J. M., Québec. Lusienan, A., Ottawa.

Marouanp, F.-G., Saint-Jean, Q.

Marmoerte, Josepx, Ottawa.

Rovrurer, A. B., LL.D., Québec.

SULTE, BENJAMIN, Ottawa.

TaxGuay, L’ABBé Cyprien, L.D., Ottawa. Tassb, Joseen, Montréal.

VerreAU, L’ABg£ Hospice, LL.D., Montréal.

Il.—ENGLISH LITERATURE, HISTORY, ARCHEOLOGY, ETC.

Bourinor, Joux Grorce, M.A., F.S.8., Ottawa. Bucky, R. Maurice, M.D., London, O. Dawson, Rev. Annas Macponexy, Oltawa. Denison, Lr.-CoL. G. T., B.C.L., Toronto.

Grant, Very Ray. G. M. D.D., Principal of Queen’s University, Kingston.

Kirby, WizuiaM, Niagara.

LEsPERANCE, Joux, Montreal.

Linpsey, CHarLes, Toronto.

Lyarz, Rev. W., LL.D., Dalhousie University, Halifax.

Murray, GEORGE, B.A., High School, Montreal.

Murray, Rev. J. CLark, LL.D., McGill University, Montreal.

McCozz, Evan, Kingston.

Reapp, Jon, Montreal.

SANGSTER, CHARLES, Oltawa.

Suit, GoLpwiN, D.C.L., Toronto.

STEWART, GEORGE, Jun., Quebec.

Warson, J., M.A., LL.D., Queen’s University, Kingston.

Witson, Danio, LL.D., F.R.S.E., President of Univer- sity of Toronto, Toronto.

Wirarow, Rny. W. H., D.D., Toronto.

Younc, G. Paxvoy, M.A., University of Toronto, Toronto.

THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA,

XLV -

Ill.—_MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES.

BAILLAIRGÉ, C., C.E., Quebec.

Bayne, Herpert A., M.A., Ph.D., Royal Military Col- lege, Kingston.

CarPMAEL, C. H., M.A., Superintendent of Meteorologi- cal Service, Toronto.

Caarman, E. J. Ph.D., LL.D., University of Toronto, Toronto.

CHERRIMAN, J. B., M.A., Ottawa. Devize, E., Surveyor General, Ottawa.

Dupuis, N. F., M.A., F.RS.E., Queen’s University, Kingston.

FLEMING, SANDFORD, C.M.G., C.E., Ottawa. Forty, P., M.D., Montreal. Girpwoop, G. P., M.D., McGill University, Montreal.

Giszornp, F. N., M.LT.E.E., C.E., Ottawa. Haaxez, E., Ph.D., Victoria University, Cobourg.

Hamer, Very Roy. T. E., M.A., Rector of LavalUniver- sity, Quebec.

Harnrineron, B. J., B.A., Ph.D., McGill University Montreal.

Horrmann, G. C., F. Inst. Chem., Geological Survey, Ottawa.

Hunt, T. Srerry, M.A., LL.D., F.B.S., Montreal. Jounson, A., LL.D., McGill University, Montreal. Loupoy, J. T., M.A., University of Toronto, Toronto.

Macrartanp, T., M.E., Montreal.

MacGreoor, J. G., M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S.E., Dalhousie University, Halifax.

IV.— GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES.

Barzey, L. W., M.A., Ph.D., University of New Bruns- wick, Fredericton.

Brit, Rozert, M.D., C.E., F.G.S., Geological Survey, Ottawa.

Burcesss, T. J. W., M.D., London, O.

Dawson, G. M, D.Se., A.R.S.M., F.G.S., Geological Sur- vey, Ottawa.

Dawson, Sir J. Wriiram, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Princi- pal of McGill University, Montreal.

FLETCHER, JAMES, Ottawa.

Gizrix, EpwiN, M.A., F.G.S., Inspector of Mines, Ilulifax.

GRANT, J. A., M.D., F.G.S., Ottawa. Honnyman, Rey. D., D.C.L., Museum, Halifax. Joxess, J. M., F.L.S., Halifax.

LarLaume, Ruy. J. C. K., D.D., M.A., Laval University, Quebec.

Lawson, G, Ph.D, LL.D., Dalhousie University, Halifax.

Macoux, J., M.A., F.L.S., Geological Survey, Ottawa. Marruew, G. F., M.A., St. John, N.B. PexrArLow, D. P., B$c., McGill University, Montreal.

Sauxpers, W., London, O.

Smriwyn, A. R. C., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Director of the Geological Survey, Ottawa.

Sr. Cyr, D. N., Quebec. Wuirnaves, J. F., F.G.S., Geological Survey, Ottawa.

Warrcat, R. Ramsay, M.A., B.Sc., University of Toronto Toronto.

2

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

THe Marquis or Lorne.

Boxxey, T. G., D.Se., LL.D., F.R.S., London, England.

Doucet, CAMILLE, secrétaire perpétuel de l’Académie

française, Paris, France.

Marmier, XAvIER, de l’Académie française, Paris, France

| PARKMAN, Francis, LL.D., Boston, Mass.

| RAMEAU DE SAINT PÈRE, E., Adon, Loiret, France.

RETIRED MEMBERS. (See Rute 7.)

Bourassa, NaPoLéoN, Montebello. Girix, J. Bernarp, M.D., M.R.CS., Halifax. Oster, W., M.D., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

SOCIÉTÉ ROYALE DU CANADA

MÉMOIRES

SECTION I

LITTÉRATURE FRANÇAISE, HISTOIRE, ARCHÉOLOGIE, ETC. ~

ANNEE 1888

;

SECTION I, 1885. Res] MÉMOIRES NS. R. Canapa.

I Les premières pages de notre histoire,

Par Louis FRÉCHETTE.

( Lu le 27 mai 1885 ).

ANTE LUCEM

Qui pourrait raconter ces âges sans annales ? -Quel ceil déchiffrera ces pages virginales Dieu seul a posé son doigt mystérieux ? Tout ce passé qui git, sinistre ou glorieux, Tout ce passé qui dort, heureux ou misérable, Dans les bas-fonds perdus de l’ombre impénétrable, Quel est-il ?

À ce sphinx sans couleur et sans nom, Plus inuet que tous ceux des sables de Memnon, Et qui, de notre histoire encombrant le portique, Entr'ouvre dans la nuit son œil énigmatique, À tant de siècles morts, l’un par l’autre effacé, Qui done arrachera le grand mot du passé ?

Hélas! n’y songeons point! En vain la main de l’homme Joue avec les débris de la Gréce et de Rome,

Nul bras n’ébranlera le socle redouté

Qui depuis si longtemps, rigide majesté,

Plus lourd que les menhirs de l’époque celtique, Pèse, 6 vieux Canada, sur le sépulcre antique

Où, dans le morne oubli de l’engloutissement,

Ton tragique secret dort éternellement !

Ce secret, 6 savants, ni vos travaux sans nombre,

Ni vos soirs sans sommeil n’en découvriront l’ombre. Pas un jalon au bord de ce gouffre béant !

Pas un phare au-dessus de ce noir océan !

Point d'histoire! une nuit sans lune et sans étoiles, Dont jamais œil humain ne percera les voiles !

Et cependant le globe au loin fermente et bout. Là-bas, au grand soleil, l'humanité debout,

Sec. I, 1885 —1.

LOUIS FRÉCHETTE

Un reflet d'or au fer de sa lance guerrière,

Dans l'éclair et le bruit dévore sa carrière.

Là, tout germe, tout naît, tout s’anime et grandit ; Du haut des panthéons dont le front resplendit, La trompette à la bouche, on voit les Renommées, Dans l’éblouissement des gloires enflammées, Pour l’immortalité jeter aux quatre vents

Le nom des héros morts et des héros.vivants, Pour que dans le passé l’avenir sache lire,

Des poètes divins ont accordé leur lyre,

Et mélent, dans l'éclat de leurs chants souverains, Les clameurs d'autrefois aux bruits contemporains ;

Le Progrès, dans son antre maint flambeau s'allume,

Sous son marteau puissant fait résonner l’enclume se forge déjà la balance des droits,

pèseront plus tard les peuples et les rois;

La Science commence à voir au fond des choses ; Les Arts, ces nobles fleurs au vent du ciel écloses, Entr'ouvrent leur corolle au fronton des palais ; Que dis-je ? la Nature elle-même, aux reflets

Des nouvelles clartés que chaque âge lui verse, Sourit plus maternelle en sa grâce diverse ;

La mamelle épuisée à nourrir ses enfants,

Dans des élans de joie et d’amour triomphants Elle s'ouvre le flanc pour sa progéniture ;

Et, dans son noble orgueil sainte et grande Nature !

Méle son cri sublime à l’hymne solennel Qui monte tous les jours de l’homme à l'Eternel.

Pourquoi cette antithèse et ce contraste immense ? Celui par qui tout meurt et par qui tout commence, Par qui tout se révèle ou tout reste scellé,

Celui qui fit les fleurs et l’azur constellé,

Qui veut que tout renaisse et veut que tout s’effondre, Arbitre sans appel, pourrait seul nous répondre !

Aux bords ensoleillés de ton beau Saint-Laurent, Ou sous l’ombre des bois au rythme murmurant Qui te prêtent leur sombre et riche draperie, Quand le désœuvrement conduit ma réverie,

O beau pays, dont j'aime à sonder le destin,

Je remonte souvent vers ce passé lointain.

Je parcours en esprit tes vastes solitudes ;

Je toise de tes monts les fières altitudes ;

¢

LES PREMIÈRES PAGES DE NOTRE HISTOIRE

Je me penche au-dessus de tes grands lacs sans fond ; Je mesure les flots du rapide profond ;

Et, devant ce spectacle, impondérable atome,

De ces jours sans soleil j’évoque le fantôme.

Tout change à mes regards ; le présent disparaît ; Nos villes à leur tour font place à la forêt ; Tout retombe en oubli, tout redevient sauvage ; Nul pas civilisé n’a foulé le rivage Du grand fleuve qui roule, énorme et gracieux, Sa vague immaculée à la clarté des cieux ! De ton tiède Midi jusqu'aux glaces du pôle, Tes hauts pics n’ont encor porté sur leur épaule, . O Canada, connu du seul oiseau de l'air, Que l’ombre de la nue et le choc de l'éclair ! Tout dort enveloppé d’un mystère farouche ; Seul, parfois, quelque masque au regard sombre et louche, Effaré, menaçant comme un fauve aux abois, Apparait tout à coup dans la nuit des grands bois... Quels tableaux !

Et devant cette nature immense, Dans un rêve profond qui toujours recommence, Je crois entendre encor bourdonner dans les airs Les cent bruits que le vent mêle, au fond des déserts, Aux tonnerres que roule au loin la cataracte.

Puis je tombe à genoux : sublime et dernier acte, Ou prologue plutôt du drame éblouissant

Qui va donner un peuple à ce pays naissant, Sur ces bords inconnus pour le reste du monde, Sur ces flots que jamais n’a pollué la sonde,

Sur ces parages pleins d’une vague terreur,

Sur cette terre vierge plane en son horreur Le mystère sacré des ténèbres premières,

J'ai vu surgir, foyers de toutes les lumières, Dans un rayonnement de splendeurs infini,

Le soleil de la France et son drapeau béni!

IT LE DÉPART

Un vent de renouveau sur la France soufHait. Son diadème d’or se nimbait au reflet

LOUIS FRÉCHETTE

Du radieux soleil qui fut la Renaissance.

Le roi Francois-premier, par sa magnificence,

N'ayant pu, dans sa soif ardente de jouir, Vaincre l'Europe au moins tachait de l’éblouir !

Chez lui le goût des arts à la grandeur s’allie.

Il attire à prix d'or, du fond de l'Italie, ‘Pour les combler d'honneurs, peintres napolitains, Architectes lombards et sculpteurs florentins.

De Vinci, del Sarto, Rosso sont à l'ouvrage ;

Et l’on surprend souvent, le matin, sous l’ombrage Des grands massifs touffus dort Fontainebleau, Le monarque j'ai vu quelque part ce tableau Beau comme Louis-neuf à son lit de justice,

Bras dessus bras dessous avec le Primatice !

Un monde de splendeurs germe dans son cerveau ; Il rêve tous les jours quelque projet nouveate Qu'il faut que le génie à l'instant réalise.

Avec ces étrangers la France rivalise.

Peintres, sculpteurs, lettrés, architectes hardis, Satiristes profonds, raisonneurs érudits Surgissent à la voix du prince galant homme ; Delorme va cueillir des lauriers jusqu'à Rome ; Celui-ci c’est Bontemps, celui-là Rabelais ; Palissy fouille Vor, et Lescot des palais ;

Ici Jean Cousin lutte avec Jean de Bologne ; Tandis qu’au fond d’un bois de la verte Sologne, Bâti par Le Nepveu, sculpté par Jean Goujon, Forteresse royale au féerique donjon,

Brillant comme un foyer de kaléidoscope, Rendez-vous des futurs potentats de l’Europe, Chambord, hymne de pierre et rêve de granit, Chef-d'œuvre que le temps chaque jour rajeunit, Entr’ouvre, dans un jet d’une audace inconnue, Sa fleur de lys de marbre au milieu de la nue !

Les arts ont eu leur tour, la science a le sien : Tous les jours on résout quelque problème ancien ; Enfin, tout se réveille et se métamorphose.

C'était le temps marqué pour une grande chose!

De l'Occident lointain venaient d’étranges bruits Qui du roi chevalier souvent troublaient les nuits.

LES PREMIÈRES PAGES. DE NOTRE HISTOIRE

On parlait à la cour de vastes découvertes

De cieux toujours sereins, de plaines toujours vertes, Paradis merveilleux, édens sans fruits amers,

Qu'un Génois avait fait surgir du fond des mers.

On avait retrouvé la source de jouvence ;

Et, de Strasbourg 4 Brest, de Champagne en Provence, Les raconteurs faisaient de saisissants tableaux

De fleuves sans pareils roulant l’or dans leurs flots, De peuples primitifs plongés dans l'ignorance,

Et qui tendaient les bras, disait-on, vers la France !

Dans les enivrements d’un succès sans égal,

L'Espagne et l’Angleterre avec le Portugal,

Par des redoublements de valeur surhumaine,

Se taillant sur ces bords un immense domaine,

Aux vents du nouveau monde arboraient leurs drapeaux. Allons, se dit Francois, plus de lâche repos !

Ces princes-là croient-ils se partager la terre ?

Je voudrais bien trouver l'acte testamentaire

Qui leur assure ainsi l'héritage d'Adam.

S'il en est un, qu'on nous le montre! En attendant, Le peuple franc se doit à son rôle historique :

A la France, elle aussi, sa part de l'Amérique !

Voici l’apre océan. La houle vient lécher Les sables de la grève et le picd du rocher Saint-Malo, qu'un bloc de sombres tours crénelle, Semble veiller, debout comme une sentinelle. Le soleil verse un flot de rayons printaniers Sur les toits de la ville et sur les blancs huniers Qui s'ouvrent dans le port prêts à quitter la côte.

C’est un jour solennel, jour de la Pentecôte ;

La cathédrale a mis ses habits les plus beaux ;

Sur les autels de marbre, un essaim de flambeau x Lutte dans l'ombre avec les splendeurs irisées

Des grands traits lumineux qni tombent des croisées. Agenouillé tout près des balustres bénits,

Un groupe de marins que le hâle à brunis,

Devant le Dieu qui fait le calme et la tempête,

Dans le recueillement prie en courbant la tête.

Un homme au front serein, au port ferme et vaillant, Calme comme un héros, fier comme un Castillan, L’allure mâle et l'œil avide d'aventure,

Domine chacuri d’eux par sa haute stature.

LOUIS FRÉCHETTE

C’est Cartier ; c’est le chef par la France indiqué ; C’est l’apôtre nouveau par le destin marqué

Pour aller, en dépit de l’océan qui gronde,

Porter le Verbe saint à l’autre bout du monde !

Un éclair brille au front de ce prédestiné.

Soudain, du sanctuaire un signal est donné,

Et, sous les vastes nefs pendant que l'orgue roule Son accord grandiose et sonore, la foule

Se lève, et, délirante, en un cri de stentor, Entonne en frémissant le Vent Creator!

De quels mots vous peindrais-je, 6 spectacle sublime ? Jamais, aux jours sacrés, des parvis de Solime,

Chant terrestre qu'un chœur éternel acheva

Ne monta plus sincère aux pieds de Jéhova! L’émotion saisit la foule tout entière, Quand, du haut de l’autel, l’homme de la prière,

Emu, laissa tomber ces paroles d’adieu :

Vaillants chrétiens, allez sous la garde de Dieu!

O mon pays, ce fut dans cette aube de gloire Que s’ouvrit le premier feuillet de ton histoire !

Trois jours après, du haut de ses mâchecoulis Par la flamme et l’obus mainte fois démolis, Saint-Malo regardait, fendant la vague molle, Trois voiliers qui doublaient la pointe de son mole, Et, dans les reflets d’or d’un beau soleil levant, Gagnaient la haute mer toutes voiles au vent.

Le carillon mugit dans les tours ébranlées ;

Du haut des bastions en bruyantes volées,

Le canon fait gronder ses tonnantes rumeurs ;

Et, salués de loin par vingt mille clameurs,

Au bruit de l’airain sourd et du bronze qui fume, Cartier et ses vaisseaux s’enfoncent dans la brume!

NT TERRE !

Le voyage fut rude et le péril fut grand. Pourtant, après avoir, plus de deux mois durant,

LES PREMIÈRES PAGES DE NOTRE HISTOIRE

Vogué presque à tatons sur l’immensité fauve,

La petite flottille arriva saine et sauve

Auprès de bords perdus sous d’étranges climats... Terre! cria la voix d’un mousse au haut des mats.

C'était le Canada, mystérieux et sombre,

Sol plein d’horreur tragique et de secrets sans nombre, Avec ses bois épais et ses rochers géants,

Emergeant tout à coup du lit des océans !

Quels êtres inconnus, quels terribles fantômes De ces forêts sans fin hantent les vastes dômes, Et peuplent de ces monts les repaires ombreux ? Quel génie effrayant, quel monstre ténébreux Va, louche Adamastor, de ces eaux diaphanes Surgir pour en fermer l'entrée à ces profanes ? Aux torrides rayons d'un soleil aveuglant, Le cannibale est peut-être, l’œil sanglant ‘omme un tigre, embusqué derrière cette roche, Qui guette, sombre et nu, l'imprudent qui s'approche. Point de guides ! Partout l’inexorable accueil ! Ici c’est bas-fond, là-bas c'est un écueil ; Tout semble menaçant, sinistre, formidable ; La côte, noirs rochers, se dresse inabordable.

N'est-ce pas tenter Dieu, l’invisible témoin

Qui dit au flot des mers: Tu n’iras pas plus loin! Que vouloir avancer quand tout barre la route ? Cartier et ses Bretons vont reculer sans doute ;

Devant ces lieux qu'ils croient d’un impossible abord, Décus, découragés, ils vont virer de bord...

Non! ces foris ont le cœur ceint d’une triple armure. À la voix de son chef pas un seul ne murmure ; Chacun d'eux l’a promis, ils iront jusqu’au bout !

En avant! dit Cartier qui, front grave, et debout, Foule d’un pied nerveux le pont de la dunette,

Et, pilote prudent, promène sa lunette

De tribord à bAbord, sondant les horizons.

Alors, défiant tout, naufrage et trahisons,

Pavillons déployés, Grande et Petite Hermine,

Avec l’Emerillon qui dans leurs eaux chemine,

Le Breton, qu'on distingue à son torse puissant, Jalobert, le hardi caboteur d’Ouessant,

LOUIS FRECHETTE

Qu'on reconnaît de loin à sa taille hautaine, Tous, au commandement du vaillant capitaine, Entrent dans l’entonnoir du grand fleuve inconnu.

Sombre aspect! De forêts un réseau continu

Se déploie aussi loin que le regard s’élance.

Nul bruit ne vient troubler le lugubre silence Qui, comme un dieu jaloux, pèse de tout son poids Sur cette immensité farouche des grands bois.

À gauche, des plateaux perdus dans les nuées ; A droite, des hauteurs qu’on dirait remuées

Par quelque cataclysme antédiluvien ;

En face, l'eau du fleuve immense, qui s’en vient Rejaillir sur la proue en gerbes écumantes ;

Des ilots dénudés par l’aile des tourmentes ;

De grands caps désolés s’avancant dans les flots; Des brisants sous-marins, effroi des matelots : Des gorges sans issue le mystère habite ; Partout l’austérité du désert sans limite,

La solitude morne en sa sublimité!

Pourtant, vers le couchant le cap orienté,

La flottille s’avance, et sans cesse, à mesure

Que les lointains brumeux que la distance azure Se dessinent plus clairs aux yeux des voyageurs, Rétrécissant aussi ses immenses largeurs,

Le grand fleuve revêt un aspect moins sauvage ; Son courant roule un flot plus calme ; le rivage Si sévère là-bas devient moins tourmenté ;

Et, tout en conservant leur fière majesté,

Ces vastes régions que le colosse arrose,

dort la forêt vierge, et dont le regard ose, Pour la première fois sonder les-profondeurs,

Se drapent par degrés d’éclatantes splendeurs.

Le coup d'œil constamment se transforme et varie. Enfin, la rive, ainsi qu'un décor de féerie,

Sous le flot qui se cabre en un brusque détour, S’entr’ouvre, et tout à coup laisse voir le contour D'un bassin gigantesque la Toute-Puissance Semble avoir mis le comble à sa magnificence. Un cirque colossal de sommets inclinés ;

Un vaste amphithéâtre aux gradins couronnés

De bosquets onduleux aux teintes indécises ;

Un promontoire à pic aux énormes assises ;

LES PREMIÈRES PAGES DE NOTRE HISTOIRE

Au fond de l'horizon un bleuâtre rideau

Sur lequel se détache une avalanche d’eau,

Avec @apres clameurs croulant dans un abime... Partout, au nord, au sud, la nature sublime Dans le cadre idéal d’un conte d'Orient !

Cartier est là, debout, glorieux, souriant,

Tandis que ses Bretons, penchés sur les bordages, Groupés sur les tillacs, suspendus aux cordages, Par un long cri de joie immense, spontané, Eveillent les échos du vieux Stadaconé.

Puis, pendant qu’on évite au courant qui dévire, Chacun tombe à genoux sur le pont du navire ; Et ces bois, ces vallons, ces longs côteaux dormants, Qui n’ont encor vibré qu'aux fauves hurlements Des fauves habitants de la forêt profonde,

Au milieu des rumeurs de la chute qui gronde, Retentissent enfin jour régénérateur !

Pour la première fois d’un hymne au Créateur.

Le lendemain matin, au front de la montagne D'où Québec aujourd’hui domine la campagne, Une bannière blanche au pli fleurdelysé, Drapeau par la tempête et la mitraille usé, Flottait près d’une croix, symbole d'espérance.

Le soleil souriait à la Nouvelle-France !

Ce jour est déjà loin ; mais gloire à toi, Cartier ! Gloire à vous, ses vaillants compagnons, groupe altier De fiers Bretons taillés dans le bronze et le chêne ! Vous fütes les premiers de cette longue chaine D'immortels découvreurs, de héros canadiens

Qui, du grand nom français inflexibles gardiens,

Sur ce vaste hémisphére l'avenir se fonde,

Ont reculé si loin les frontières du monde !

IV LA PREMIÈRE MOISSON

Ce site c’est Québec. Au nord montent, splendides, Les échelons lointains des vastes Laurentides. En bas, le fleuve immense et paisible, roulant Au soleil du matin son flot superbe et lent,

Sec. I, 1885 2.

10

LOUIS FRÉCHETTE

Reflète, avec les pins des grands rochers moroses, Le clair azur du ciel et ses nuages roses.

Nous sommes en septembre ; et le blond Fructidor, Qui sur la plaine verte a mis des teintes d'or,

Au front des bois bercés par les brises flottantes Répand comme un fouillis de couleurs éclatantes ; On dirait les joyaux d'un gigantesque écrin.

Un repos solennel plein de calme serein

Plane encor sur ces bords la chaste Nature, Aux seuls baisers du ciel dénouant sa ceinture, Drapée en sa sauvage et rustique beauté,

Garde encor les trésors de sa virginité.

Cependant un lambeau de brise nous apporte Comme un refrain joyeux, qu'une voix male et forte, Mélée à des éclats de babil argentin,

Jette dans l’air sonore aux échos du lointain.

Ce sont des moissonneurs avec des moissonneuses. Ils suivent du sentier les courbes sablonneuses,

Et, le sac à l'épaule, ils cheminent gaiment.

Ce sont des émigrés du doux pays normand,

Des filles du Poitou, de beaux gars de Bretagne,

Qui viennent de quitter leur lande ou leur campagne Pour fonder une France au milieu du désert.

L'homme qui les conduit, c'est le robuste Hébert, Un vaillant ! le premier de cette forte race

Dont tout un continent garde aujourd’hui la trace, Qui, dans ce sol nouveau par son bras assaini,

Mit le grain de froment, trésor du ciel béni, Héritage sans prix dont la France féconde,

Dans sa maternité, dota le nouveau monde !

Ils vont dans la vallée les vents assoupis

Font ondoyer à peine un flot mouvant d'épis Qu’ont müris de l'été les tépides haleines.

Bientôt le blé jauni tombe a faucilles pleines ; La javelle, bruit un essaim de grillons, S’entasse en rangs pressés au revers des sillons, Dont le creux disparaît sous l’épaisse jonchée ; Chaque travailleur s'ouvre une large tranchée ; Et sous l'effort commun, le sol transfiguré Laisse choir tout un pan de son manteau doré.

LES PREMIÈRES PAGES DE NOTRE HISTOIRE A

Le soir arrive enfin, mais les gerbes sont prêtes ; On en charge à pleins bords les rustiques charrettes Dont l’essieu va ployant sous le noble fardeau ; Puis, presque recueilli, le front ruisselant d’eau, Pendant que, stupéfait, l'enfant de la savane Regarde défiler l'étrange caravane

Et s'étonne à l’aspect de ces apprêts nouveaux, Hébert, qui suit ému le pas de ses chevaux,

Rentre, offrant à Celui qui donne l'abondance

La première moisson de la Nouvelle-France !

SECTION I, 1885. { 18 | Mémoires 8. R. CANADA.

Il Prétendues origines des Canadiens-françans,

Par BENJAMIN SULTE

(Lu le 28 mai 1885 )

Sait-on généralement, dans la classe des lecteurs, 4 quelle date et de quelle maniére a commencé le peuplement du Canada par l'élément français? Non. Cette chose si facile à comprendre n’est pas comprise. Le publie se contente de trois ou quatre phrases toutes faites que les orateurs et les écrivains répétent comme si c'était parole d’Evangile et personne ne conteste.

Récapitulons ce que les livres nous enseignent sur ce sujet. La question n’est pas difficile à résoudre.

Le baron de Léry avait tenté, en 1518, d'établir une colonie dans le nord de l’Amé- rique. Sa démarche aboutit à l'échec de l’île de Sable. L'histoire en est connue. Per- sonne n’est justifiable de dire que, peut-être, certains hommes, échappés de cette bande de malheureux naufragés, ont pu se rendre soit en Acadie soit sur d’autres points des côtes du continent, et y donner naissance à des métissages, dont les Français, par la suite, auraient recueilli les bénéfices sous forme de colons ou de coureurs de bois. L'entreprise du baron de Léry ne dépassa jamais la mesure d’une simple tentative; elle ne produisit pas le moindre résultat sous le rapport de la colonisation. Que sa troupe ait été composée de criminels, ou de pauvres diables, ou de chercheurs d'aventures, cela importe peu l'essentiel est de savoir que personne n’a survécu à l'expédition avec chance de pénétrer au Canada. Ceux qui veulent se donner le malin plaisir de faire naître des soupçons sur ce sujet seraient fort en peine d’invoquer des pièces justificatives, ou même un raisonne- ment plausible. Ce fut un coup manqué sur toute la ligne. Il n'en resta aucune trace en Amérique sauf les petits chevaux de l’ile de Sable, et encore cela n’est pas prouvé.

Avec Cartier, il semble que la situation se prête davantage aux conjectures. Pour-. tant il n’en est rien. Lisez les narrations du découvreur du fleuve Saint-Laurent, et tout ce qui peut servir à mettre ses travaux en lumière. Nulle part vous ne trouverez l'ombre d’un fait qui ouvre la porte aux suppositions des avocats de la thèse que j’attaque ici. Rien, absolument rien n’autorise le critique à dire que notre pays a conservé des hommes de Cartier ou de Roberval (1534-1544), et lorsque les auteurs de notre temps font descendre une partie des Canadiens-frangais des équipages de Cartier, ils disent une chose de pure fantaisie.

Plus tard le marquis de La Roche reçut permission de fonder une colonie, mais il ne leva pas l’ancre des ports de France.

Dans l'Histoire des Canadiens-frangais, j'ai raconté les entreprises des Malouins et autres

14 BENJAMIN SULTE

Français qui, de 1544 à 1608, ont tenté de faire du trafic au Canada, jamais de la coloni- sation. Ce sujet si intéressant n’a pas attiré l'attention de la presse, mais quoi que l'on affirme, les descendants” de Cartier ne comptent que pour zéro au milieu de nous, et les Malouins, successeurs du grand homme, n’ont pas non plus laissé de traces de leurs familles sur les bords du Saint-Laurent. Un peu de traite de pelleteries avec les sau- vages; un ou deux navires tous les trois ou quatre ans, voilà tout. Jamais, de 1544 à 1608, il n'y a eu d'établissement stable dans nos parages. Les documents ne permettent pas de supposer un commencement de colonisation, fat-ce même le plus défectueux : l’on n’y songeait aucunement. Mon opinion n’est point basée sur ce que je ne sais pas, mais sur ce que j'ai lu, et je crois avoir lu tout ce qui concerne ce sujet.

Il y a une étude à faire des lettres, narrations et rapports de Champlain, de 1608 à 1629. Ces écrits démontrent clairement: 10 que le Canada ne renfermait aucun habitant de race blanche ayant 1608 ; 20 que nulle colonisation n’y avait pris racine, ni laissé de représentant direct ni de métis connus; 30 que la plupart des hommes venus ici, de 1608 à 1629, n'y travaillèrent que temporairement au compte des chefs de la traite ; 40 que, à l'époque de la prise de Québec par Kertke (1629), le pays ne renfermait qu'une seule famille et un petit nombre d'individus, dont les noms ne sont plus un mystère et dont la destinée pour la plupart est facile à suivre. Ceux d’entre eux qui nous échappent, après cette date, n'étaient ni assez nombreux, ni gens assez entreprenants pour avoir créé à côté de nous un monde de brigands ou de métis. Je dis brigands pour satisfaire les écrivains qui nous injurient, et métis pour quiconque veut nous infiltrer du sang sauvage dans les veines, sans expliquer pourquoi.

Il n’y a pas eu de colons au Canada avant Louis Hébert (1617). Il n’y a pas eu non plus avant 1644 de famille formée du mélange de blancs et de sauvages et en tout cas, s’il y en a eu, cela ne peut compter, puisque nous n’avons pas un individu provenant de cette source. A partir de 1629, toutes nos familles ont leur lignée parfaitement établie.

La recherche, tant pour les enfants perdus de la France que pour le métissage, doit se faire entre les deux dates 1518 et 1629. Je nie l’existence de ces deux classes d'individus, et je défie le plus savant des historiens et des curieux de mettre au jour des révélations susceptibles d’ébranler ce que je viens de dire.

Par mes articles Les interprètes du temps de Champlain, Les premiers seigneurs du Canada, et Poutrincourt en Acadie, le lecteur des Mémoires de la Société Royale peut se former une idée exacte des débuts de nos établissements.

On verra par la suite, si la Société Royale accepte ce que j'aurai à dire, que tout est clair et lucide dans le premier chapitre de notre histoire, et que les ignorants seuls’parlent de déserteurs de navires, de condamnés en cours de justice, de vauriens, d’aventuriers, de gens de sac et de corde, qui auraient composé la première population de la colonie.

Mais ici je m’arréte pour faire un reproche aux écrivains canadiens-français: ce sont eux qui ont créé cette légende des métissages, des criminels, des vagabonds, des réfrac- taires, prétendue source première de notre population.

Oui! nos journalistes s'appliquent, sans se comprendre eux-mêmes, à faire com- prendre que les premiers Canadiens étaient des misérables, des vauriens, des expulsés de France.

Messieurs de la section française de la Société Royale, si vous voulez m’adjoindre deux collègues, nous examinerons au hasard une année de nos journaux, et si nous n’y trou-

PRÉTENDUES ORIGINES DES CANADIENS-FRANÇAIS 15

vons pas une fois par semaine, c’est-à-dire cinquante fois durant l’année, des phrases comme celles-ci, je ferai amende honorable à la presse :

“Nous, les descendants des compagnons de Jacques Cartier.” Pouvez-vous me dési- gner un seul des compagnons de Cartier qui ait laissé des descendants au Canada ?

Fils de la Bretagne et de la Normandie, les Canadiens-français chérissent toujours la France.” Remarquez bien que, de 1632 à 1700, il n’est pas venu ici cent individus de famille bretonne. Nos écrivains disent Bretagne’ croyance que Cartier a colonisé le Canada. Les premières familles bretonnes sont arrivées sur le Saint-Laurent un siècle et plus après Cartier.

?

parce qu'ils sont hantés par cette

“Les pionniers de notre pays furent le marquis de La Roche, Roberval, Cartier, Chau- vin, ete.” Il faudrait dire découvreurs ou entrepreneurs de traite, afin de ne pas tromper celui qui nous lit et qui prend le mot pionnier pour synonyme de colonisateur.

La foi chrétienne a été implantée sur les bords du Saint-Laurent par Cartier, Rober- ral, Champlain.” Oui, Champlain, mais pas Cartier, pas Roberval! Canadiens, ne répétez plus cette phrase qui vous fait déshonneur, et qui par-dessus le marché est un mensonge.

Le résultat de ces affirmations, si fréquentes dans la presse de la province de Québec, est de faire croire aux Européens, aux Américains et même aux Anglais qui nous entourent, que nos origines sont impures.

Etant donné le fait bien connu que le baron de Léry, le marquis de La Roche, Cartier, Roberval, projetaient de fixer ici des hommes et des femmes tirés des prisons du royaume, il est tout naturel qu'en lisant dans nos journaux des déclarations de parenté comme celles que je viens de citer, les étrangers en tirent une conclusion brutalement logique et terriblement à notre désavantage.

J'ai eu plusieurs fois occasion de constater ce déplorable résultat. Quel plaisir singulier prenons-nous done à dire: “Nos ancêtres étaient peu nombreux, il est vrai, mais c’étaient de la canaille.” Le jour viendra des Anglais instruits en ces matières, comme MM. William Kirby, John Lespérance, John Reade, George Stewart, protesteront contre ce travestisse- ment de l’histoire et nous demanderont pourquoi nous cherchons à nous noircir nous- mémes !

L’an dernier, après que j’eusse répondu à la Société historique du Wisconsin, à peu près dans les termes du présent article, le secrétaire de ce corps savant et très-digne d’at- tention me passa une réplique en ces termes : “Je veux croire que, parvenu à 1630, au moment où, selon vous, allait commencer la colonisation du Canada, il n'existait aucune trace des hommes de Cartier, Roberval ou Chauvin; mais vous soutenez cela parce que vous n'avez pas retrouvé ces traces : elles pouvaient exister.”

Sans doute qu’elles pouvaient exister; mais en ce cas c'était parmi les sauvages, et non pas parmi nous.

Si des aventuriers ont pris terre sur les bords du Saint-Laurent et y sont demeurés, à une date antérieure à la fondation du petit poste de Québec (1608), il ont du être absorbés par les tribus de ces contrées. En quoi cela pourrait-il avoir du rapport avec nos familles canadiennes ?

Si, pour vous complaire, j’accorde que des enfants sont nés d’un fort petit nombre d’aventuriers quelconques perdus dans les forêts du Canada avant 1608 ou 1630, ceux-ci n’ont pu constituer un noyau de population blanche. Leur demi-sang français a du se perdre dans des alliances subséquentes avec les sauvages.

16 BENJAMIN SULTE

Sur quoi se fonde-t-on pour dire que nous avons, par la suite, recueilli ces cousins de la main gauche? Rien n'était plus défendu par les autorités, dès l'origine de la colonie française, que les mariages avec les naturels du pays. D'autre part, nos archives sont tellement complètes que nous retraçons les premiers ménages, comme s’il s'agissait d'évé- nements survenus hier. placerez-vous les métis que vous avez créés par supposition ?

C’est en raisonnant de la sorte que j'ai empêché, l’an dernier, la publication d’un article destiné à prouver aux lecteurs des Etats-Unis que nous descendons des repris de justice amenés par les découvreurs du Saint-Laurent. Fasse le ciel que je réussisse main- tenant à faire comprendre aux Canadiens la nécessité de ne plus parler de ces choses sans les connaitre !

Notre population descend des hommes que dirigeait Champlain; et même il faut dire, pour être exact, que les premiers colons ne datent que de l’année 1632. Tout ce qui s’est passé avant cette date appartient à l’histoire du pays mais pas à l’histoire des Canadiens-francais.

Il

Citer des pièces et des documents serait chose très-facile dans ce travail; mais, outre que la plupart de ces témoignages du temps sont connus, j'y vois l'inconvénient d’allonger mon article au point d’en faire une brochure. Ensuite, comme je me pose dans la néga- tive, c’est-à-dire que je nie les assertions relatives au caractère douteux des premiers Canadiens, il me semble que la preuve de ces assertions ou accusations devrait être faite par ceux qui les expriment.

Bien entendu, je parle à des gens déjà versés dans la connaissance de l’histoire, et non à ceux qui, à tout propos, demandent qu'on leur apporte une bibliothèque de cita- tions, sous prétexte qu’ils ne savent rien des choses dont vous les entretenez.

Demandons-nous d'abord sous quels auspices se sont formées les plus anciennes paroisses ou seigneuries du Bas-Canada. La réponse est des moins difficiles à trouver. Trois influences, qui en somme n’en composaient qu’une seule, prévalurent absolument de 1632 à 1661: les Cent-Associés, les jésuites, les communautés religieuses, hommes ou femmes. Retournez les papiers, les écrits et les relations de cette époque, tachons de lire entre les lignes, commentez toujours, vous vous apercevrez que la colonie était entièrement au pouvoir de ces influences.

La compagnie des Cent-Associés se proclamait avant tout dévouée à la cause de la morale, Les jésuites étaient les conseillers de la compagnie j'allais dire ses domina- teurs. Voilà les deux mains qui tenaient surtout le Canada.

Les ursulines et les hospitalières de Québec ajoutèrent au poids de l'élément religieux. La société de Montréal était, on peut le dire, une organisation religieuse et presque point autre chose.

Ces simples réflexions suffiraient à nous démontrer quelle classe de colons ou habi- tants a due être choisie pour commencer nos établissements. S'il y a place aux reproches, c’est plutôt parce que l’esprit religieux absorbaït trop complètement la situation en para- lysant les efforts qui n'avaient pas pour auteurs les groupes mentionnés il y a un instant.

Il est donc aisé de nous figurer quelle population se laissa attirer vers notre pays dans de telles conditions.

PRÉTENDUES ORIGINES DES CANADIENS-FRANÇAIS AT

Celui qui ne redoute pas le travail peut scruter par les détails toute l’histoire de cette période éloignée. Les documents abondent ; ils confirment ce que je dis.

Les seigneurs étaient soumis à l'obligation de faire habiter leurs domaines. Dans leur propre intérêt, ils choisissaient de jeunes ménages, experts en agriculture, recrutés par parenté dans une ou deux communes de France, afin de les tenir unis et de repro- duire sur les bords du Saint-Laurent une copie aussi exacte que possible des us et cou- tumes de la région d’où venaient ces paysans. De cette manière naquirent les habitants. N'y a-t-il pas dans tout cela de quoi satisfaire les investigateurs les plus sévères ?

On s’est demandé si le nombre des femmes correspondait, durant ces trente années, à celui des hommes. Des calculs ont été faits qui montrent que les deux chiffres étaient assez rapprochés l’un de l’autre. Jusqu’à 1650, les hommes l’emportent dans la proportion de huit contre six, ou à peu près ; mais de 1650 à 1664 l'équilibre se rétablit.

Jusqu'à 1664, les garnisons ne dépassaient guère une trentaine de soldats pour tout le pays. Les colons en âge de porter les armes étaient miliciens.

Lorsque je mentionne ces faits relatifs au nombre des femmes et des soldats, on com- prend sur quoi je désire attirer l'attention.

En somme, nous ne formions, tous et toutes compris, qu'une population de moins de trois mille âmes vers 1664.

De 1640 à 1664, la guerre avait constamment fait rage autour de nous : d’une part, la colonie n'avait pu s’accroitre vite, et d’un autre côté les garnements n'étaient pas tentés de quitter la France pour venir rencontrer l’Iroquois.

Ainsi donc : influence religieuse prépondérante qui mettait obstacle au mauvais choix des colons ; et situation militaire peu attrayante pour les vagabonds et les vulgaires cou- reurs d'aventures.

Les témoignages du temps sont unanimes à constater l’état moral admirable de la population. |

Un trait qui fait bien voir que nos premiers habitants étaient des colons “sérieux ”, c’est que les terres qu’ils occupèrent en arrivant sont presque invariablement restées en leur possession. Encore aujourd’hui, la bonne moitié d’entre elles appartiennent à leurs descendants. Ce n’est pas le caractère d’un peuple qui s’assemble par hasard sur un coin du globe, et qui se disperse parce qu’il n’a aucun but élevé dans la vie. Consultez l'histoire des établissements de toute l'Amérique, nord et sud, îles et continent, vous serez étonnés de voir combien de couches différentes de population il a fallu pour peupler définitivement les meilleures terres : au premier vent du caprice, les aventuriers prenaient leur vol. Ici, on savait pourquoi l’on avait quitté la France, sur qui on pouvait compter dans le malheur, et, comme on avait été élevé dans le travail des champs, non dans les fau- bourgs des villes, on poursuivait sa carrière sans fléchir, sans rêver de mines d’or ou de diamants, sans manquer au devoir.

Un écrivain étranger me disait un jour: N’allez pas prendre en mauvaise part la croyance que je me suis formée sur vos origines ; iln’y a pas de honte à penser que des chenapans se sont faufilés parmi vos premiers colons ; cela s’est vu dans toutes les colonies.

Mais, lui ai-je répondu, voilà précisément le point de la question ; ces choses n’ont pas eu lieu chez nous ; je maintiens derechef que nous présentons une exception, et alors vous êtes tenu de me fournir des preuves. Les suppositions sont ici hors de place,

Sec. I, 1885 —3.

18 BENJAMIN SULTE

Tant que nous n’aurons rien découvert de plus que ce qui est à présent dans la main des amateurs de l’histoire du Canada, les étrangers commettront une injustice en disant que nos origines sont entachées comme celles de toutes les colonies.”

Depuis un demi-siécle que l’on pioche pour trouver matiére a un tel acte d’accusation, il n’est sorti de l’ombre du passé que des documents en notre faveur. Piochez, Messieurs, piochez encore !

III

Avec les années 1663-1682 se présente la question du choix des jeunes filles envoyées dans la colonie pour sy marier. C’est ici le cas de dire que d’un mot on a fait une phrase, de cette phrase un chapitre, de ce chapitre un volume. Recherchons la source des calom- nies publiées à ce sujet.

Le baron de La Hontan, venu au Canada comme officier dans les troupes, dix ou douze années après l’arrivée des dernières jeunes filles adressées de France sous l’admi- nistration de Colbert, écrivit des lettres datées de Québec, de Boucherville, de Montréal, du pays des grands lacs, des bords du Mississipi, à mesure qu’il avançait au centre du continent, et sut mêler à nombre de vérités et d'observations justes, des fantaisies, des traits d'imagination tout à fait dans le gout épistolaire de son époque, afin de piquer la curio- sité de ses lecteurs. J’ai remarqué ceci: La Hontan ne se livre à ces écarts de cerveau que pour parler de choses qu'il n’a pas vues. Aïnsi, rien n’est plus fidèle que certaines descriptions des us et coutumes des Canadiens au milieu desquels il a vécu; mais, tout à. côté, sil aborde les événements qui datent de dix ou quinze ou vingt ans avant lui, il s'égare invariablement comme le font encore tous les jours les touristes qui nous visitent et qui vont par le monde racontant des insanités sur les hommes et les choses du Canada d'il y a trois lustres.

Au cours d’une de ses lettres, La Hontan s’est amusé à dire que, autrefois, pour peu- pler la colonie, on enlevait de Paris des femmes de réputation douteuse, que l’on mariait aussitôt débarquées à Québec. Sur ce thème léger, un garçon d'esprit n’est pas en peine de broder une trentaine de lignes bien croustillantes, et notre baron n’a pas manqué le coup. Il s’agit de savoir est la vérité dans tout cela.

L'émigration des femmes et des filles venues avant 1663 ne saurait être celle dont le facétieux officier entretient ses amis. A le lire attentivement, on voit que le mouvement auquel il fait allusion est celui de 1663-72. Or, nous avons, sur la manière dont a été pré- parée et conduite cette émigration, cent fois plus de renseignements qu'il n’en faut pour confondre La Hontan. J'ai publié là-dessus de nombreux textes accompagnés d’explica- tions sur le caractère de ceux qui dirigeaient alors la colonie, et des observations montrant qu'il est impossible d'admettre dans notre histoire les gens que l’on nous prête si complai- samment.

Mais pour se placer ainsi en contradiction directe avec les faits historiques La Hontan avait-il perdu la tête? Non. Deux causes le poussaient à se tromper: lo il ne savait pas un traître mot de l’histoire du Canada; 20 à la date il écrivait (1684-87), il se faisait à Paris un raccolage de filles incommodes destinées aux Antilles et, si vous lisez la correspondance du bon La Fontaine durant ces courtes années, vous en apprendrez des détails édifiants, Ayant done su, au fond des bois du Canada, comment les Parisiens trai-

PRÉTENDUES ORIGINES DES CANADIENS-FRANCAIS 19

taient ces pauvres filles, le capitaine La Hontan voulut se montrer à la hauteur de son siècle en déroulant lui aussi sa petite histoire d’enlévements et de mariages forcés.

Je le répète, il ignorait l’histoire du Canada entièrement ; il en parle comme un aveugle des couleurs ; sa prose émoustillée s'accorde avec la vérité lorsqu'il décrit ce qu'il a vu; sur les autres points il bat la campagne.

Les filles envoyées aux Antilles et au Mississipi, de 1682 à 1687, par conséquent après la mort de Colbert, ont eu bien des malheurs. Celles des Antilles se sont vues reje- tées et honnies par les planteurs ; celles du Mississipi ont eu le sort de l’infortuné Cave- lier de la Salle, chef de l’entreprise. Quelques-unes de ces dernières ont pu gagner la France par la suite.

Les émigrations au Canada étaient organisées autrement, Dieu merci! Rien d’éton- nant si le résultat a été tout autre.

Maintenant, la lettre de La Hontan est-elle la seule pièce de ce genre? Oui. Des. écrivains sont venus plus tard qui ont répété les quelques lignes en question. Répété, comprenons-nous bien ; ce qui n’ajoute rien à leur importance, surtout si l’on tient compte du nombre toujours croissant des pièces historiques de première main que l’on découvre et qui renversent la charge de La Hontan, car c’est tout simplement une charge.

Dans la suite de ces articles, je parlerai des auteurs de lettres ou de mémoires qui, après La Hontan, ont mis en doute la pureté des origines canadiennes : il est nécessaire de prévenir le lecteur que ces nouveaux venus ne s’attachent pas à la période de 1663-72, mais à ce qui s’est passé entre 1697 et 1730. La Hontan est donc le seul qui cherche à jeter du louche sur les personnes choisies par le comité canadien, de concert avec la comité français, pour peupler le Canada (1663-72)—comités qui, on le sait, furent formés sous les meilleurs auspices, obtinrent un suecès complet, et ne cessèrent leurs opérations qu'après huit ou neuf années, alors que le roi jugea à propos d'arrêter l'émigration, disant que le Canada devait être en ce moment capable de se suffire à lui-même. Colbert eut voulu continuer ce qui était si parfaitement commencé ; le roi refusa.

Hier encore, lisant les épreuves des Sentences et Jugements du Conseil Souverain de Québec, qui vont paraître, imprimés par les soins du gouvernement provincial, je suis tombé sur les décisions et les mesures prises par le bureau du Canada au sujet du choix et du traitement des filles et femmes attirées de France et accusées plus tard par La Hon- tan. Il y a aussi dans la correspondance manuscrite des gouverneurs de ce temps (dépo- sée à Ottawa) une foule d'explications sur tout cela. Rien de plus paternel, de plus chré- tien, de plus digne de respect que les précautions de nos administrateurs dans tout le cours de cette affaire. Quand on a suivi l’histoire du temps et lu les détails que je men- tionne ici, on est tout abasourdi de rencontrer la lettre de La Hontan.

Vingt-cinq ou trente ans après le passage de La Hontan chez nous, on jouait à Paris une petite pièce de théâtre intitulée: Les mariages cu Canada. Comme il arrive toujours, le second ouvrier ajouta aux défauts du premier. Cette fois, non satisfait de répéter les badinages de La Hontan, l’auteur y met du sien. Il fait converser ensemble des per- sonnes qui ne se sont jamais vues, attendu que les unes étaient décédées lorsque les autres sont venues au monde. Dans cette production insensée, un couple nouvellement marié part de Québec pour se rendre sur la terre ou concession qui vient de lui être accordée mais il faut que ces braves amoureux passent par le Mississipi avant d'arriver au lieu du défrichement ; et ils sont vêtus de soie et couverts de dentelles pour entreprendre

20 BENJAMIN SULTE

ce voyage ; et ils ne possèdent ni hache, ni pelle, ni rien de ce qu'il faut aux gens qui font de la “terre neuve ; ’—et ils parlent sérieusement de vivre de poésie, de recom- mencer le paradis terrestre, etc.

Je reviens à mon point de départ, savoir que, pour justifier sept ou huit écrivains qui ont dit en passant un mot désagréable des filles et des femmes envoyées au Canada sous l’administration de Colbert, il n’y a qu’une seule source: La Hontan.

Celui qui croit au dire de cet officier n’a certainement jamais débrouillé les contes ou les inexactitudes qui gatent si souvent ses récits ; et j’ajouterai que pour croire à l’assertion de La Hontan sur le point qui nous occupe ici, il faut n’avoir lu ni les manuscrits ni les ouvrages imprimés qui traitent de l’histoire du Canada.

Le texte de La Hontan, colporté aux Etats-Unis et en France, chez des peuples qui ne savent pas le premier mot de notre passé, a été pris au sérieux et il fait autorité!

IV

Nous allons maintenant nous entretenir d’un préjugé répandu contre nous aux Etats- Unis.

Il semble compris chez nos voisins que les voyageurs et surtout les coureurs de bois canadiens n'étaient pas de la croix de Saint-Louis. Le terme dont on se sert pour les désigner en dit plus qu’un long poème: c’étaient des outlaws, autrement dit des condamnés en rupture de ban. Il ne reste qu’un pas à faire pour affirmer que le Canada renfermait une foule de mauvais garnements échappés du bagne, ou quelque chose d’approchant venus de France, tolérés au Canada, et filant leur corde du côté de l'Ouest à la première occasion. J'ai rencontré cette croyance dans des livres américains et parmi plusieurs cer- cles de lecteurs, qui sont du reste très bienveillants pour nous. C’est le moment de la combattre.

La compagnie des Cent-Associés avait eu la gestion des affaires du Canada depuis trente-sept ans, lorsqu'elle céda ses droits à la compagnie des Indes Occidentales, en 1664. Jusqu'à ce moment, les hommes employés à la traite des fourrures s'étaient recrutés, partie chez nos habitants, partie en France, un certain nombre de ces derniers retour- naient après trois ou quatre années de service.

Ce commerce avait été gêné presque constamment du côté du Haut-Canada, par les guerres des Iroquois; il en résultait que peu ou point de Canadiens ou de Français ne s'étaient arrêtés dans les immenses territoires qui s'étendent au dela de Montréal, et qu'ils avaient pourtant découverts de bonne heure.

La prise de possession de la compagnie des Indes, coïncidant avec l’arrivée des troupes de France (1665), les Iroquois battirent en retraite, et, non seulement s’écartérent du Bas- Canada, mais encore laissèrent la voie ouverte à nos courses vers l'Est, le Sud et l'Ouest.

Des engagés, venus directement de France, continuèrent alors la tradition et se répan- dirent au loin. Toutefois, la masse de ceux qui, à partir de cette date, servirent la com- pagnie nouvelle étaient des fils d'habitants. Cette jeunesse allait ajouter une curieuse page à notre histoire.

Sans doute la plupart comptaient retourner au foyer domestique, à l’expiration de leur engagement. Un sort tout différent les attendait.

PRÉTENDUES ORIGINES DES CANADIENS-FRANCAIS 21

Tl ya dans la nature humaine des penchants, des aptitudes, des qualités qui ne se révèlent qu’à la faveur des circonstances, et plus d’un voyageur, enfant de la charrue, a senti avec étonnement poindre en lui le goût des aventures et le charme de la vie errante, dont il faisait par surprise l'apprentissage.

Dix années s’écoulérent. Une classe experte, hardie, vigoureuse, stylée à tous les hasards celle des coureurs de bois —se trouva formée. Chacun de ces hommes manœuvrait à part. Les attaches avec la compagnie se relachaient. Ce n'étaient plus des engagés, mais des gens libres. Leur domaine était l'inconnu de la prodigieuse Amérique. Ni fleuve ni montagne ne les arrêtaient. Au contraire, un horizon entrevu les entrainait plus loin. Parlant toutes les langues, explorant, chassant, porlageant, cabanant, se bat- tant comme les plus adroits des sauvages, ils fascinaient les tribus par leur témérité, par les récits de la vieille France, par leur gaité, et ils remplissaient les wigwams du bruit de nos chants populaires. Sentinelles perdues de la race gauloise, ils réunissaient dans leur personne l’amour du merveilleux, les agréments de l'imagination, et cette con- naissance des métiers et des industries que l’Europe a toujours regardée comme son prin- cipal moyen de conquête sur les barbares. Avec la souplesse du caractère français, ils adoptaient les us et coutumes des nations au milieu desquelles ils passaient.

D’ancienne date déjà, les sauvages fréquentaient les Espagnols et les Anglais, sans avoir pu se façonner à leurs habitudes. La raison en est bien simple: ces peuples ne se transforment pas ; il faut aller à eux; jamais ils ne viennent à nous. Les Français, seuls des races civilisées, savent devenir au besoin Peaux-Rouges, Hottentots ou Patagons.

Voilà pourquoi, à ladissolution de la Compagnie des Indes (1675), les autorités cana- diennes s’inquiétèrent de la tournure des choses, et prirent ombrage du grand nombre de coureurs de bois qui ne réintégraient point leur domicile, malgré les ordres lancés à cet effet.

D'une part, le roi, abolissant le monopole dans les affaires de la traite, rendait la liberté à tous ceux qu'un contrat quelconque avait liés à la Compagnie des Indes; d’autre part, le Conseil Souverain de Québec, se faisant l'interprète des Canadiens résidant au Bas-Canada, exigeait le retour immédiat des fils des colons partis pour les voyages lointains.

La position ainsi tranchée, il s’opéra une sorte de triage parmi les coureurs de bois. Les uns reprirent les travaux des champs dans leurs paroisses natales ; les autres voulurent qu’on les laissât maitres de leurs destinées, et ils ne revinrent pas au bereail. Ceux-ci devaient peser d’un poids considérable dans la balance des événements qui se présentérent de 1675 à 1760.

L'implantation des idées françaises au milieu des tribus si diverses qui peuplaient l’intérieur du continent eut pour résultat de nous rendre formidables aux yeux des colonies anglaises. De Québec, nous entretenions des rapports avec le pays des sources de l'Ohio, les grands lacs, le Mississipi, le Nord-Ouest, et cela grâce aux coureurs de bois principale- ment. Chose étrange, le Conseil Souverain intimait sans cesse à ces indisciplinés l'ordre de revenir au pays, et il tirait continuellement avantage de leurs courses et de leur influence chez les sauvages pour consolider le prestige du nom français.

Dès 1680, il y avait huit cents hommes de cette classe dispersés dans l'Etat de New- York, la Pensylvanie, le Maryland, l'Ohio, les Illinois, et, il faut le dire, leur rôle était immense.

N'indiquaient-ils pas à notre mère patrie la direction à suivre pour l'avenir? Avec

22 BENJAMIN SULTE

une pareille avant-garde tout devient possible si le corps de la nation s’agite et marche. On ne bougea aucunement. (C’est même à cette heure si propice à nos intérêts que cesse l'envoi des colons de France.

Franchissant tous les obstacles, nos coureurs de bois étaient arrivés aux confins des établissements anglais qu'ils serraient de près, étant en quelque sorte devenus possesseurs d'un vaste territoire qui assurait leur arriére-garde et nous reliait à eux. Cette invasion, comparable à celle qui se voit de nos jours, mais plus efficace, eu ce sens que nous prenions un terrain neuf, eût du être soutenue, On chercha à la restreindre. Ce fut peut-être une faute; malheureusement on en commettait une plus grave en abandonnant tout le Canada à lui-même. Nous entrions dans la voie des sacrifices.

Les restrictions portées contre les coureurs de bois atteignirent l’apogée de la menace vers 1690. On qualifiait ces hommes de tranfuges ; ils ne l’étaient aucunement, et, pour le prouver, ils se fortifièrent de plus en plus dans les contrées envahies. Les Anglais en croyaient à peine leurs yeux. Les indigènes allaient de préférence traiter aux postes fran- çais. Les Anglais se