■mm ■mtp W mm Kim a f", i,;;;!9r Ijll'l 1 ;*^ , . .'I'lji'i ' t'll .1 If ' ' nil' J " , •mA± 'Vv i *li*'!;( i«.i ! I GENEAL.OG.. ^OL.I-ECTlOf4 r4.»- / ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY ill 3 1833 01 091 7489 n ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ^NNEBEC ^UNTY MAINE 1799 1625 ^" -1892 EDITORS HEHRY D. KIHGSBURY SIMEOH L. DEYO Resident ContriTDutors JAMES W. BRADBURY WILLIAM PENN WHITEHOUSE SAMUEL L. BOARDMAN WILLIAM B. LAPHAM HIRAM K. MORREI.L LENDALL TITCOMB J. CLAIR MINOT JAMES M. LARRABEE HENRY S. WEBSTER CHARLES E. NASH JOHN L. STEVENS HOWARD OWEN RUFUS M. JONES ASBURY C. STILPHEN HARRY H. COCHRANE GEORGE UNDERWOOD ORRIN F. SPROUL ALBION F. WATSON New York W. BLAKE & COMPANY 94 Reade St. 1893 V- Edition Limited to 1600 Prints. COPYRIGHTED 1892, H. W. BLAKE & CO. -4 fA. H. Ritchie. Engravers, • Hazlett Gilmour. I A. C. Shipley. Artist, Frank M. Gilbert. Printer, J. Henry Probst. Binders, T. Russell & Son. 1127768 INTRODUCTION. HISTORY is a record of human experience. Human acts are its sources, its forces, its substance, its soul. Individual life is its unit; collective biography its sum total. This book is an effort to preserve some of the staple facts in the lives of the men and women of Kennebec county. Those who have attempted such work know its difficulties; those who have not cannot understand them. Early local history is, at best, but a collection of memories and tra- ditions, with an occasional precious bit of written data. Of necessity, such chains have many missing links. The questioner is so frequently told that had he but come ten— or twenty — years ago, such and such an one, now gone, could have told him so much. Those people then would surely have said the same of their predecessors. So if, for the printed page, we get what we can when we can, the reader has the best obtainable. Happily, both in character and extent, the matter here given greatly excels the original expectations and plans of the publishers. In addition to the historical matter, in which they take genuine pride, they regard as of great importance the genealogical and biographical matter. The facts of life and generation are beyond question of superla- tive worth. There is no more significant tendency of civilization than the growing attention paid to making more detailed records of family statistics. Scarcely a New England family of long, vigorous con- tinuance can be found, some loyal member of which has not — at great cost of time and often of money— prepared an approximate genealogy. Every effort at local history puts in imperishable form the priceless annals of the past. The recollections and experiences taken from the lips of the aged is so much rescued from oblivion. Every promi- nent figure in the realms of business, science, art or profession has IV INTRODUCTION. passed through the uneventful periods of childhood and youth, often in some obscure locality; and there is not a town in Kennebec county- whose pride in having produced and whose interest in watching or relating the careers of its honored sons and daughters do not still make its air richer and its sunshine brighter. While writing these last lines on a winter's day near the close of the second year of labor on the work in hand, we wish in behalf of their posterity, whom we have tried to serve, to thank the good people of Kennebec who have so kindly and faithfully cooperated with us in every way to make this volume worthy of its title. Besides to twenty writers whose names these chapters bear, we gladly acknowledge our obligation to more than twenty hundred who have, in personal inter- views or in correspondence, or both, done what they could to leave for coming times this record of their county's past — this monument to what it is. . Augusta, Me., c.,^^^>?z^ December, 1892. ^^:^2!f^ TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter I. General View. By Hiram K. Mor- rell 1 Chapter II. The Indians of the Kennebec. By Capt. Charles E. Nash 9 Chapter III. Sources of Land Titles. By Len- dall Titcomb, Esq 73 Chapter IV. Civil History and Institutions 78 Chapter V. Military History 109 Chapter VI. Military History (Concluded) 122 Chapter VII. Industrial Resources 175 Chapter VIII. Agriculture and Live Stock. By Samuel L. Boardman 187 Chapter IX. Travel and Transportation 225 Chapter X. The Newspaper Press. By Mr. Howard Owen 238 Chapter XI. Literature and Literary People. By Thomas Addison 254 Chapter XII. The Society of Friends. By Rufus M. Jones 269 Chapter XIII. History of the Courts. By Judge William Penn Whitehouse 297 Chapter XIV. The Kennebec Bar. By James W. Bradbury, LL.D 308 Chapter XV. The Medi^ al Profession 347 Chapter XVI. Augusta. By Capt. Charles E.Nash. 381 Chapter XVII. Augusta (Continued) 405 Chapter XVIII. Augusta (Concluded) 427 Chapter XIX. Hallowell. By Dr. William B. Lapham 489 Chapter XX. Town of Farmingdale. By A. C. Stilphen, Esq 517 Chapter XXI. Town of Winslow. By Henry D. Kingsbury ' 537 Chapter XXII. City of Waterville. By Henry D. Kingsbury 568 Chapter XXIII. City of Waterville (Concluded) ... 580 Chapter XXIV. The City of Gardiner 601 Chapter XXV. Town of West Gardiner 668 Chapter XXVI. Town of Litchfield. By H. D. Kingsbury 684 Chapter XXVU. Town of Pittston 712 Chapter XXVIII. Town of Randolph 738 Chapter XXIX. Town of Chelsea 749 Chapter XXX. Town of Monmouth. By Harry H. Cochrane 764 Chapter XXXI. Town of Wayne 807 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter XXXII. Town of Winthrop 826 Chapter XXXIII. Town of Manchester 875 Chapter XXXIV. Town of Readfield. By Henry D. Kingsbury 890 Chapter XXXV. Town of Mount Vernon 9.S0 Chapter XXXVI. Town of Fayette. By George Un- derwood, Esq 953 Chapter XXXVII. Town of Vienna 974 Chapter XXXVIII. Town of Rome 988 Chapter XXXIX. Town of Belgrade. By J. Clair Minot 993 Chapter XL. Town of Sidney 10.34 Chapter XLI. Town of Oakland 1064 Chapter XLII. Town of \^assalboro 1095 Chapter XLIII. Town of China 1139 Chapter XLIV. Town of Windsor 1172 Chapter XLV. Town of Albion 1194 Chapter XL\'I. Town of Benton 1218 Chapter XLVII. Town of Clinton 1243 ILLUSTRATIONS. Adams, Enoch, M. D 348 Adams, Hermon H 1018 Albion, Map of 1202 Allen, E. C 452 Asylum for Insane 96 Augusta, Settlers' Map 387 Ayer, John 1076 Bailey, Hannah J., Residence 852 Bailey, Moses 853 Barnard, Mrs. Henrietta M., Res.. 648 Barton, Asher H 1331 Barton, Asher H. , Residence 1332 Bassett, Alexander, Residence 1162 Bassett, Jonathan 1163 Bean, Emery O 316 Benson, Benj. Chandler 1079 Besse, Charles K 980 Billings, Oliver 965 Billings Homestead •. 965 Blaine, James G 456 Blaisdell, Elijah 1233 Blake, Fred K., Residence 795 Blake, Henry M 350 Blake Homestead 795 Blake, William P 1081 Bodwell, Joseph R 185 Boutelle, Nathaniel R 351 Boutelle, Timothy 308 Bowman, Sifamai 625 Bradbury, James W 318 Brooks, Samuel S 466 Brown, Frederick 1 909 Brown, Frederick I., Res. and Store. 908 Brown, George 756 Burbank, Silas 852 Burleigh, Edwin C 82 Bussell, John 1124 Butman, James O., Farm Res 910 Cabin, ' ' Uncle Tom's. " 705 Capitol, at Augusta 80 Carleton, Leroy T 324 Carr, Albert C, Residence 855 Carr, Daniel 833 Chelsea, Settlers' Map of 750 China, Sketch Map of 1140 Christ's Church, Gardiner 630 Cobb, Chandler F., Stock Farm. . . 311 Cobbosseecontee Lake 880 Coburn Classical Institute lOO Colby University 98 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Colcord, John B., Farm Residence. 1335 Collins, Jason 234 Collins, John 672 Comfort Publishing House 443 Cony, Daniel 469 Cony High School 425 Cony, Samuel 468 Copsecook Paper Mills 615 Cornish, Colby C 556 Court House, Augusta 79 Crooker, Leander J 354 Crosby, George H., Residence 1309 Cumston, Charles M 793 Cumston, Charles M., Residence.. 792 Cushnoc, Plan of 1761 387 Dingley, J. B 647 Dodge, Howard W 1260 Doherty, Charles W 434 Druillette's, Fr. Gabriel, Autogr'h. 83 East Winthrop, Village Plan 849 Eaton, Joseph 560 Emerson, Luther D 1084 Fairfax, Settlers' Map 1202 Father Rale's Monument 65 Faught, Albert, Residence 1052 Fifield, Joseph S 883 Fifield. Joseph S. , Farm Res 883 Fogg, Samuel G.. Farm Res 912 Fort Western, Vicinity of 392 Friends' Meeting House, East Vas- salboro 376 Friends' Meeting House, Winthrop. 293 Gannett & Morse Concern 443 Gardiner High School. . .-. 638 Gardiner Savings Bank 627 Giddings, Wooster P 358 Giddings, Wooster P., Residence.. 358 Giris' Reform School 104 Gott, John M 824 Gower, John 857 Gray, Jo.shua 608 Guptill. D. F 562 Haley, Eben D 180 Hallowell Social Library 502 Hammond, Carlos 1054 Hanscom, David 1237 Hanson, James H 588 Harlow, Henry M 95 Harriman, Benjamin W 914 Harriman, Benj. W., Residence. . . 915 Harvey Homestead 917 Harvey, William, Birthplace 917 Hathaway, Charles F 589 He wins, George E., Residence 472 Hewins Homestead 472 Hewins, Daniel 473 Haynes, J. Manchester 470 High School, Gardiner 638 Hobbs, Josiah S 105 Hodgdon, Elbridge G 1262 Hodges, Albert .564 Hodges, Albert, Residence 564 Hodges, Bamum 564c Holway, Oscar 474 Hopkins, Myrick 649 Hopkins, Myrick, Homestead 648 Howard, Oakes 860 Hussey, Ben. G., Residence 1114 Hussey, Orrett J., Residence 1128 Industrial School for Girls 104 Insane, Hospital for the 96 Jail, Kennebec County 79 Jewett, Hartley W 532 Jones, Levi 863 Jones Plantation, Plan of 1140 Kendrick, Cyrus 363 Kennebec Court House 79 Kennebec County Jail 79 Kent, Elias H., Residence 968 Kents Hill Seminary 102 Kilbreth, Sullivan 887 Knight, Austin D 513 Ladd, Harvey 919 Lamb, William 1264 Lane, Samuel W 476 Lapham, Eliphalet H 731 Lapham, William B 360 Lawrence, Charles 618 Lawrence, Sherburn 630 Lawrence Homestead 619 Lewis, Allen E 740 Library, Hallowell 503 Lithgow, L. W 439 Longfellow, George A 864 Loring. Henry S 1058 MacDonald, Roderick 920 Maine Wesleyan Seminary 103 Manley, Joseph H 478 Marston, David E 364 Minot, George E 1034 Minot, George E., Residence 1024 Mitchell, Benjamin G 593 Monument, Father Rale's 65 Morrell, Arch 656 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Morrell, Hiram K 262 Morrell, James S 1213 Mt. Pleasant Stock Farm 211 Nason, Charles H 445 Nichols, Thomas B 1130 North, James W 479 Oak Grove Seminary 280 " Oak Hill "— BiUings Homestead.. 96.5 " Oak Trees "—Gov. Williams' Res. 487 Owen, Howard, Cottage 880 Packard, Henry 868 Parsons, David E 366 Rale, Fr. Seb., Autograph of .53 Richardson, Alton 1268 Robbins, George A 1134 Robbins, George A., Residence 1134 Rowell, Eliphalet .514 Sampson, Thomas B 679 Sanborn, Bigelow T 97 Savings Institution, Gardiner 627 Searls, William T 762 Shores, George E 595 Sidney, Sketch Map of 1035 Small, Abner R 1089 Smith, David T 704 Smith, E. H. W 481 Smith, William R 482 Snell, William B 332 Snow, Albion P . . .\ 371 Springer, David S 706 State House, Augusta 80 St. Augustine Church, Augusta 436 St. Joseph's Church, Gardiner 635 St. Mary's Church, Augusta 432 Stevens, Greenlief T 92 Stevens Homestead 1028 Sturgis, Ira I ) 484 Strout, Albion K. P., Residence. . . 373 Taylor, Joseph 1030 Thayer. Frederick C 375 "The Elms"— Res. Geo. H. Crosby. 1209 Thing, Daniel H 949 Thomas, Joseph B 736 Tinkham, Andrew W 804 Titcomb, Samuel 336 Torsey, Henry P 926 Towne, Benjamin F. , Residence . . 567 Trott, Freeman 664 "Uncle Tom's Cabin." 705 Underwood, Joseph H 971 Underwood Homestead 972 \^assalboro, Plan of 1096 Vining, Marcellus 1192 Ware, John 598 Webb, E. F 338 West Gardiner Map 669 Whitehouse, Seth C 486 Whitehouse, William Penn 297 Whitehouse Homestead 1137 Whitmore, Chadbourn W 378 Whitmore, Nathaniel M 342 Whitmore, Stephen 376 Whittier Homestead 984 Williams, Joseph H 487 Williams, Joseph H., Residence. . . 487 Williams, Reuel 310 Williams, Seth 166 Winslow, Map of 538 Winslow, Alfred 1092 Woodbury, John 710 Woods, Jacob S 986 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. CHAPTER I. GENERAL VIEW. By Hiram K. Morrell. Geographical and Astronomical Position. — Rocks. — Fossils. — Clay-beds. — Drain- age.— Streams. — Ponds. — Hills. — Climate. — Karnes. — Shell Deposits. — Min- eralogy.— Primitive and Present Forests. — Landscapes. — Game. — Fishes. THAT portion of south-central Maine now embraced within the county of Kennebec — lying on either side of the Kennebec river and almost wholly drained by its tributaries — has an area of nearly a half million acres. Its southern boundary, thirty miles from the ocean, is in north latitude, 44°, whence it extends northward to 44° 31'. It is from twenty to thirty-five miles wide, lying between meridians 69° 20' and 70° 10', we.st. Its greatest diameter from north- east to southwest is 48.5 miles. With the ultimate purpose of tracing the course of human events within this territory, our more immediate purpose in this chapter is to consider the county as a physical struc- ture, regardless of its occupancy by man. The indications of a glacial period are probably as well shown in this county as anywhere in Maine. Underlying the modified drift are often found masses of earth and rocks mingled confusedly together, having neither stratification nor any appearance of having been deposited in water. These are the glacial drift, or ////. This drift frequently covers the slopes, and even the summits, of the greater elevations. It contains bowlders of all diameters up to forty feet, which have nearly all been brought southward from their native ledges, and can be traced, in some instances, for a hundred miles, southward or southeastward. Wherever till occurs, the ledges have mostly been worn to a rounied form, and, if the rock be hard, it is covered with long scratches, or striic, in the direction of the course taken by the bowlders. Geology now refers these to a moving ice- sheet which spread over this continent from the north, and was of sufficient thickness to cover even Mount Washington, to within 300 1 2 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. feet of its top. This ice-sheet was so much thicker at the north than in this latitude that its great weight pressed the ice steadily onward and outward to the south-southeast. The termination of this ice-sheet in the Atlantic, southeast of New England, was probably like the present great ice-wall of the Antarctic continent. Of Maine as a whole the rocks are both vietaniorpliic {i. c, changed from the original sandstones, shales, conglomerates and limestones by the action of heat, water and chemical forces into other kinds of rock than their first character) slxiA fossi/ifcrous. These metamorphic strati- fied rocks occur: gneiss, mica schist, talcose schist, steatite, and ser- pentine, the saccharoid limestone, clay slate, quartz, and conglomer- ates, jasper, siliceous slate, and hornstone. The unstra'tified rocks are mostly granite, sienite, protogine, porphyry, and trap or greenstone. The fossiliferous rocks are Paleozoic, except some marine alluvial deposits, and represent the Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian, Devon- ian, and Drift and Alluvium groups. These formations have been studied but superficially, as yet, by .scientific men; Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, however, gives this arrangement: Champlain clays, terti- ary; Glacial drift, till; Lower Carboniferous or Upper Devonian; Lower Devonian, Oriskany group; Upper Silurian; Silurian and Cam- brian clay slates; Cambrian and Huronian with Taconic; Montalban; Laurentian; Granite; Trap and altered slates. The topographical survey by the government is not yet published, and Prof. W. S. Bayley, of Colby University, says that not even a nucleus of a repre- sentative collection of the minerals of the state exists anywhere in it, although Maine possesses unique minerals unknown elsewhere. The accepted theory of many geologists, among them Miller, Lyell and Darwin, is that there was a time during the Pleistocene period when most of this continent was under water; when the whole of Kennebec county was submerged; and that millions of immense icebergs were carried by the currents, bringing large bowlders frozen firmly to their bottoms. These, passing over the submerged ledge, ground to impalpable powder that which, precipitated in layers on the then ocean bottom, formed the clay layers of to-day. The subsequent gradual elevation of the eastern coast of this continent left above tide water many of the characteristics of the former ocean bottom, and now at various depths below the surface layers of marine shells may be found. The surface in many sections is of slate of the lower Silurian formation, which, having been ground «o a fine paste, makes the gray clay, frequently tinged with oxide of iron and containing fossil marine shells. Where these clay-beds are deepest the clay is very salt and sometimes contains water-worn pebbles, on some of which fossil barnacles have been found. Under the gray clays is the blue clay deposit, doubtless antedating them by many ages, and formed in part GENERAL VIEW. 3 from the ocean ooze. These original day deposits are thirty, sixty, and in places, more than one hundred feet thick, through which the streams have cut deep channels, leaving the clay hills of irregular outline. Of the county as a place of residence it hardly seems necessary to speak. Those who have always lived in it show, from that fact, their appreciation of it. Those who have gone from it have either come back, or intend to, if they can. Those who have been away from it and returned, think most of it. and the more they have traveled, the more they appreciate good " Old Kennebec " as a home. I was born in it and always lived in it except about two j^ears in Minnesota, aiid then I had a home here. I have been young and now I am old, yet never have I seen the Kennebecker forsaken, nor his seed begging bread — and never expect to — unless he is too lazy to work. I have traveled in twenty-six states, both of the Canadas, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and I honestly, after mature deliberation, believe that in no other land can one with honesty and thrift get more of the good things of life— of all that makes life enjoyable to the hon- est, intellectual man — than in Kennebec county. The county is one of the highly favored places of the world as to its water and drainage systems. The splendid water power at Water- ville, known as Ticonic (anciently spelled Teconnet) falls, is the head of navigation for large boats. The total fall of the Kennebec from the foot of Ticonic falls to Augusta is 36.6 feet. The dam at Augusta, which is passed by a lock, makes still water for several miles. Just below Ticonic falls the Sebasticook river, having drained Winslow, Benton and Clinton, and many towns in Somerset county, joins the Kennebec near the old Fort Halifax of 1746. The Messalonskee stream, having drained the lake of the same name and five towns and several large ponds, at Oakland tum- bles in a beautiful cascade of forty feet and soon enters the Kennebec, just below and opposite the mouth of the Sebasticook. , Several large brooks or streams, which would be called rivers in the western part of the state, enter the Kennebec between Waterville and Gardiner, where the Cobbosseecontee — the prettiest, merriest and busiest of streams — having drained the towns of Wayne, Winthrop, Monmouth, Litchfield and West Gardiner, in Kennebec county, and several in Androscoggin and Sagadahoc, after a vexed and troubled journey of a mile over eight dams, with a fall of 128 feet, laughingly and gleefully enters placidly the Kennebec. The Cobbossee is the outlet of Cobbossee Great pond, which re- ceives also the waters of Aunabessacook and Maranocook ponds. It also receives the discharge from Lake Tacoma, or " Shorey pond," Sand, Buker, Jimmy and Wood ponds, which are nearly on a level, and known on the map as Purgatory ponds. It is one of the best and most 4 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. available water powers in the state. Worromontogus stream, the out- let of the pond of the same name — usually abbreviated to " Togus " — forms the line between Randolph and Pittston, where it forms a valu- able water power before its entrance into the Kennebec. The south- ern and eastern portions of Pittston are drained by the Eastern river, which joins the Kennebec at Dresden, opposite Swan island. Windsor is drained by the eastern branch of the Sheepscot. The towns in the extreme west of the county contain sixteen ponds which drain into the Androscoggin. As a whole, the water that falls on Kennebec county flows into the ocean through the Kennebec, for it receives all of the water of the Androscoggin at Merrymeeting bay. Of course this imperfect sketch of these leading drainage systems gives but a faint idea of the water system of the county. On Half- penny's atlas of Kennebec county, some seventy-five named ponds are laid down, which number of course does not include all. Some of these ponds, several miles in extent, would be called lakes in other places. Cobbossee Great pond forms the boundary, in whole or in part, of five towns; and there are several others nearly as large. I will not consider the water powers of these ponds and streams, but their natural beauties and attractions. I know them and love them, but it will take an abler pen than mine to picture even a small part of their loveliness. If I cared to tempt the hunter and fisherman — but I do not — I could tell wondrous tales, and wondrous because they are true, of the trout, black bass, white perch, pickerel, and many other kinds of fishes I have seen, which were taken from our beautiful brooks and ponds: and of the woodcocks, partridges, ducks and other game that others shot — others I say, for I never fired a gun in my life. One can hardly go amiss, who seeks for pleasure with the gun or rod in almost any town in the county. It is the sportsman's paradise. But to me, and such as I, her ponds and cascades, her placid streams and murmuring brooks, her ever-verdant fields and forest-clad hills, have a deeper and nobler attraction than merely as a haunt for the slayer. If everybody saw the natural beauties of Kennebec county, as the true lover of nature sees them, and enjoyed them as he enjoys them, the county would not be large enough for those who would want to live in it. She has no mountains to awe or weary the trav- eler and take up the room of better scenery, but she has picturesque hills and bluffs, overlooking smiling valleys, dotted with lovely vil- lages; hills from which Mounts Kearsage, Washington and the whole Presidential range may be seen, as well as Mt. Blue, Mt. Saddleback, Abraham, Bigelow and others. The views from Oak hill, in Litch- field, and from Monmouth Ridge and Pease's hill in Monmouth, Cross hill in Vassalboro, Deer hill in China and Bolton hill in Augusta, are as fine as one needs to see. The climate is the best abused thing in Maine, the abuse coming GENERAL VIEW. 5 mostly from those who do not know what a good climate is. I used to think that Maine was hardly decent for any man to attempt to live in; but having spent three winters in Florida, and having sampled the winter climate of the much bepraised western highlands of Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina, and spent nearly two years in Minnesota and Iowa, I have come to the conclusion that Ken- nebec county is the best county for me to live in, summer or winter. There are some days in dog-days, and perhaps some weather in March and November, that might be improved, but take it as a whole, one season with another, Kennebec has as good a climate as any place in the world; and her sons and daughters, physically, mentally and mor- ally, will compare favorably with the men and women of any land. We are too warm in winter, but the climate is not to blame for that. Maine people keep themselves warmer in the winter than in summer. We are far enough from the ocean to escape its damp, salt, chilly air, yet near enough to temper our summer heat with the sea breezes. For forty years our average annual rainfall, including melted snow, has been 43.24 inches, which is about '35 per cent, in excess of six other states west of Maine, where records have been kept. The mean rainfall in Kennebec county, between May 31st and September 14th, is 11.11 inches; the winter precipitation is 10.13 inches, and that of fall and spring 10.50 inches. (3ur rainfall is .so evenly distributed that the county rarely suffers from excessive storms, or from droughts. In fine, if one cannot live here to a good old age, he is likely to die young anywhere, and not necessarily because he is beloved of the gods either. Octogenarians are common, and centenarians are by no means rare. But one's life in Kennebec county, be it longer or shorter, is worth a good deal more than it would be anywhere else. While the chief industrial wealth of Kennebec county is in her agriculture and her varied manufactures noticed in subsequent chap- ters, she also utilizes her di.sadvantages, and her frozen river and her rocky hills become a source of employment for thousands, of business and revenue to many, and of general welfare to the whole community. Her ice business alone probably brings a million dollars a year to the county, while her granite quarries furnish work for scores of skilled laborers, and the leading cities of almost every state are proud of their architectural specimens of the enduring productions of Ken- nebec. In general the river banks along the Kennebec are high, the soil rocky or clayey, there being but few sections of alluvial soil along its banks, and these of small extent. The surface in Rome, Vienna, Mt. Vernon and Fayette is broken, the soils rocky and strong. In Wins- low the soil bordering the Kennebec and vSebasticook rivers is a fine, deep loam; while the eastern part of the town is ledgy. In Litchfield and West Gardiner are quite extensive tracts of light, plains land. 6 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Wayne abounds in large extents of blowing sands, soil largely com- posed of fine sand, not containing sufficient clay or aluminous matter to give them cohesion, and for years hundreds of acres of these shift- ing sands have been moved by the winds, covering up other hundreds of acres of valuable land. Her soils comprise specimens of almost everything. In the main they are strong rather than deep; in many sections ledgy, in some very rocky, in a few porous and light. In places, glacial deposits have formed kames,* horse backs, or ridges of sand. In others, fields buried in bowlders show where were ancient moraines of the glacial period. " Int all the regions which in .some former age were overrun by glaciers, there are found certain curious ridges of sand, gravel or pebbles, often in places where no ordinary stream could have flowed. Because of their remarkable shapes and situations they have always attracted attention wherever they are found, and hence they have re- ceived many local names. They are known as kames in Scotland, eskars in Ireland, aasar in Sweden, and in Maine they are called horse- backs, whalebacks, hogbacks, ridges, turnpikes, windrows and sad- dles. A kame often spreads out into a very broad ridge or plain, also into a series of ridges connected by cross ridges called plains or kame- plains. They frequently contain conical or rounded depressions called sinks, hoppers, pounds, kettles, bowls, punch-bowls, potash kettles, and one at Bryant's pond is known as the ' Basin.' The gravel stones and pebbles in these formations are more or less washed and rounded, like tho.se found on the sea beach or in the beds of rapid streams. The large pebbles are called cobble stones in the Middle states and pumple stones in the East. Often there are gaps in these ridges, but when mapped they are plainly seen to be arranged in lines or systems like the hills in a row of corn." One of these kames forms both sand hills and plains in Wayne; marked bluffs or hills of sand in Monmouth; and in Litchfield it forms what is known as " The Plains." Profe.ssor Stone mentions one kame as " the eastern Kennebec system, that extends through Mayfield, Skowhegan, Augusta, South Gardiner and beyond." There is no trace of it in Gardiner but a singular sugar-loaf shaped hill at South Gardi- ner. This was noticed;); by Reverend Mr. Bailey, of Pownalboro, over a hundred years ago, and also a similar one across the river, a short distance below. He thought they were the work of human hands. Professor .Stone's theory is that these kames are the old beds of rivers which ran on the surface of the ice in the glacial period, and formed by their deposits these various phenomena. His theory, I think, is generally adopted as the only one which accounts for them. In Wayne and Monmouth in some places these sands are shifted by the wind, and beds of simply barren sand occur. At Augusta and * The Kame theory was developed by George H. Stone, while a professor at Kents Hill Seminary. t Prof. George H. Stone, in Maine Farmer. \ Vide Frontier Missionary. GENERAL VIEW. 7 Gardiner, along the river banks; in Winthrop and in other towns marine fossil shells of living species are found, some of which species are not now found so far south. A scallop — Pcctcn Is/aiidiats, a shell common to Newfoundland — has been found at Gardiner. I once bored through 72 feet of clay in Gardiner and struck what was undoubtedly river gravel. The line of these fossil shells is as much as 150 feet above the present level of the sea. These clay hills in many places have deep valleys between, doubtless eroded in glacial times. In all these river towns there are also high granite hills and bluffs, with the exception of Waterville, where the lower Silurian slates outcrop. The oldest and newest formations lie side by side, with no intermediate ones. Kennebec county has several kinds of minerals, of which a few may be mentioned. Litchfield, which is quite a place of pilgrimage for mineralogists, contains sodalite, cancrinite, elaeolite, zircon, spodu- mene, muscovite, pyrrhotite, hydronephelite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, lepidomelane, muscovite, jasper. Hydronephelite is a new mineral recently determined by F. W. Clarke, curator of the mineralogical department of the National Museum, Washington. The deep blue sodalite and brilliant yellow cancrinite of Litchfield and hydronephe- lite have never been found anywhere else in equally as fine specimens. A gold mine was opened a few years ago on the east side of Oak hill, in Litchfield, but it did not enrich its owners, although it is laid down on the atlas before mentioned. Monmouth produces actinolite, apatite, elseolite, zircon, staurolite, plumose mica, beryl, rulite. Pittston contains fine specimens of graphite and pyrrhotite. Several attempts at mining gold have been made there, and favorable assays published. In Waterville are found fine specimens of crystallized pyrite. Winthrop shows fine specimens of staurolite, pyrite, hornblende, garnet and copperas. Crystallized quartz, small garnets, tourmaline and traces of iron are common throughout the county. Dana, in his System of Mineralogy, says " gold has been found at Albion." This is doubtless an error into which the elder Dana wa-; led by Professor Cleaveland, of Brunswick, who was inveigled into investing by some crooks in a bogus gold mine in Albion. The original forest was largely of pme. as the gigantic stumps attest. Our forests are composed of the various species of pine, hem- lock, spruce, fir, hackmatack and cedar; birch, beech, oak, hornbeam, ash, elm, poplar, willow, cherry and basswood — in fact of about all the trees and shrubs of Maine. Her forests are her crowning glory, both when their leafage is coming out and in autumn, when their gorgeous coloring is the despair of the artist and the wonder of the world; for no other part of the earth claims to approach the beauty of the Maine S HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. woods. The man who has never stood, some lovely October day, on Oak hill, Monmouth ridge. Pease's hill, or some other hilltop over- looking- onr beautiful ponds, the mountains towering on our northern horizon; with the clear blue sky above him, and around hundreds of forest-clad hills, with all the gorgeous colorings of the rainbow — yes, with hundreds of tints and shades of colors— has yet to learn what it is to live, and what a lovely world this is. As the sun sinks slowly in the west, and gradually, gently and reluctantly draws the mantle of night over the earth, as though he hated to leave so much beauty, then one knows what a sunset is. Talk of skies! As Bryant says: The sunny Italy may boast The beauteous tints that flush her skies, And lovely round the Grecian coast May thy blue pillars rise ! I only know how fair they stand Above my own beloved land. Our ponds and streams have economic as well as esthetic excel- lence. Our ponds teem with good fish, while each week in the spring- time a new migratory fish makes its appearance. The purity of water in the Kennebec makes its fish, like its ice, the best of their kind. In winter the lower Kennebec swarms with smelts that used to come in millions to Gardiner and Hallowell— and would now if legally pro- tected; alewives come in early spring; then the .shad, the mackerel,- the striped bass; then cod, cusk, haddock, halibut and hake, all the year. Twenty years ago one could hardly look at the river in June without seeing the sturgeon jumping, but three years of fishing by a German company almost exterminated them. " Kennebec Salmon," always named on the bills in city restaurants, had been practically extinct for years, until recently some efforts have been made toward re-stocking the river. In several of the inland ponds are smelts. In Belgrade pond is a variety so large that naturalists have given it a special name. Lamprey and eels are plenty in the Cobbossee — the latter taken by tons — but the natives seldom eat them. Thus it would seem that nature has in every way made generous provision, in the valley of the Kennebec, for the welfare and happi- ness of man. Of course man here does not live forever, but it is a proportionately cheerful and pleasant place to die in. Skillful physi- cians and careful nurses smooth his pillow and ease his pains, till the grim messenger is almost tired of waiting; and when the inevitable is passed, genial and liberal clergymen will do the ver}^ best that can be done for him, and elegant undertakers will make his last ride the most expensive one he ever had; and when all is done a monument of Kennebec granite will rear its lordly head above his peaceful grave, and " after life's fitful fever he sleeps well." CHAPTER II. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. THEIR FIRST WHITE VISITORS. DuMont and Champlain. — The Popham Colony. -^Captain Gilbert's trip up the River. — Sebenoa the Sagamore. — Visit to the Indian Village. — Erection of the Cross of Discovery. — Visit of Biencourt and Father Biard. — Interviews with the Indians. — First Ceremony of the Mass on the Coast of Maine. — The French Mission at St. Sauveiir (Mt. Desert) destroyed with Bloodshed.— The Contest for Acadia begun.— Captain John Smith. — Samoset and Captain Leverett. — First Sale of Land by Indians. THE story of the aborigines of Maine blends inseparably with the history of the struggle that lasted for a century and a half be- tween France and England for supremacy in the New World. In the first decade of the 17th century, Henry IV of France and James I of England, grasped simultaneously as jewels for their respective crowns, the greater part of North America. Spain, the patron and the beneficiary of Columbus, had enjoyed exclusively for three gener- ations the wealth of the western hemisphere, whose productions of " barbaric pearl or gold " had spoiled the Spaniard to the point of sur- feit and effeminacy, and made him look lightly on all territory that was destitute of the glittering ores. Northward from Florida the latitudes were open to any nation that could maintain itself against the jealousy of its rivals. The mosses of an hundred years had gath- ered on Columbus' tomb before the impulse of his mighty achieve- ment aroused the statesmen of central Europe to schemes of empire on the continent to which he had shown the way across a chartless ocean. France took the initiative. Henry vaguely lined out as his own in 1603, by royal patent, the most of the territory of the present United States. James asserted a like claim to the same vast tract, with con- siderably enlarged boundaries. Frenchmen broke ground for coloni- zation at Passamaquoddy in 1604. Englishmen followed at the mouth of the Kennebec in 1607. Neither colony was successful, but the two begin the history of New France and New England, and introduce to 10 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. US the Indians who inhabited the land in the shadow of the untrimmed forest. The claim of France to Acadia, whose western bound was de- fined by the Kennebec (where DuMont and Champlain raised the fleur-dc lis in 1605), and the counter-claim of the English to the Penob- scot (or actually to the St. George, where Weymouth erected his cross of discovery the same year), made the territory of future Maine from its earliest occupation by the whites the prolific source of interna- tional irritation and intrigue; and the theater of a series of sanguin- ary conflicts that ended only when New France was expunged from the map of America by the fall of Quebec in 1759. Ancient Acadia passed nine times between France and England in the period of 127 years. In this eventful contest — the issue of which left North America to the English people — the uncivilized red men in their native wilds were prominent participants — the dupes and victims of the one side and the other — until the tribes were decimated and one by one extinguished. It is our present task to study the history of the famous tribe that dwelt in the valley of the Kennebec. On Wednesday, the 23d day of September, 1607, Captain Gilbert and nineteen men embarked in a shallop from the new fort of the Popham colony, at the mouth of the Kennebec, " to goe for the head of the river; they sayled all this daye, and the 24th the like untill six of the clock in the afternoone, when they landed on the river's side, where they found a champion land [camping ground], and very fer- tile, where they remayned all that night; in the morning they de- parted from thence and sayled up the river and came to a flatt low island where ys a great cataract or downfall of water, which runneth by both sides of this island very shold and swift. . . They haled their boat with a strong rope through this downfall perforce, and went neare a league further up, and here they lay all night; and in the first of the night there called certain savages on the further side of the river unto them in broken English; they answered them againe and parled [talked] long with them, when towards morning they departed. In the morning there came a canoa unto them, and in her a sagamo and four salvages, some of those which spoke to them the night be- fore. The sagamo called his name Sebenoa, and told us how he was lord of the river Sachadehoc. They entertayned him friendly, and took him into their boat and presented him with some trifiiing things, which he accepted; howbeyt, he desired some one of our men to be put into his canoa as a pawne of his safety, whereupon Captain Gil- bert sent in a man of his, when presently the canoa rowed away from them with all the speed they could make up the river. They followed with the .shallop, having great care that the sagamo should not leape overbourde. The canoa quickly rowed from them and landed, and the men made to their howses, being neere a league on the THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. IT the land from the river's side, and carried our man with them. The shallop making good waye, at length came to another downfall, which was soe shallow and soe swift, that by no means could they pass any further, for which. Captain Gilbert, with nine others, landed and tooke their fare, the savage sagamo, with them, and went in search after those other salvages, whose howses, the sagamo told Captain Gilbert, were not farr off; and after a good tedious march, they came indeed at length unto those salvages' howses wheere [they] found neere fifty able men very strong and tall, such as their like before they had not seene; all newly painted and armed with their bowes and arrowes. Howbeyt, after that the sagamo had talked with them, they delivered back againe the man, and used all the rest very friendly, as did ours the like by them, who .showed them their comodities of beads, knives, and some copper, of which they seemed very fond; and by waye of trade, made shew that they would come downe to the boat and there bring such things as they had to exchange them for ours. Soe Cap- tain Gilbert departed from them, and within half an howre after he had gotten to his boat, there came three canoas down unto them, and in them sixteen salvages, and brought with them some tobacco and certayne small skynnes, which were of no value; which Captain Gil- bert perceaving, and that they had nothing else wherewith to trade^ he caused all his men to come abourd, and as he would have put from the shore; the salvages perceiving so much, subtilely devised how they might put out the tier in the shallop, by which means they sawe they should be free from the danger of our men's pieces [firelocks], and to perform the same, one of the salvages came into the shallop and taking the fier-brand which one of our company held in his hand thereby to light the matches, as if he would light a pipe of tobacco, as sone as he had gotten yt into his hand he presently threw it into the water and leapt out of the shallop. Captain Gilbert seeing that, suddenly commanded his men to betake them to their musketts and the targettiers too, from the head of the boat, and bade one of the men before, with his target [shield] on his arme, to stepp on the shore for more fier; the salvages resisted him and would not suffer him to take any, and some others holding fast the boat roap that the shallop could not put off. Captain Gilbert caused the musquettiers to present [aim] their peeces, the which, the salvages seeing, presently let go the boat rope and betook them to their bowes and arrowes, and ran into the bushes, nocking their arrowes, but did not shoot, neither did ours at them. So the shallop departed from them to the further side of the river, where one of the canoas came unto them, and would have ex- cused the fault of the others. Captain Gilbert made show as if he were still friends, and entertayned them kindly and soe left them, re- turning to the place where he had lodged the night before, and there 12 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. came to an anchor for the night. . . Here they sett up a crosse, and then returned homeward."* This graphic and artless account of the earliest recorded visit by white men to the region above Merrymeeting bay, was apparently copied with but few changes from Captain Gilbert's log-book, made by the scribe of the Popham colony, who probably was one of the party. The facts and circumstances lead irresistibly to the conclusion that the Kennebec (and not the Andro.scoggin) was the river which the colonists explored. fThe camping place at the close of the second day after leaving the fort may have been the plateau where now the village of Randolph stands, or that other one two miles above in Chelsea, nearly opposite Loudon hill, in Hallowell. The boatmen encountered the next day, a few miles above their camping place, " a flat low island in the midst of a great downfall of water," This felicitously described the Kennebec at the place where the Augusta dam now stands, before the peculiar features of the spot were obliter- ated by the building of that structure (1835-7). The rapid and island are unmistakable features of identification. The island has disap- peared by the building of the dam and the rapid has become an arti- ficial cascade for the uses of civilized industry, yet the transformation of the river at this place since that early day, has scarcely been greater than in many other places along its course. The next camping place was about a league above the island, where first the natives accosted them, shyly, hallooing in shibboleth through the darkness. The place was probably the intervale that is now divided into portions of several farms, near Gilley's point, where there are still many vestiges of Indian encampments. The next morn- ing, after exchanging hostages, the explorers continued their journey until their boat grounded on shallows. This may have been in the swift water since that day known as Bacon's rips, in the course of which the river has a natural fall of about thirteen feet. The farthest point reached by Gilbert in his wood-tramp was a wigwam village about a league from the river, within the limits of the present town of Vassalboro, or of Sidney. Night found the party reunited at the last camping place. There, the next morning (Sunday, September 27), they performed the ceremony of taking possession of the country * Historic of Travaile into Virginia, by William Strachey, Gent. Maine His- torical Society's Collections, Vol. Ill, pp. 304-307. + The Androscoggin theory was first advanced by able students of Maine history, but it meets many obstacles in Strachey's account. The Kennebec theory meets with but few difficulties and harmonizes rationally with the record. See Remarks on Waymouth's Voyage, by John McKeen, Vol. \, Me. Hist. Soc. Coll. Rev. WilHam S. Bartlett, same series, Vol. HI, p. 304. Dr. William B. Lapham in Daily Kennebec journal, December, 1889. For description of the '■flat low island." see North's History of Augusta, pages 4.)0-4r)8. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. IB for their king, by erecting in his name the cross of Christianity at the place where they had twice lodged. Then leaving the sacred emblem standing as the official vestige of their visit, they departed. It would be interesting to know precisely the spot where the cross was planted, and how long it remained as an object of awe to the savages. We never hear more of Sebenoa; he was the first in the long line of Ken- nebec chiefs whose names have been preserved in the white man's annals; his dust, with that of his bedizened warriors who posed so grandly before their visitors, has long mingled with the mold of the forest where he reigned, but his peaceful welcome to the white strangers who earliest set foot on the soil of the capital of Maine, in- vests his name with a charm that will preserve it while the language of the race that has supplanted his own is spoken or read. Captain Popham died before the winter bad passed; and in the spring, leaving the dismantled fort to be his sepulcher, the homesick colonists fled back to England. Father Pierre Biard, a Jesuit mis- sionary, visited the vSagadahoc (Kennebec) three years later (October, 1611): he accompanied an expedition under Biencourt, then vice- admiral of New France, on a cruise from the eastward along the coast to the western boundary of Acadia, in quest of food for the French colony at Port Royal (now Annapolis). The Father says his own rea- sons for the journey were, first, " to act as spiritual adviser [chaplain] to Sieur de Biencourt and his crew, and, second, to become acquainted with and learn the disposition of the natives to receive the gospel." He gives a few interesting glimpses of scenes on the lower Kennebec 281 years ago. The vessel entered the river by way of Seguin, and the party eagerly landed to inspect the vacant fort, which they thought was poorly located, and which Father Biard intimates, with a half- secular chuckle, redoubtable Frenchmen could have easily taken. He says the departed Popham colonists treated the natives with cruelty, and were driven away in retaliation. This was the boastful statement of the Indians themselves to the willing ears of the French, who were fain to believe it; but the testimony is too biased and shadowy to be accepted as true. After a delay of three days at Popham's fort, by reason of adverse winds, Biencourt abandoned his purpose of sailing further westward, and turned the prow of his vessel up the river; after going with the tide about nine miles, a party of Indians came into view; they be- longed either to the later named Kennebec or Androscoggin tribe; Biard calls them Armouchiquoys; he says: " There were twenty-four people, all warriors, in six canoes; they went through a thousand an- tics before coming up to us; you would have rightly likened them to a flock of birds, which wishes to enter a hemp-field, but fears the scare- crow. This amused us very much, for our people needed time to arm 14 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. themselves and cover the ship. In short, they came and went, they reconnoitered, they looked sharply at our muskets, our cannon, our numbers, our everything; and the night coming on, they lodged on the other bank of the river, if not beyond the range, at least beyond the sighting of our cannon. All that night there was nothing but haranguing, singing, dancing; for such is the life of these people when they assemble together. But since we presumed that probably their songs and dance were invocations to the devil, and in order to thwart this accursed tyrant, I made our people sing a few church hymns, such as the Salve Regitia, the Ave Mari's Stella and others; but being once in train, and getting to the end of their spiritual .songs, they fell to singing such others as they knew, and when these gave out they took to mimicking the dancing and singing of the Armouchiquoys on the other side of the water; and as Frenchmen are naturally good mimics, they did it so well that the natives stopped to listen; at which our people stopped, too; and then the Indians began again. You would have laughed to see them, for they were like two choirs answering each other in concert, and you would hardly have known the real Armouchiquoys from the sham ones." * Biencourt had impressed into his service at the river St. John two Maoulin (Etechemin) savages, as interpreters on his journey. He caused them to be taught a smattering of the French language, and then used them as a means of conversation between himself and their fellow-savages along his route. At that time the tribes of New England spoke a common tongue, which was varied and enlarged by local dialects. Biencourt's Etechemin captives from the vSt. John could talk readily with the natives of the Sagadahoc. On the morn- ing after the singing and dancing, the Frenchmen resumed their journey up the river; the Indians, in a rabble, accompanied them, and were soon coaxed to terms of familiarity. They told the strangers that if they wanted sovn.& piousqiionin (corn) they need not go further up the river, but by turning to the right, through an arm of the river that was pointed out, they could in a few hours reach the tent of the great sachem Meteourmite, whom they themselves would do the honor to visit at the same time; Biencourt cautiously followed their guideship; he passed his vessel through the strait that is now spanned by a highway bridge between Woolwich and Arrowsic, and entered what Biard calls a lake, but what is now named Pleasant cove (or Nequasset bay); here he found the water shallow, and he hesitated about venturing further; but Meteourmite, having been informed of the approach of the ship, was hastening to meet it; he urged the Frenchmen to proceed, which they did. Presently their vessel be- came subject to the sport of the dangerous currents of the Hellgates. * Pioneers of France in the New WorUI, by Francis Parkman, p. 292. THE IXDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 15 Biard says: "• We thought we should hardly ever escape alive; in fact, in two places, some of our people cried out piteously that we were all lost; but praise to God, they cried out too soon." Biencourt ptit on his military dress and visited Meteourmite, whom he found alone in his wigwam, which was surrounded by forty young braves, "each one having his shield, his bow and his arrows on the ground before him." The sachem having led the Frenchmen to visit him by promising to sell them corn, now confessed that his people did not have any to spare, but that they would barter some skins instead. Biencourt, with a mind for business, was ready to trade, and a truce for barter was agreed upon. When the time arrived, Biard says, '■ our ship's people, in order not to be surprised, had armed and barri- caded themselves. The savages rushed very eagerly and in a swarm into our boat, from curiosity (I think), because they did not often see such a spectacle; our people, seeing that notwithstanding their remon- strances and threats the savages did not cease entering the procession, and that there were already more than thirty upon the deck, they imagined that it was all a clever trick, and that they were intending to surprise them, and were already lying upon the ground prepared to shoot. M. Biencourt has often said that it was many times upon his lips to cry, ' Kill ! Kill f ! ' . . Now the savages themselves, perceiving the just apprehensions which their people had given our French, took it upon themselves to retire hastily and brought order out of confusion." Father Biard says the reason why Biencourt did not order his men to shoot was because he (Father Biard) was at that hour upon the land (an island), accompanied by a boy, celebrating the holy mass; if any savage had been hurt, the priest would have been massacred. Father Biard says " this consideration was a kindness to him, and saved the whole party, for if we had begun the attack it is incredible that one could have escaped the fierce anger and furious pursuit of the savages along a river that has so many turns and wind- ings and is so often narrow and perilous." * Father Biard appeared before the savages twice in the character of officiating priest. The rude altar improvised by him was the first one ever erected for the Catholic service on the Kennebec (or Sheep- scot, near which he seems to have been). He says he " prayed to God in their [the Indians'] presence, and showed them the images and tokens of our belief, which they kissed willingly, making the sign of the cross upon their children, whom they brought to him that he might bless them, and listening with great attention to all that he announced to them. The difficulty was that they had an entirely dif- ferent language, and it was necessary that a savage [one of the St. John captives] should act as interpreter, who, knowing very little of * Relation lie la Nouvellc France, \o\. I, Chap. XVII. p. 36. 16 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the Christian religion, nevertheless acquitted himself with credit toward the other savages; and to see his face and hear his slow speech, he personated the Doctor [Biard] with dignity." The natives seem to have had great admiration for the Father, whose priestly at- tire and non-combative character made him conspicuous among his countrymen; speaking of one occasion, he says: " I received the larger share of the embraces; for as I was without weapons, the most distin- guished [Indians] forsaking'the soldiers, seized on me with a thousand protestations of friendship; they led me into the largest of all the huts, which held at least eighty people; the seats filled, I threw my- self on my knees, and having made the sign of the cross, recited my Pater, Ave, Credo, and some prayers; then, at a pause, my hosts, as though they understood me well, applauded in their way, shouting, ' Ho, ho, ho!' I gave them some crosses and images, making them understand as much as I could." ■•■ It is not possible to identify pre- cisely the place where these interviews and proceedings occurred; it was in the vicinity of the mouth of the Sheepscot and not distant from the lower Hellgate, which the French at that time called one of the mouths of the Quinibequi (Kennebec). After sojourning about a week, Biencourt, finding out that the natives had little surplus food for themselves and none to sell, hoisted sail for Port Royal. Two years later (1618) we see Father Biard, with Ennemond Masse and two other Jesuits, in the retinue of M. de LaSaussaye, on the island of Mount Desert, planting a mission colony by the name of St. Sauveur. The settlement was hardly established when Captain Argal, from the English colony in Virginia, sailed up to the little village and destroyed it, killing one of the missionaries and two other French- men. This was the beginning of bloodshed between the English and French on this continent. Brother Gilbert du Thet was the first Jesuit martyr. He was buried by his sorrowing black-robed brethren at the foot of the great cross that stood in the center of the ruined mission, where in the thin soil, by the surf -washed shore, his dust .still reposes. Father Masse afterward labored in Canada, where he died and was buried in the mission church of Saint Michael at Sillery, in 1646. Father Biard, after many other adventures and perils, finally returned to France, where he died in 1622. He was the first to lift the cross before the aborigines of Maine. The next well-identified visitor to the Kennebec was Captain John Smith, in 1614, eight years after his life was so gracefully saved, as he tells us, by Pocahontas. He cruised the coast for peltry, was agree- able to the Indians, and filled his ship with merchandise that brought riches in Europe. He found Nahanada (one of Weymouth's returned captives), '' one of the greatest lords of the country." About this time * Letter of Father Biard, 1611. THE INDtAXS OF THE KENNEBEC. 17 Samoset, afterward the benefactor of the Pilgrims, was taken from his tribe and carried to Europe. He appears to have been a Wawe- nock. The circumstances of his capture are unknown. His notable visit to the Plymouth colony was in March, 1621; two years later he seems to have been at home (as much as a wandering Indian can be) at Capemanwagan (Southport), whence Captain Christopher Leverett met him with his family: he showed his liking for Leverett by offer- ing his new-born son as a perpetual brother in moitcliickc-leganiatch (friendship) to the son of the Englishman. Leverett describes him as " a sagamore that hath been found very faithful to the English, and hath saved the lives of many of our nation, some from starving, others from killing." * The last glimpse we have of this ideal savage, whose character ennobles in a degree his humble and benighted race, is when he joined his fellow-sagamore LTnongoit in deeding to John Brown of New Harbor (afterward of the Kennebec), a tract of land at Pemaquid, July 25, 1625. f He had been the first to welcome the Englishmen to his country, and he was the first to supplement the greeting by sharing with them his hunting grounds. The deed was acknowledged before Abraham Shurte, the worthy magistrate of Pemaquid, who fifty-one years afterward ascended the Kennebec to Teconnet (Winslow) as peacemaker to the then angry chiefs. II. EARLY GLIMPSES OF THE ABENAKIS OR KENNEBEC TRIBE. The English Names of the Maine Tribes. — The French Names of the same Tribes. — Origin of the Name of the Kennebec River. — The Indians' mode of Life. — Vestiges of their Villages. — Their Language and the Names derived from it. — Present Indian Names of Places on the River. — The Plymouth Trading Post at Cushnoc (Koussinok). When the aboriginal people of Maine first came into historic view, we find them grouped by the English into five tribes and occupying several principal river valleys. The Tarratines dwelt on the Penobscot; the Wawenocks from Pemaquid to Sagadahoc (Ken- nebec); the Sohokas (Sacos) from the Saco to the Piscataqua; the Androscoggins lived on the river that has taken their name; atid the Canibas (Kennebecs) from Merrymeeting bay to Moosehead lake. In the beginning of Indian history a personage called the Bashaba * Leverett' s Voyage into New England. Me. Hist. Soc. Coll.. Vol. II, pp. 87, 93. \ Ancient Pemaquid, by J. Wingate Thornton. Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. V. pp. 188-193. Journal of the Pilgrims, by George B. Cheever, D.D., pp. 41-43. Bradford says Samoset ' ' became a special instrument sent of God for their [the Pilgrims'] good beyond their expectation." See Popham Memorial, p. 297. IS HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. presided on the Penobscot: Champlain (1605) met him there with Cabahis, a chief of less dignity; Manthoumermer ruled on the Sheepscot; Marchim on the Androscoggin, and Sasanoa on the vSaga- dahoc. Champlain's guides, whom he took at the Penobscot, deserted his vessel at the St. George, " because the savages of the Quinibequy were their enemies." At Saco Champlain bartered a kidnapped Penobscot boy " for the products of the country." Three years after- ward (1608) he was founding Quebec* The English names and grouping of the tribes differed from those of the French. The early French visitors used the name Armouchiquoys to designate the na- tives of Acadia westward of the St. Croix. They soon discarded it for the more comprehensive name of Abenaquiois (Abenakis) — meaning people of the east, easterners — which included all the natives between Nova Scotia and the Connecticut river. This great tribe was divided by the French into seven sub-tribes, three of which were in the terri- tory of Maine, namely — the Sokwakiahs or Sacos, the Pentagoets or Penobscots, and the Narhantsouaks or Norridgewocks (called also Canibas or Kennebecs). As the French influence declined in Acadia, the name Abenaquiois lost its wide application, and finally became limited to the Indians who lived on the Kennebec. It was a common French soubriquet for a century and a half before its use became familiar to the English. As gradually the tribes broke up, those sur- vivors who sought refuge on the Kennebec, and mixed with the Abenakis, came under the ancient name. The name borne by the Kennebec river is another enduring trace of the Frenchman as well as of the Indians. Champlain was the first (1605) to receive from the Indians the word Quinibequi (or Kinibeki), which, it seems, they associated with the narrow and sinuous, though now much traveled, passage between Bath and Sheepscot bay. Then, as to-day, the water there boiled and eddied as the tides ebbed and flowed through the ledgy gates. It was a place of danger to the native navigators in their frail canoes; they had no understanding of the real causes of the manifestation; they knew nothing of natural laws, but believed all physical phenomena to be the work of genii or demons and the expression of their caprices and ever varying moods. In their mythology they peopled the water, forest and air with gross gods who ruled fhe world; their name for serpent or monster was Kiiiai-hik, an Algonquin word that has the same meaning among the kindred Chip- pewas to-day .f Obviously as given to Champlain it referred to the mighty dragons that lay coiled in the mysterious depths about the * Champlain's Exploration of the Coast of Maine in 1605, by Gen. J. Marshall Brown. Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. VII. ^Language of the Abanaquies, by C. E. Potter of New Hampshire. Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. IV, p. 190. H. R. Schoolcraft's American Indians, part 3, p. 465. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 19 Hellgates; whose angry lashings or restless writhings made the waters whirl and foam in ceaseless maelstrom. The evil reputation of the locality yet survives in the word Hockomock (the Indian bad place), a name borne by a picturesque headland at the upper gate. Champlain explored to Merrymeeting bay, where he ascertained that his Ouinibequi came from the northward. Father Biard followed Champlain's chart, and in speaking of the Ouinibequi, remarks that it has more than one mouth. The Indians had no geographical desig- nations, but named spots and places only; they had no name for any river as a whole, and it is a mistake to suppose that they did more in the naming of the Kennebec than to furnish from their mythological vocabulary the word which the French explorer caught from their lips and wrote upon his map.* The English having named the river Sagadahoc (from Sunkerdahunk), called it by that name below Merry- meeting bay for more than a century. Above Merrymeeting Cham- plain's Quinibequi (with changes in orthography) was never dis- placed, but became permanent. After the successive wasting by the Indians of the settlements on the banks of the Sagadahoc, that vener- able name, as applied to any part of the river, faded out, and by un- conscious popular selection the one given by Champlain was restored to its place. Some writers have fancied that the river was named by Canibas, a chief, whose habitat was on Swan island, but long before that personage had entered upon his sachemship Quinibequi had been written indelibly on the French map of Acadia. The memory of the Abenakis or Kennebec tribe of Indians will endure as long as the Kennebec shall continue to flow. We get our first glimpse of these savages in the visit of Captain Gilbert; the pic- ture is momentary and faint, yet real. Sebenoa and his warriors are dimly seen in the shadow of their native forest, among their people. Up to that moment their tribe has no history; it is not for us to know how long their ancestors had dwelt upon the river, nor to inquire whether they were of a race that was in the process of evolution from a lower state, or descending in reversion from a higher. We find them here, a little branch of the human family, in possession of the river valley. They gleaned their subsistence from forest and stream. The river was their highway and its banks their home. Their lives were spent in seeking the means of existence. They obeyed the mi- gratory impulse of the seasons like their not yet extinct contempo- raries, the moose, deer and caribou. In the winter they moved north- ward to hibernate with the game in the recesses of the upper Kenne- bec and Moosehead lake. There they kept the wolf from the door by snaring him in his lair, and chasing through the snows the fiounder- * Champlain wrote Quinibequy and Quinebeque; Lescarbot wrote Kinibeki; Jean de Laet wrote Quinibequin; on Dutch map of 1616 it is written Qui-mo- beguyn. ^V HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ing moose and more helpless deer, and by catching through the ice of the lakes the gorgeous trout, whose descendants the sportsmen of to- day delight to capture. In the spring, when the lengthening days had melted the snow and cleared the rivers, and the nobler game that had sought the secluded valleys began to disperse to browse on the swell- ing buds and springing grasses, the Indians, too, would leave their winter haunts and migrate southward. Trimming with squaw and papooses their skin-laden canoes to even keel, they glided down the swollen river toward new supplies of food. They were accustomed in their migrations to tarry, according to mood or circumstance, for days or weeks at sundry places — at the mouths of tributary streams and at the falls where the migrating sea fishes congregated in great numbers during their passage to their native beds. These fishes — • the salmon, shad and alewives — have, like the Indian, now disappeared from the river. These general migrations sometimes extended to the sea, but usually no further than Merrymeeting bay, where other tribes assembled, and all had merrymeeting. The Indians were truly children of the wilderness; they lived close to nature; the chemistry of food and climate had brought them in complete rappoj-t with their surroundings. The forest had assimilated them to itself; they were of its growth, like the pines and ferns. The harsh conditions of their existence sharpened their senses and intensi- fied their instincts. Their lives were of the utmost simplicity. Their weapons were stone-headed clubs and bows and arrows. Their work- ing tools were of stone, flint and bone; their clothing was the skins of beasts and plaited grasses and even boughs. As the bee makes its perfect cell at the first attempt, and the beaver is an accomplished engineer from its youth, so the Indian, without apprenticeship or master, fashioned with his flint knife and bone awl the ideal boat — the bark canoe {agivideii). It was adapted to his needs; without it he could not have lived his nomadic life — which, amid his environments, was the only mode of existence possible to him. The trackless forest on either side, like a hedge, kept him near the river's bank; he must needs roam for his food and raiment; this his canoe enabled him to do; it would glide over shallows and shoot rapids, and could be taken upon his shoulders and carried around dangerous cascades; in it he traversed lakes and rivers with ease and speed, and in it he made all of his long journeys, both of peace and war. The white man has copied its model for three centuries, but has not been able to improve it. In the winter his snow-shoes (angemaK) were of an importance equal to that of the canoe in summer; they were the sole means by which the hunter could pursue the game through the deep snows. Their fishing and hunting encampments were the nearest approach to their villages; their dwellings, constructed of poles and bark, were only huts of shelter, and could not be called houses; they were aban- THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 21 doned when the builders removed to another spot, and soon tumbled in decay, leaving no trace save that of the fires. But the sites of many of their principal camps can be identified at the present day, both by the vestiges of their fires and the debris of their weapon and tool makers. Flint and stone chippings, with arrow-heads and other arti- cles in all stages of manufacture, are found mixed with the soil where their wigwams stood. Unlike the white man's metals, the material composing these relics defies the corroding power of time, and .some of the articles are as bright and perfect as when centuries ago they left the hands of the dusky artisans. The prevailing substance is the silicious slate or hornstone of Mt. Kineo, from whose rugged cliffs it was quarried. Many spots where wigwam fires once glowed are yet marked by burned and crumbling stones and by fragments of the earthen vessels in which the feasts were cooked. These relic places abound all along the Kennebec, from Popham beach to Moosehead lake, but they are almost continuous on the alluvial banks between Augusta and Waterville, which seems to have been a favorite resort or metropolis of the tribe. The plow of civilization has been obliter- ating for five generations these vestiges of a vanished people. We first see the Indian as the proprietor of all these lakes and rivers, and hills and meadows; his subjects were the beasts and birds and fishes; his scepter was the tomahawk, his chariot was the bark canoe; from Moosehead to the waters of the sea he exerci.sed his sov- ereignty, and, monarch like, made progress through his forest realm, levying tribute according to his humble needs. His language had never been spelled into words and written in books; it was the artless tongue of the realm of nature. Philologists have written learnedly upon it, and exhibited specimens of it in dictionaries, but like the people who spoke it, it eludes domestication, and like them it has passed away. Many fragments, however, have been saved in the form of names attached to the rivers, lakes and mountains of our state; they were caught from the closing lips of a departing race; the nomencla- ture of the Kennebec valley is greatly enriched by them. In the ab- sence of geographical names, a river to the Indians was a series of places where food could be procured at certain moons or in a special manner; a range of mountains was divided by them into the abodes of different genii. A river was named only in places or in sections; we have seen that it fell to the white man to confer upon the Kenne- bec its name as an hydrographic unity. What our form of expression makes it convenient to call Indian names were not, in fact, originally names at all.* They were laconic descriptions of the physical or *That accomplished Abenakis scholar, Rev. C. M. O'Brien, says: "To understand Indian names it must always be borne in mind that they rarely, if ever, gave names to territories large or small, but only to spots."— Letter to Hon. James P. Baxter, quoted in Trelaivnev Papers, p. 325. Note (Me. Hist. Soc. Coll.. 3d series. Vol. HI). 22 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. mystical characteristics of the places referred to, which the white man has softened and changed by his cultured tongue, and converted into permanent names as his reparation and memorial to the race which he has driven from the earth. Among the earliest names derived from the Indian tongue on the Kennebec, we find Sagadahoc and Sabiiio; they were both associated with the mouth of the river; Sabino referred to the peninsula where the Popham colony located. Erascolicgan was the present Georgetown: Arro7vsic is the ancient name of the island adjoining; other familiar names in the same region are. IVimiegancc (Bath), Ncquasset (Wool- wich) and Qiiabacook (Merrymeeting bay). The Indians invariably designated the mouths of rivers and tributary .streams by mentioning some characteristic peculiar to each. Thus, Nahiinikcag (in Pittston) means the place where eels can be caught; Cobbosseecontee (Gardiner), sturgeon-place; Sebasticook (Winslow) is a comparatively modern Indian corruption of the French pronunciation of St. John the Bap- tist's place (or the place where an Indian lived who had been chris- tened St. John the Baptist). The original meanings of many, and in- deed of most of the Indian names, have been lost. The best students of the tongue seldom agree in their analyses and definitions, and usually confuse more than they explain. Names derived from the Indians have attached to all the considerable streams that feed the Kennebec. Beside those already mentioned there are the Worronion- togus (at Randolph); Kedumcook (Vaughan brook, Hallowell); Cuslicnoc (Bond brook, Augusta); Magorgooniagoostick (Seven-mile brook, Vassal- hoxo); Messeclo7iskce (Emerson stream, Waterville); Wesserjinsett (in Skowhegan); Norridgcwock (Sandy river, at Old Point); Carrabassctt (at North Anson). Mecseccontee applied to Farmington falls, on the Sandy river. The Kennebec, falling 1,()5() feet between Moosehead and the tide at Augusta, is a remarkably swift river, full of rapids and falls, which the Indian canoeists well knew how to shoot or when to avoid. All of these places bore appropriate designations, such as Teconiiet at Waterville, Skozv/ugan at the village of that name, and Carrattink at Solon. Above Carratunk only a few Indian names sur- vive. Moxa mountain was named for a modern Indian hunter. At Moosehead lake, where the shores are rich with relics of the Indians, Kineo is the only ancient name that remains. Ongueclwnta was the name of Squaw mountain, when Montressor passed by its massive slope on his way from Quebec to Fort Halifax, about the year 1760. This dearth of Indian names in a region where once they must have been very numerous, is explained by the fact that the river was de- populated of natives and their local names on its upper waters forgot- ten, before the white men had pushed their settlements so far inland as to learn and preserve them. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 23 The next recorded visit by white men to the Kennebec Indians after Captain Gilbert had erected a cross among them, was by Edward Winslow and a few others of the Plymouth colony, in the fall of 1625. During twenty-two years great events had taken place in New Eng- land— and among them was the landing of the Pilgrims, who, having founded a settlement, were now struggling for its continuance. At first they sought among the Indians only a market for their surplus corn in exchange for peltry, but they found the region .so rich in the latter commodity that they presently applied for and obtained from their English patrons a patent or deed of about 450 square miles of territory in the center and best part of the Kennebec valley. They established (in 1628) a trading house at Cushnoc (now Augusta), and there trafficked with the natives for a period of thirty-four years. Singularly enough during this era of intimate and friendly relation- ship with the Pilgrim fathers, when the means were excellent for pre- serving information, the Kennebec tribe is nearly destitute of any history. The names of its chiefs, the places of its villages, its rela- tions with neighboring tribes, its grand hunts and councils, and a thousand incidents illustrating the Indians' mode of life, were consid- ered too trivial for the white traders to record; perhaps as business men in the pursuit of gain, they preferred that the public should not know much about the affairs of the patent. They made no effort toward ameliorating the hard condition of their Indian wards; they gave them no teachers, either secular or religious, but looked upon them much as they did upon the other inhabitants of the wilderness. When trade ceased to be profitable they abandoned them. III. FATHER DRUILLETTES AND HIS KENNEBEC MISSION. The first Mission in Canada.— Father Masse at the Residence of St. Joseph of Sillery.— Father Druillettes among the Algonquins.— Intercourse between the Kennebec and St. Lawrence. — St. Lawrence Indian killed on the Kenne- bec—Treaty between the Algonquins and Abenakis.— The Latter ask for a Missionary.— Father Druillettes sent to them.— His Visit to Pentagoet.— Chapel built near Cushnoc and named the Mission of the Assumption.— Father Druillettes' return to Quebec. It was left to the people of the French nation, who once dis- played the symbol of Christianity to the Indians on the lower Ken- nebec (1611), to undertake the conversion of the Abenakis. The first missions on the St. Lawrence were begun in 1614, under the patronage of Champlain; they were reinforced in 1625 by the arrival of three Jesuits, one of whom was Father Ennemond Mas.se, who was driven by Argal from St. Sauveur with Father Biard twelve years before. 24 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Quebec was captured by Englishmen in 1629, when Father Masse was again expelled from the country, with his associates. Three years later (1632) France by treaty resumed dominion over both Canada and Acadia; the suspended missions were immediately re- vived, and a system of evangelizing labor was soon established, under which in a few years heroic priests had carried the gospel to the na- tives of every part of New France. Quebec was the central radiating point. By the shore of the St. Lawrence, about four miles above Quebec and nearly opposite the mouth of the Chaudiere, there was an Indian village (called Ka-miskoua-ouangachit'), where the missionaries built a church; in 1637 Father Masse became a resident pastor there; two years later (1639) the mission was endowed by a gift of twenty thousand livres by a converted French courtier, and in honor of its benefactor was given the name of the Residence of St. Joseph of Sil- lery. The establishment became the seminary of the missionaries, for the acquiring of the various Indian languages, preparatory to their going forth to their fields of labor. To this place came in 1648, Father Gabriel Druillettes, the first regular missionary to the Kenne- bec. He first essayed to learn the tongue of the Algonquins or St. Lawrence tribe, and soon went among them. The smoke of the wig- wams inflamed his eyes and made him blind; he was led about in his helplessness by an Indian boy; he implored his neophytes to join him in offering prayer for his recovery; this they did and his sight was from that hour restored! He ever after believed that his cure was a miracle in answer to the prayers of his converts. Weakened by the sufferings attending his first year's labors, he was given the second year a less exacting service near the mission of Sillery. The gently- bred scholar and priest was seasoning and hardening for the wonder- ful apostolic career that was before him. There can be no doubt that long before the written history of the Indians begins there were occasional exchanges of visits between the natives on the St. Lawrence and those who lived in the valley of the Kennebec. It is said in the Jesuit Relations that in the year 1637 a party of Abenakis (Kennebecs) Indians went to Quebec to buy beaver skins to sell to the English traders; a jealous Montanais (mountaineer) chief denounced them before the French governor, Montmagny, and offered to go and shut the rivers against their return to their country. The governor forbade bloodshed, but allowed the mountaineers to rob the strangers and send them home. In 1640 an English trader (prob- ably one of the Plymouth colony's men) accompanied by twenty Ken- nebecs, undertook the journey from Maine to Quebec. After he had reached the St. Lawrence, the French governor ordered him to return immediately; but this he could not do as the rivers were low and some of the streams were dry; so, without allowing him to visit Quebec, the THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 25 governor sent him down to Tadoussac (at the mouth of the Saguenay) from whence he was shipped to Europe. The same year an Algon- quin (St. Lawrence) Indian named Makheabichtichiou, came to the Kennebec with his family, to escape the reproaches of the missionaries for his persistency in continuing his heathen practice of polygamy. In the course of the winter following he was killed by a drunken Abenakis; while his two widowed wives were journeying back to their kindred in Canada, one died miserably of grief and famine. Under the Indian code the tragedy was liable to be avenged on the whole tribe — to avoid which two chiefs were sent to Canada to announce the affair with the regret of their people, and to offer satisfaction in the form of presents to the parents of the deceased. It seems probable that the ambassadors would have been summarily tomahawked in retaliation for the deed they had come to excuse, if John Baptist Etiuechkawat and Christmas Negabamat, two baptized chiefs of Sil- lery, had not interceded eloquently for them. It was declared that the murder was not committed by the tribe, which on the contrary wholly disapproved of it, but that it was the act of an individual san- nup while frenzied by the English traders' fire-water. Finally the exasperated tribesmen and bereaved relatives were soothed by words and gifts, and a treaty of friendship was made between their tribe and the Abenakis, which was never broken. Thereafter the two tribes were inseparable allies in peace and war. Father Marault says in his Histoirc dcs Abenakis, that thenceforth the latter, until their final emigration to Canada and extinction on the Kennebec, annually sent envoys to Quebec to renew and celebrate this alliance. In the fall of 1643 a Christianized St. Lawrence Indian named Charles Mejachkawat, came from Sillery to the Kennebec, and passed the winter among the Abenakis. He seems to have been sent pur- posely to extol on the Kennebec his conception of the gospel which the missionaries were preaching on the St. Lawrence. His visit aroused the interest or curiosity of many in the mysterious ceremonies of baptism and the mass, which he described. During his stay he visited the English trading house at Cushnoc (Augusta), and there had occasion to defend his faith with spirited words against the humorous raillery of the Puritan heretics. He returned to Sillery in the spring (1641), accompanied by one of the chiefs who, three years before, had been sent to requite the killing of the refugee. The life of this chief had been saved with that of his associate, and war averted by the good offices of the proselytes of Sillery, whom he had prom- ised in the fullness of his gratitude to join in accepting the religion of the Black-gowns; he was now going to Sillery to crave baptism. The rite was duly administered by the priest in the Sillery chapel, Gov- ernor Montmagny acting as his godfather; the church christened him 26 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. John Baptist, but his Indian name is not recorded. He was the first Kennebec chief on whom holy water was placed. He started alone on his journey back to his people, and sad to relate, fell into the hands of a party of the merciless Iroquiois and was cruelly killed. The history of the Jesuit missions shows the remarkable fact that while most tribes received the missionaries with indiiference or apathy, and some murdered them, the Abenakis asked for them. The frequent visits between the Kennebec and the St. Lawrence that fol- lowed the treaty of 1641, brought favorably to the attention of the Abenakis the meek and peace-loving Black-robes, who, unlike other white men, did not greedily grasp their beaver, but appeared to be unselfishly anxious for their comfort and welfare. In the .spring of 1646, several Abenakis returned to the Kennebec from Sillery, full of enthusiasm which the Fathers' zeal had inspired in them for the Christian faith. After having visited the families and chiefs of their tribe, they journeyed back to Sillery, bearing the request of their people for a missionary. They arrived at Sillery on the 14th of August; the next day, after participating in the celebration of the Assumption, they went before an assembly of the Fathers and in the customary Indian form of proceeding in council, delivered an oration. They said that their tribe on the Kennebec had been deeply moved by the kindness of Noel (Christmas) Negabamat; that the treaty of friendship which had been made would end with this earthly life; that the bond of faith would continue after death eternally; that they had been told of the beauties of heaven and the horrors of hell; that thirty men and six women of their tribe, having already endorsed the new belief, now begged for a Father to come from Quebec to in- struct and baptize them, and that the ears of the chiefs and people would be open to the preaching of the gospel. The record says: " The Fathers acceded to the pious desire of these good Christians, and selected Father Gabriel Druillettes to go and establish a mission on the river Kennebec." "•'" Father Druillettes accepted the choice of his brethren as the voice of God, and prepared for his journey; he had little to do to make ready. Besides the parcels containing the missal and crucifix, his outfit consisted of only a few articles of priestly apparel, a little box of medicines and some bread and wine for the mass — made into a pack that could be slung on the shoulders or laid in the canoe. On the 29th of August, he started with the Christianized chief Negaba- mat, and a few Abenakis who were to be his guides. He ascended the rapid Chaudiere about ninety miles, to its source in Lake Megantic; from the waters of that lake he followed the trail that led across the divide through swamp and logan to the waters of the Kennebec; these *Re/atioiis of the Jesuits in New Fraiiee for the year IQ.'fC.. Chap \\ p. 19. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 27 he descended to the main river, and by the middle of vSeptember reached the upper village of the Abenakis (probably Nanrantsouack — now called Old Point, in Norridgewock). Here he seems to have tarried for a week, and then resumed his journey down the river, call- ing at the different villages and conferring with the chiefs and people about their souls' salvation. By the end of September he had pro- gre.ssed as far as the Plymouth trading post at Cushnoc, where he called and was kindly received by John Winslow, the agent, who in- vited him to become his guest. The missionary gladly accepted the Pilgrim's hospitality, and enjoyed for a few days the comforts of the trading house, which, though few and humble, were great in contrast with those found in the huts of the natives. The Father was the first white man who had ever entered the Kennebec from Canada and ap- proached the trading house from the north. He was a Frenchman, and neither he nor Winslow could converse in the language of the other, but by signs and pantomimes and the spirit of Christian kind- ness that knows all languages, the host and guest soon became mu- tually intelligible, and by the help of Indian interpreters were able to understand each other. Father Druillettes remained a few days as the distinguished guest of the Pilgrim trader, and then went back to the cabins of the Indians, where he found pressing employment in the nursing of the sick, the baptizing of the dying, and the instructing of the living. In about two weeks, partly to finish his reconnaissance of the country, but chiefly to confer with some fellow-missionaries of the Capuchin order on the Penobscot, Father Druillettes started in a canoe with a native guide down the river, and went along the sea-coast to Pentagoet (now Castine), " visiting seven or eight English habitations on the way." Father Ignace de Paris, the superior at Pentagoet (which was then a French post), " saluted him lovingly," and approved of the planting of a Jesuit mission on the Kennebec — which river was then regarded by Frenchmen as the western boundary of Acadia. Father Druillettes soon started on his return, encouraged in his heart by the benediction of his brother missionary, and the courteous treatment given him at the English habitations, where he again called as a wayfarer for nightly shelter and rest. At one of these—" Mr. Chaste gave to him food abundantly for his voyage and some letters for the English at Kennebec [Cushnoc]. In these he protested that he had seen nothing in the Father which was not praiseworthy; that he carried nothing to trade. The savages gave him this testimony: that he labored only for their instruction; that he came to procure their salvation at the risk of his life; and that, in a word, he admired his courage." '-^ *Who this kind "Mr. Chaste " was we do not know; we like to believe the name is a misspelled rendering of Mr. Shurt — good Abraham Shurt of Pemaquid 20 HISTO.RY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. The priest, with his dusky guide, paddled back to the Plymouth trading- house at Cushnoc; he presented his letters to Winslow, and then showed his commission as missionary from the Jesuit superior at Quebec; the commission was in French and the Englishman could not read it, but with his own hand carefully made a copy to carry to Plymouth. He then extended to the Father all the kindness in his power; he consented to the planting of a mission within the Plymouth jurisdiction, and gave his active assistance to the undertaking. Father Druillettes then chose for his mission a place near the river a league above the trading post, in the vicinity of what has since been named Gilley's point in Augusta; his record says " the savages had there as- sembled to the number of fifteen large cabins," and that there " they made for him a little chapel of planks built in their own fashion " [ils luy bastirent une petite cliapelle de planches, faite d leur mode). He be- stowed upon this chapel the name selected for it by the Fathers at Siller}' — The Mission of the Assumption on the Kennebec {La Mission de I'Assoinption au pays des Abnaquiois).* It v.'as on the anniversary of the Assumption (August 15) that Father Druillettes arrived in Canada, and on the same calendar day he had been assigned to the Kennebec by his brethren, who, in compliment, gave him a name for his mission to commemorate those events. "It was there that the Father, acquiring sufficiently their [the Indians'] language, instructed them zealously: making them listen to the subject that kept him with them, and telling them of the importance of confessing Him who had created them and who punished or blessed them according to their deeds." His humble parishioners appear to have been willing listeners and docile pupils, for he says: " Seeing that a large part professed to love the good news of the gospel, he [the missionary] demanded of them three things, as tokens of their good will and desire to receive the faith of Jesus Christ. The first was to leave the beverages of Europe [the brandy of the traders], from which followed much drunkenness among the savages; secondly, he asked them to live peaceably together and to put an end to the jealousies and quarrels which were often occurring between them and members of other tribes; thirdly, he required that they throw away their Manitous or demons or mysterious charms; there were few young men who had not some stone or other thing —whose long life was full of deeds of kindness toward the Indians, and who, if satisfied that the priest was their real friend, would have written such a letter. The Father must have met some French and English speaking person by whom, as interpreter, his character as a missionary could be expressed in English as certified by "Mr. Chaste." Of the " seven or eight English settlements " along the route, Pemaquid was the oldest and largest: the others may have been Pejepscot, Sagadahoc, Sheepscot, Capenewaggen, Damariscotta, New Harbor and St. George. * Jesuit Relations for the year 1G],7, Chap. X, p. 52. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 29 which they held as a propitiation to their demon for his kindness in the chase or the games, or in war; it is given to them by some sor- cerer [medicine man] or they dream that they found it, or that the Manitou gave it to them. . . Many who had charms or Manitous drew them from their pouches — some threw them away and others brought them to the Father. Some sorcerers or jugglers burned their drums and other implements of their trade; so that no longer were heard in their cabins, the yellings, and cries and hubbub which they made around their sick, because the greater part protested stoutly that they wanted refuge in God. I say the greater part, but not all; some never liked the change, so they carried a sick man to be whispered and chanted over by the.se cheats. But the poor man, being well pre- pared for heaven, said that if he recovered his health he would hold it as a gift from Him who alone can give and take away as it pleases Him. The Father stayed among these fifteen cabins, teaching in public and private, making the savages pray, vi.siting, consoling and relieving the sick; with much suffering it is true, but tempered by a blessing and inspiration from heaven which sweetens the most bitter trials. God does not yield; He scatters his blessings as well upon the cross of iron as upon the cross of silver and gold. It is not a small joy to baptize thirty persons prepared for death and paradise. The Father had not yet wished to entrust the holy waters to those who were full of life; he only .scattered them upon the dying, some of whom recovered, to the surprise of their comrades." * In the month of January (1647) the Father went with the Indians on their winter hunt to Moosehead lake, where, " being divided into many bands, they wage war against deer, elk and beaver, and other wild beasts;" the Father stayed with one party, " following it in all its journeys." In the spring, " the chase ended, all the savages reassem- bled upon the banks of this great lake [Moosehead] at the place where they had stopped [before the dispersion]. Here the sorcerers lost credit, for not only those who prayed to God had not encountered misfortune but the Father and his company had not fallen into the ambush of the Iroquiois, but instead had been favored with a fortu- nate chase, and some sick persons separated from the Father, having had recourse to God in their agonies, had received the blessing of a sudden return to health." The reassembling of the tribe at the close of the hunt was at the outlet of the lake and such occasions were cele- brated by feasting and dancing, until the canoes were ready for the descent of the river. When Father Druillettes arrived with his com- pany at the place of the mission house, he found that Winslow had already reached the trading house three miles below. Winslow had spent the winter in Plymouth and Boston; he told the missionary that * Jesuit J^c/atioiis, 1647, Chap. X. pp. o;^-o4. 60 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. he " had shown the letter of Mr. Chate to twenty-four persons of im- portance in New England, atnong whom were four famous ministers; and that they all approved his plan, saying boldly that it was a good and praiseworthy and generous action to instruct the savages, and that God must be praised for it. ' The gentlemen of the Kennebec company [the Plymouth colony] charged me,' said Mr. Houinslaud [Winslow], ' to bring you [Father Druillettes] word that if you wish for some French to come and build a house [mission establishment] on the Kennebec river, they will gladly allow it; and that you will never be molested in your ministry; if you are there,' added he, ' many English will come to visit you;' giving us to understand that there are some Catholics in these countries. The Father, having no orders on this proposition, replied to Winslow that he would write to him soon if the plan was judged practicable." * Father Druillettes left the Mission of the Assumption on the 20th of May, 1647, " going to visit all the places where the savages were, baptizing the sick and thus rescuing those beyond all hope. . . There were neither small nor great who did not express sorrow at the departure of their Patriarch " (the name of endearment which the missionary's neophytes had given him). Thirty Indians accompanied him to Quebec, where he arrived on the 15th of June " full of health." The disciples who escorted him besought him to return with them after eleven days' rest, " but the Jesuit Fathers for sufficient reasons, did not grant their request, and the savages returned to their country, afflicted by the refusal." IV. FATHER DRUILLETTES AS A MISSIONARY AND ENVOY. The Kennebec Mission Field reopened. — Iroquiois Enemies. — Scene at the Cushnoc Trading House. — Father Druillettes and Negabamat go to Boston and Plymouth.— The Father meets the Governors.— He visits John Eliot and John Endicott. — Resumes Labor in his Mission. — Returns to Quebec. — Sent back to New England.— Lost in the Forests on the St. John.— Reaches Nanrantsouak. — Welcomed with Joy.— Visits the four Colonies.— Last Labors on the Kennebec. — Painful Journey to Quebec. The next year (1648) the neophytes of the Kennebec went to Que- bec and repeated their request for the return of Father Druillettes, but the Jesuit Fathers, thinking that the distant Abenakis could be sufficiently ministered unto by the Capuchins of Pengbscot, and hav- itig great need in Canada of all of the missionaries of their own society, did not yield to the petition. The next year (1649) the .same request was made with the same result; but in 1650, the persistency * /fsiat Relatiotis, 1647, Chap. X, p. 56. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 31 and earnestness of the appeals, supported by a letter from Father Come de Mante of the Pentagoet mission, were sitccessful. Father Druiliettes was appointed to reopen his Kennebec mission. He left Quebec (or Sillery) September 1st, accompanied by his faithful disci- ple and constant companion, Noel Negabamat. On reaching the Ken- nebec, he visited hastily the several villages, and received the joyful welcome of his former pupils. On St. Michael's eve (September 29) he arrived at the Plymouth trading house, at Cushnoc. To his great pleasure he there met again his foi'mer friend, " the agent, by name Jehan Winslau [John Winslow], a citizen merchant of Plymouth." At the time of Father Druiliettes' first labors on the river four years before, there was a feeling of unrest among the Abenakis arising from the dread of their enemies, the Mohawks (one of the celebrated Iroquiois tribes), whose raids from their country beyond the western highlands had reached even to the Kennebec. Since 1646, six French missionaries* had been massacred by the Mohawks and their kindred tribes, and marauding parties were yearly roaming the banks of the St. Lawrence, with hatchets and knives bought of the Dutch and English traders on the Hudson. The governor of Canada (D'Alli- boust), to protect his own people and the far more numerous friendly natives of his domain, sought to repel the invaders; and he gave to Father Druiliettes on his departure for the Kennebec, " a letter of credit to speak on behalf of Sieur d'AUiboust to the governor and magistrates of said country " (New England). It was therefore in the dual capacity of missionary and envoy that Father Druiliettes made his second visit to the Abenakis. The then existing colonies (Ply- mouth, Massachusetts, New Haven, Connecticut,) had formed (in 1643) a confederation to promote their common interests, and espe- cially to enable them to deal as a unit with the neighboring Dutch and French colonies. This confederacy — the embryo of our great republic— prohibited the individual colony from going to war alone and from concluding a peace without the consent of the others. Before 1650, this confederacy had proposed a system of commer- cial reciprocity between New England and New France. Father Druiliettes was now instructed to agree on behalf of his government to the proposed treaty, provided New England would unite with Canada in keeping the Iroquiois from the war path against the tribes * They were all of the Society of Jesus. Father Isaac Jogues (killed October 18, 1646) was sent to the Mohawk country at the same time that Father Druil- iettes was ordered to the Kennebec. The two Fathers received their assign- ments on the same day. The other victims to Iroquiois cruelty were: Fathers Antoine Daniel, killed July 4. 1648; Jean de Brebeuf, March 16, 1649; Gabriel Lallemant, March 17, 1649; Charles Gamier, December 7, 1649; Noel Chobanel, December 8, \&i^.—Al>ri(fgeJ Relations of the Missions of the Jesuits in New Fiance. By Father P. F. J. Bressani, 16.53. Montreal, 1853. 32 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. that were friendly to the French. In the light of these facts we can understand the proceedings at the Kennebec trading house on the 30th of September, 1650. Father Druillettes, with Negabamat and a throng of Indians who had followed them from the different villages, met with ceremony the representative of the colony of Plymouth at the trading house. Negabamat, addressing John Winslow and hand- ing to him a bundle of beaver skins, said in his mother tongue (the Algonquin, and interpreted into French for us by the missionary): " The governor of the river St. Lawrence, by the Father who stands here, to those of your nation, and I as ally join my word to his; Not to speak to thee alone, but rather to tell thee to embark my word, that is to say my present [the beaver skins], to carry it to the governor of Plymouth." Winslow answered that he would do with the governor and magistrates all that could be expected from a good friend; where- upon Negabamat and the other Indians asked that the Father should go with him (Winslow) to present in person d'Alliboust's letter and " explain his intentions according to the letter of credit which he had, and to bear the words of the Christians of Sillery and the catechumens of the river Kennebec." Winslow replied: " I will lodge him in my house, and I will treat him as my own brother; for I well know the good that he [the missionary] does among you, and the life that he leads there." The record adds: " This he said because he had a par- ticular zeal for the conversion of the Indians." Thus accredited by the Kennebec Indians as well as by the Cana- dian governor, to negotiate against the Iroquiois, the missionary-envoy started about the 20th of November for Boston; he says: " I left Cous- sinoc by land, with the said agent [Winslow], inasmuch as the vessel that was to carry us had some cause for delay in waiting for the In- dians; and fearing to be surprised by the ice, we were therefore obliged to go ten leagues, to embark by sea at Marimiten [Merry- meeting], which the Indians call Nassouac. This was a painful march, especially to the agent, who is already somewhat in years [born in 1597] and who assured me that he would never have undertaken it if he had not given his word to Noel " (Negabamat). They embarked at Tameriskau (Damariscove ?) on the 25th, but the winds and storms drove them ashore at Cape Ann, from whence " partly by land and partly by boat," they reached Boston on the 8th of December. The incidents of this embassy were quite fully recorded by Father Druil- lettes, '•■■ but it would be apart from the present purpose to recite them all. He was blandly received by the principal personages of Boston, * " Narrative of a voyage, made for the Abenaquiois mission and information acquired of New England and the magistrates of that republic, for assistance against the Iroquiois. The whole by me, Gabriel Druillettes, of the Society of Jesus."— Trans, from the original MS. by John Gilmary Shea. Coll. New York Hist. Society (2d series), Vol. Ill, part 1. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 33 ■who, because he was a foreign envoy, did not inflict upon him the execution which one of their laws made the earthly doom of a Jesuit. After receiving many courteous attentions and an audience and din- ner with the governor (Thomas Dudley) and magistrates, he was at last told that in consequence of the character he had assumed as am- bassador of the Kennebec Indians, Boston had no interest in the sub- ject; and he was referred to Plymouth. He then went to Plymouth (December 21-22), and saw the Pilgrim fathers at their homes. The Father says: "The governor of the place John Brentford [William Bradford] received me with courtesy, and appointed the next day for audience, and then invited me to a dinner of fish which he had pre- pared on my account, seeing that it was Friday. I met with much favor at this settlement, for the farmers [lessees of the Plymouth patent], and among others Captain Thomas Willets, spoke to the gov- ernor on behalf of my negotiation. . . The governor . . with all the magistrates, not only consents but presses this affair in favor of the Abenaquois. The whole colony has no trifling interest in it, be- cause by its right of seigniory, it annually takes the sixth part of all that arises from the trade on that river Quinebec; and the governor himself in particular, who with four other of the most considerable citi- S*'^'>'i^A' 'iVi>-i^f<^es SecJ-J"- zens, are as it were, farmers of this trade, who lose much, losing all hope of the commerce of the Kenne- bec and Quebec, by means of the Abnaquiois, which will soon infalli- bly happen, if the Iroquois continues to kill and hunt to death the Abenaquiois as he has done for some years past." The sanguine Father returned to Boston, where he wrote to Gov- ernor d'Alliboust his official report, from which the last few preceding lines are copied. He had the faith of the enthusiast that the purpose of his embassy would be accomplished. It was winter and the season when vessels seldom ventured along the coast; consequently his de- parture was delayed a few days, during which time he was the guest of distinguished people, one of whom was John Eliot, the Protestant Indian apostle, at Roxbury, who hospitably invited him to stay at his house all winter. On the 5th of January he embarked on " a vessel clearing for the Kennebec;" bad weather stopped it for a week or more at Marblehead; the envoy improved the time by going up to Salem, to see John Endicott, " who," says the Father, " seeing that I had no money, defrayed my expenses." * On the 24th of January the bark reached Piscataqua, and on the 7th of February anchored at Tameriskau. The next day the missionary reached the Kennebec, up * Which kind act gives us a rare glimpse into the inner nature of the man who soon after as governor was led by his infuriated zeal for Puritanism, to have Quakers tortured and put to death. 31 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. which on its frozen and snow covered surface he laboriously tramped to resume his interrupted labors. From the comforts of guest cham- bers and the luxuries of governors' tables, he returned unflinchingly to the squalid huts, and pitiful, uncertain fare of the savages, whom he had been called to serve. In the spring, on his return to Cushnoc with the tribe from the winter hunt at Moosehead, he found John Winslow had returned from Plymouth, bringing the message that " all the magistrates and the two commissioners of Plymouth have given their word, and resolved that they must press the other colonies to join them against the Iroquiois in favor of the Abnaquiois, who are under the protection of the colony of Plymouth." This cheering re- sponse to the Father's visit to Plymouth was supplemented by letters brought to him by Winslow from men in Boston, representing the common opinion to be that " if the republic will not undertake this aid against the Iroquiois . . individuals are ready as volunteers for the expedition." With these hopeful assurances, Father Druillettes, taking affectionate leave of his neophytes, returned in the month of June (1651) to Quebec, and reported in person to his government the apparent result of his embassy. But so active and malignant was the enemy and so unhappy the outlook, that after a rest of only fifteen days Father Druillettes and Negabamat were sent back to the Kennebec, " Negabamat being com- missioned as before by the Algonquins of the Great River [St. Law- rence], and the Father by both the governor of Canada and the good Abenaquiois catechumens." This last trip of Father Druillettes was exceedingly painful — almost tragical in its beginning and ending — and bitterly disappointing in its political result. He was accompanied by one Frenchman (Jean Guerin) and several Abenakis, who had fol- lowed him to Quebec. In the hope of finding a shorter route than the usual one up the Chaudiere to Lake Megantic. the guides took one with which they were not acquainted; " after having rowed and walked for fifteen days by torrents and through many frightful ways," they saw with dismay that they had mistaken the river down which they should have glided, and that instead of being in the country of the Abenakis they were at Madawaska (on the St. John). But a worse feature of their condition was food-famine. The provisions taken for the two weeks' journey to the Kennebec were exhausted; the com- pany were weak from hunger and unable to perform the labor of stemming the current of the river which they must ascend before they could reach the route to their destination. In this dark hour Father Druillettes piously re.sorted to the resources of his religion; in the solitude of the immense forest he proceeded to offer the sacrifice of the holy mass for relief and deliverance. He had just concluded the ceremony when one of the Indians came running to the spot with the joyful news that the party had killed three moose. The lives of THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 35 the famishing- wanderers were thereby saved. The Father deemed it the visible interposition of God as he did the restoration of his eye- sight seven years before. After having restored their strength with the miraculously sent moose meat and preserved by the process of smoking enough to last until some could be procured in the ordinary way, the party started to return up river. There were rapids, falls and difficulties number- less; one of the Indians — an Etechemin from the St. John — attributed all of the party's bad luck to the presence of the Black-robe; some of the streams were too low to float the canoes, so the Father prayed for rain — which came and the water rose; but the ill will and persecu- tions of the savage compelled the Father to cast off his luggage in order to lighten the boat, and finally to separate himself from the party and grope his way in loneliness among rocks and windfalls and dismal stretches of swamp; be " rose at break of day and traveled till night without eating; his supper was a little piece of smoked meat hard as wood, or a small fish if he could catch it, and after having said his prayers the earth was his bed, his pillow a log." * At last, after twenty-two or twenty-three days from Quebec, the party reached Nan- rantsouak (Norridgewock). The chief, Oumamanradock, welcomed the Father with a salute of musketry, and embraced him, saying: " I see now that the Great Spirit who rules in heaven has looked upon us with a kind eye since he has sent us our Patriarch again." The chief inquired of the attendants if the Father had been well and well treated on the journey, and when told of the harsh conduct of the Etechemin, he berated the fellow roundly, saying: " If you were one of my sub- jects or of my nation, I would make you feel the grief which you have caused the whole country." The culprit admitted his guilt and con- fessed— " I am a dog to have treated the Black-gown so badly." The rec6rd says, " there was no man, woman or child who did not express to the Father the joy that was felt at his return; there were feasts in all the cabins: he was taken possession of and carried away with love." It was probably about this time that " in a great meeting " they " naturalized and admitted the Father to their nation." Subsequently, when he was at the village near Cushnoc, an attache of the trading post, who had entered a wigwam where the priest was conversing, re- ported to Winslow his employer, that the missionary was declaiming against the English. This offended Winslow, but the Indians went to the trading house and declared that the tattler lied— that he did not understand the Abenakis tongue from which he pretended to quote, and in their resentment of the injustice done to their missionary, said: " We have adopted him for our comrade, we love him as the wisest of our captains, . . and whoever assails him attacks all the Abenaquiois." * Jesuit Relations for 1002, Chap. VII, p. 23. > _m ^ Q^^'^OQ 36 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Father Druillettes' third arrival on the Kennebec caused a round of profound welcome and rejoicing. Friends old and new flocked from all sides to see him; he made a tour of the " twelve or thirteen villages which are ranged partly upon the river Kennebec, and partly upon the coast of Acadia. . . He was everywhere received as an angel from heaven." The warmth of his reception impressed him, and in alluding to it he wrote: " If the years have their winter they have also their spring-time; if these missions have their afifiictions, they are not deprived of their joys and consolations. I have felt more than I can express, seeing the gospel-seed which I have sown for four years, which produced in the ground in so many centuries only briars and thorns, bring forth fruit worthy of the table of God. . . One captain [chief] broke my heart; he repeated to me often in public and private that he loved his children as himself; ' I have lost two of them since your departure; their death is not my greatest sorrow, but you had not baptized them; that is what distresses me. It is true that I have done for them what you recommended me to do, but I do not know whether I have done well, or if I shall ever see them in heaven; if you had baptized them I would not grieve for them; I would not be sorry for their death, on the contrary I would be consoled; at least if to banish my sorrow you will promise not to think of Quebec for ten years, and will not depart during that time, you will see that we love you.' Besides he led me to the graves of his two children, upon which he had erected two beautiful crosses, painted red, which he came to salute from time to time in sight of the English at Koussinok [Cush- noc], where the cemetery of these good people is, because they hold at this place two great meetings, one in tine spring and the other in the autumn." * The.se children were probably buried in ground that had been consecrated for burial purposes by Father Druillettes during one of his previous visits. Its location was probably near the Mission of the Assumption. Ancient human skeletons were plowed up by the early settlers in the vicinity of Gilley's point, where the chapel must have stood, f After Father Druillettes had spent several weeks " in instructing the villages that were farther inland and more remote from the English, he took with him Noel Negabamat and went down to New England." This time, besides visiting Boston and Plymouth, they went to the two other colonies (New Haven and Connecticut), implor- ing for their people protection from the Iroquiois; but the fervent de- sire of Plymouth to save the inhabitants of its domain on the Kenne- bec from the Mohawk hatchet was neutralized by Massachusetts' indifference and the reluctance of the other colonies toward disturb- * Jesuit Relations, 1G52, Chap. VII, p. 25. t This fact was communicated by the late Mrs. Robert Dennison, an aged lady of North Augusta, who died in the early part of 1892. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 37 ing the relations that existed between themselves and the Dutch in the territory that is now the state of New York. So the tremendous and patient labors of the embassy were fruitless. Christian New England would not be aroused to protect the Christianized Indians of the Kennebec. Father Druillettes returned with his companion to the mission field in the depths of the wilderness, where he passed the dreary winter among his neophytes, destitute of every physical com- fort, the menial servant of savages, the target of the jealous jugglers' spite; tramping from village to village at the call of the sick and dying; always preaching by act and word the sublime gospel of divine humanity. At the beginning of March (1652) he departed wearily for Quebec. The hardships of his journey hither were far exceeded by those of his return. The party started on snow-shoes; we are not told their route. The time occupied was more than a month. The supplj' of food gave out, and some of the Indians died of exhaustion. All of the company expected to perish with hunger and cold. Father Druil- lettes and Negabamat were without food for six days following the fasting season of Lent. Finally they were obliged to boil their moc- casins, and then the Father's gown (camisole) which was made of moose skin; the snow melting, they boiled the braids of their snow- shoes. On such frail broth they kept sufficient strength to finally reach Quebec on Monday after Easter (April 8), " having no more courage or strength than zeal for the salvation of souls can give to skeletons." With a pale, thin face, and worn body, the intrepid, de- vout and half-martyred Druillettes closed his labors with the Indians of the Kennebec* V. THE FIRST INDIAN WAR IN MAINE. English and French irritation in Acadia. — Alienation between the Indians and the EngHsh.— Afifinity between the Indians and the French.— Phihp's War reaches to Maine.— Kennebecs disarmed.— Robinhood makes Treaty of Peace.— Outrageous Affront to the Saco Chief. — War begins at Merrymeet- ing Bay. — Parley at Teconnet. — Hammond's Fort at Woolwich, and Clark & Lake's Fort at Arrowsic, captured. — Dreadful Massacres.— Kennebecs return Captives and ask for Peace. — Treaties of Casco and Portsmouth. The history of the Indians on the Kennebec is nearly a blank for a quarter of a century after the retirement of Father Druillettes. The feeble mission of the Capuchins on the Penobscot was broken up by the Huguenot Frenchman, La Tour, in his quarrel with his Catholic * Father Druillettes was born in France in the year 1393. After his retire- ment from the Kennebec he was constantly with the Montagnais, Kristineaux, Papinachois, and other tribes. In 1661 he ascended the Saguenay, in the attempt to reach Hudson's bay. He went West in 1666 with the celebrated Marquette, and labored at Sault Ste. Mary till 1679, when he returned to Quebec, and there died on the 8th of April, 1681, after a missionary career of nearly forty years. ci« HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. countryman, D'Aulnay, and the semi-Christianized tribes of Maine were left for awhile to revert to their primeval heathenism. The English traders had for twenty-five years been annoyed by the French occupation of the country from the Penobscot eastward, and in 1654, the confederated colonies seized with force and arms all Acadia, dis- possessing the French and sending- them home or driving them in their poverty to seek subsistence among the Indians, and frequently adoption into the tribes. The natives had learned to confide in the French and distrust the English. The Kennebecs had found out that the English cared only for their furs; to add to their jealousy they believed that their missionary had been driven away from them. They attributed all of their woes to the Englishmen. Mohawk parties came oftener, spoiling the villages and infesting the hunting grounds. As the hunters could get but few skins, the traders finally ceased coming to Cushnoc. In 1661 the Iroquiois war-whoop echoed along the vSt. Lawrence from Montreal three hundred miles to the mouth of the Saguenay, carrying dismay to all Canada. A party penetrated to the Kennebec and surprised a village near the outlet of a lake; all the people were massacred, save one old chief whom the murderers led home as a trophy, and afterward tortured to death.* This cruel event may have given origin to the tradition among the Maine Indians in after generations, of an Iroquiois victory on the shores of Moosehead lake. There was no historian to describe for us the Indian battles on the Kennebec; the only record ever made was the one which was deftly woven by dusky fingers into symbolic figures on the sacred wampum belt, that the duty of vengeance might not be forgotten by warriors yet unborn. Most of the causes that alienated the Kennebec Indians from the English were the same that drove the other tribes of New England into a pitiless war upon the settlements. The French never had war with their Indian subjects, but kept their loyalty by flattery, charity and religious ceremonials. The English used no such arts; Puritan- ism, whatever its triumphs, was a failure with the Indians; it neither converted nor attracted them; it was too metaphysical for their appre- hension— they preferred their Manitous and medicine men. On the contrary, Catholicism with its symbols, and gilded images displayed by disciplined, skillful and enthusiastic priests of philanthropic lives, impressed them strongly, and took the place of their own materialistic heathen superstitions. So the French in their long struggle to hold Acadia had the natives with them. When the irritations and wrongs of half a century of English occupation came to be avenged by the * Histoire des Abeiiakis. By Father J. A. Marault. Sorel, Canada, 1866. At the time Father Marault wrote his history he had been for nineteen years a mis- sionary among the Indians at St. Francis, where nearly all of the living descend- ants of the Kennebec tribe reside. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. B9 Indians there was no bond of religion or humanity to stay the hatchet and scalping knife. The catastrophe of Philip's war (1675-8) had long been portending; its immediate exciting cause was the execution by Plymouth of three of Philip's subjects for having, by Philip's order and according to Indian law, inflicted the punishment of death upon an Indian traitor. Philip, as leader, was suppressed in fourteen months — his head cut off and carried to Plymouth, there to dangle from a gibbet for twenty years; but the cause to which he had called his race to rally did not die with him. The first victim in what has been named King Philip's war was an Indian who was shot while marauding with his fellows in a settler's pasture, for food (at Swansey, June 24, 1675). His death was avenged the same day by the killing of three white persons. Then followed alarm and consternation throughout the colonies. In a few weeks the trader-settlers on the lower Kennebec were anxiously astir. Captains Lake, Patteshall and Wiswell had been appointed by the general court a committee of safety for " the eastern parts." This committee met at the house of Captain Patteshall (on the island that for many years bore his name, but which is now called Lee's island, in Phipps- burg), and after consulting with the settlers concluded to disarm the natives.* A party ascended the river for the purpose, and meeting five Andro-scoggins and seven Kennebecs, persuaded them to surren- der their guns and knives. During the proceeding, a Kennebec Indian named Sowen struck at Hosea Mallet, a bystander, and would have killed him had not the savage been seized; the other Indians admitted that the assailant deserved death, yet they prayed for his re- lease, offering a ransom of forty beaver skins and hostages for his future good behavior. The proposal was accepted and Sowen was released. The traders then treated the Indians with food and tobacco, and solemnly promised them protection and favor if they would con- tinue peaceable. The principal sagamore in the party was Mahoti- wormet {alias Damarine), called by the English Robinhood, who lived in Nequasset (Woolwichj. The next day he assembled as many of his tribe as possible and celebrated the treaty of peace with a great dance, t * Williamson's History of Maine, Vol. I, p. 519. tThis chief, who was a Wawenoc, had been intimate with the English during- his whole life, and never so far as we know became their enemy. He sold in 1639, to Edward Butman and John Brown (who bought Pemaquid of Samoset and another), the territory of the present town of Woolwich (then called Nequas- set); he also sold in 1649, to John Parker, the island of Georgetown (Erascohe- gan), and to John Richards, the island of Arrowsic; also in 16.58, to John Parker, 2d, the territory that now makes the town of Phippsburg as far south as "Cock's high head;" and in 1661, to Robert Gutch, the territory now included within the limits of Bath. The memory of Mahotiwormet is preserved by his English nick- name in Robinhood's cove, the long arm of Sheepscot bay that nearly severs the island of Georgeto'wn. Hopegood, the warrior, is said to have been his son. 40 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. The Indians on the Sheepscot were likewise prevailed upon to yield up their arms, and there seemed to be good reason to hope that Philip's influence might not reach disastrously to the province of Maine. But at this critical hour an incident occurred which neutral- ized all the efforts that had been made to stay the spreading of Philip's conflagration. A chief of the Sacos, named Squando, had suffered an outrage that sank deep into his heart. Two rollicking sailors jocosely threw his little child into the water to see if it could swim instinctively, like an animal. Though the infant was rescued alive it soon died. From that moment the grief stricken father be- came the inveterate enemy of the English; no overtures could reach him, no gifts placate him. He called the neighboring tribes to war councils, and being a chief of great influence, war dances began. Set- tlers from the Merrimac to Pemaquid saw with grave forebodings the changed behavior and increasing insolence of the Indians. The first overt act was by a band of twenty Indians, who sacked the house of Thomas Purchase at the mouth of the Androscoggin, on the 4th or 5th of September (1675). Purchase had lived there and cheated the Indians for fifty years. A few days later (September 12), the first Indian massacre in Maine took place — that of Thomas Wakeley and his family of eight persons at Falmouth on the Presumpscot river. During the next three months seventy-two other barbarous mur- ders were committed between Casco and the Piscataqua. This series of tragedies was mostly the work of the Sacos and Androscoggins. The traders of Sagadahoc (on the lower Kennebec) were putting forth their utmost endeavors to prevent the terrible contagion from spread- ing to their river. They employed the services of their venerable trading neighbor of Pemaquid, Abraham Shurte, who by his rugged honesty and kind heart, had won the confidence of the Indians. He invited some of the sagamores to Pemaquid; they told him their grievances; they said some of their innocent friends had been treach- erously seized and sold as slaves under the pretext that they were conspirators or manslayers. " Yes," added they, " and your people frightened us away last fall [1675] from our cornfields about Kenne- bec; you have since withholden powder and shot from us, so that we have not been able to kill either fowl or venison, and some of our Indians, too, the last winter, actually perished of hunger." Shurte assured them that all of their wrongs should be righted if they would remain friendly. They gave him a wampum belt to denote their de- sire for peace, and a captive boy to be returned to his family. This parley was soon followed by an invitation to Mr. Shurte to meet the sachems of all the tribes in council, to make a general treaty of peace. The message was borne to Pemaquid by an Indian runner from Teconnet, where the council was to be held. Shurte fearlessly started THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 41 on his errand, probably sailing in his own boat from Pemaquid along the coast and into the Kennebec. At Sagadahoc he took council with the committee of safety, who selected Captain Sylvanus Davis to accompany him. The two a.scended the river to Teconnet (now spelled Ticonic) where they found a large number of Indians awaiting them. Five chiefs were there: Assiminasqua and Wahowa {alias Hopegood) of the Kennebecs; Madockawando and Mugg of the Penobscots, and Tarumkin of the Androscoggins; but Squando of the Sacos was ominously absent. The commissioners were welcomed by a salute of musketry, and conducted into the great wigwam where the chiefs were seated, each attended by his people. Assiminasqua opened the proceedings, say- ing: " Brothers, keep your arms, they are a badge of honor. Be at ease. It is not our custom like' the Mohawks to seize the messengers coming unto us; nay, we never do as your people once did with four- teen of our Indians, sent to treat with you; taking away their arms and setting a guard over their heads. We now must tell you, we have been in deep waters; you told us to come down and give up our arms and powder or you would kill us, so to keep peace we were forced to part with our hunting-guns, or to leave both our fort and our corn. What we did was a great loss; we feel its weight." To this Mr. Shurte replied: " Our men who have done you wrong are greatly blamed; if they could be reached by the arm of our rulers they would be punished. All the Indians know how kindly they have been treated at Pemaquid. We come now to confirm the peace, especially to treat with the Anasagunticooks [Androscoggins]. We wish to see Squando and to hear Tarumkin speak." Tarumkin responded: " I have been westward, where I found three sagamores wishing for peace; many Indians are unwilling. I love the clear streams of friendship that meet and unite. Certainly, I myself, choose the shades of peace. My heart is true, and I give you my hand in pledge of the truth." Seven Androscoggins echoed the sentiments of their chief, while Hopegood and Mugg, representing two other tribes, likewise declared for peace. But the absence of the childless chief of the Sacos was fatal; no gen- eral treaty could be made without him. The commissioners were dis- appointed and anxious, and even suspicious of the fidelity of the tribes present. The Indians had parted with their guns and knives; they were unable in their life as hunters to gain their sub.sistence without them; no substitute by which they could obtain 'food was given in recompense; they were now pinched with hunger and threat- ened with starvation; some they declared had thus died already. They now asked for their weapons that they might legitimately follow the game of the forest. The cominissioners could not conceal their mis- trust that the implements might be misused. Madockawando then 42 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. speaking abruptly, said: " Do we not meet here on equal ground? Where shall we buy powder and shot for our winter's hunting, when we have eaten up all our corn? Shall we leave Englishmen and turn to the French? or let our Indians die? We have waited long to hear you tell us, and now we want Yes, or No." The commissioners could no longer hide in diplomatic words the unhappy condition of affairs; they said: " You may have ammunition for necessary use; but you say yourselves, there are many western Indians [the Sacos] who do not choo.se peace. Should you let them have the powder we sell you, what do we better than cut our own throats? This is the best answer we are allowed to return you, though you wait ten years."* The chiefs would neither hear more nor talk longer; they rose abruptly and ended the parley, their flashing eyes announcing to the assembly the hopeless answer of the English. The commissioners, discomfited,, withdrew to their boat and embarked for home with painful appre- hensions. The condition of the Indians was pitiable. In their destitution and wretchedness they had vainly asked for the restoration of their hunting outfits. The alternative of starvation or war was now be- fore them. If the forests could not be made to furnish them food should not the plenty of the white man's .settlements? Emis.saries and refugees from Philip's shattered band — each on.e an incendiary, and murderer of Englishmen — were deploying eastward and mixing with the tribes. They recounted by many a lodge fire the deeds of Philip's warriors and awakened in the hearts of their excited listeners the wild thoughts of English extermination. The time had come when the Kennebecs could sit peacefully on their mats no longer. The pangs of hunger and impending famine made them desperate, and impelled them to the war path for self-preservation. A few weeks after the parley at Teconnet some Kennebecs in alli- ance with some Androscoggins formed their first war party. On the 13th of August (1675) they went forth in cruelty against the trading fort of Richard Hammond, that stood at the head of Long Reach, just below the chops or outlet of Merrymeeting bay f (in the present town of Woolwich). Hammond had aforetime kept a temporary trading post at Teconnet; the Indians said he had made them drunk and then cheated them. They ruthlessly killed him and two of his men — Samuel Smith and John Grant — and took sixteen persons captive, among them Francis Card and his family. A brave young woman e-scaped from the bloody scene and fleeing in the darkness of night across the country to Sheepscot, alarmed that settlement and saved it * Williamson's History of Maine, Vol. I, pp. 539, 533. t Problem of Hammond's Fort. By Rev. H. O. Thayer, in Collections of the Maine Historical Society. Quarterly series No. 3, 1890. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 43 from surprise. After supplying themselves with food and plunder, and burning the buildings, some of the Indians returned up river with their captives, while others in the night stole down to Clark & Lake's trading place on Arrowsic island; they adroitly entered the fort through the gate behind the sleepy sentinels as they were retir- ing from their posts at daybreak. The consternation of the inmates of the garrison, thus aroused from slumber in the early morning, was indescribable. In their helplessness they could make no resistance to the fearful onslaught; a few ran out of the fort and escaped. Thirty- five persons were either killed or captured. Among the slain was Captain Lake, a member of the committee of safety, and one of the wealthy proprietors of the establishment. Among the wounded was Captain Davis, one of the recent peace messengers to Teconnet, who barely escaped capture and death by hiding in the clefts of the rocks by the water's edge until the savages had departed. The destruction of these forts, which was only a small part of the general devastation that presently marked the entire coast from Piscataqua to Pemaquid, drove all the English settlers from the Kennebec. Of the Indians concerned in the sacking of the Nequasset and Arrowsic forts, there is reason to believe that the Kennebecs were less fierce and brutal than their fellows; indeed, there is no evidence that the Kennebecs, like some of their allies, ever tortured a white captive. This omission of a diabolical superstitious requirement is traceable to the teaching of Father Druillettes, and the softening in- fluence of the missionaries with whom the tribe had contact by its intercourse with Quebec. Many of the unhappy captives who were led away from the ruins of Sagadahoc, never returned, and their sad fate can only be conjectured. But in June of the next year (1677) the Kennebecs sent back a company of twenty, as is shown by a letter from the chiefs " to the governor of Boston," borne by Mrs. Ham- mond, the widow of the trader. This unique document, illiterately written by some captive sitting abjectly among the chiefs who dic- tated it, is a valuable souvenir of the comparative humanity of the tribe. The chiefs say they have been careful of the prisoners; that Mrs. Hammond and the rest " will tell that we have drove away all the Androscoggin Indians from us, for they will fight and we are not willing of their company. . . We have not done as the Androscog- gin Indians who killed all their prisoners. . . We can fight as well as others, but we are willing to live peaceable; we will not fight with- out they [the settlers] fight with us first; . . We are willing to trade with you, as we have done for many years; we pray you send us such things as we name: powder, cloth, tobacco, liquor, corn, bread — and send the captives you took at Pemaquid. . . Squando is minded to cheat you, . . and make you believe that it is Kennebec men 44 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. that have done all this spoil." The names of eleven Indians are appended: William WoumWood, HenNwedloked, Winakeermit, Moxus, Essomonosko, Deogenes, Pebemowoveit, Tasset, John, Shyrot, Mr. Thomas.* These are some of the actors in the Sagadahoc trage- dies, who were anxious to make it appear that their tribe had not for- feited all claim to English reconciliation. As a chief had said at Teconnet, they loved " the clear streams of friendship that meet and unite;" they had tasted of war and were now anxious for peace; early in the strife they had mostly withdrawn into the distant forest, and left their allies to murder and pillage alone. They tardily and reluct- antly broke with the English, and they were the first to suggest a return to peace. A full account of the first Indian war in Maine, covering a period of about three years, belongs to the general history of the state, and cannot here be given. It makes a dreadful chapter of surprisals, mas- sacres and conflagrations, in which nearly three hundred English people were killed or died in captivity. The region was made deso- late. The losses and sufferings of the tribes can never be told. Finally, after a mutual cessation of hostilities for a few months, the Kennebec sagamores gladly joined with those of the Androscoggin, Saco and Penobscot, in meeting English commissioners at Casco, to make a treaty of peace (April 12, 1678). All surviving captives were restored. It was a day of rejoicing. The settlements that had been destroyed soon began to revive, and returning prosperity gradually cheered again the coast of Maine. But the tribes were broken and their condition changed. The Mohawks had long been the scourge of the Kennebecs and other tribes, the English had ever refused pro- tection against them; in the late war they had been employed to kill and torture by the side of the English; they continued their warfare in vagrant bands after the treaty of peace. The crippled tribes asso- ciated these raids with English perfidy. The terror from these Mohawk parties was finally allayed by the governor of New York (Edmund Andros) forbidding his friends and allies up the Hudson from further molesting the conquered subjects of his master's eastern dukedom of Pemaquid. A second treaty was made at Portsmouth in 1685 (and signed on behalf of the Kennebecs by Hopegood), wherein for the first time the English agreed to protect the tribes of Maine so long as they were peaceable, from their Mohawk enemies. Notwith- standing all outward promises of peace, the Indians' nature, their mode of life, and the bitter memories of the past, made the treaties little else than temporary truces. The two races were mutually repellant. *Rev. H. O. Thayer in article on Hammond's fort, quoting Mass. Archives, Vol. XXX: 241, 242. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 45 VI.— THE SECOND AND THIRD INDIAN WARS IN MAINE. Indian Refugees in Canada.— New Mission established for them.— Fathers Jacques and Vincent Bigot on the Kennebec and Penobscot. — Castine inspires the Tribes to avenge his Wrong. — King William's War begtui. — French Intrigue with the Indians. — Father Rale sent to the Kennebec. — Bomaseen Imprisoned. — Treaties of Ryswick and Mare-point. — Third Indian War. — Parley at Casco. — Bounties for Scalps. — Arruawikwabemt Slain. — Rebekah Taylor rescued by Bomaseen. — Acadia ceded to England.— Treaties of Utrecht and Portsmouth. In a few years following the war, the Kennebec refugees, mixing with the Canada Indians, so overcrowded the Sillery mission, that in 1685 it was removed to the opposite side of the St. Lawrence, a few miles up the Chaudiere. The new village, composed mostly of fugitives from the Kennebec, was named the Mission of St. Francis de Sales, and given to the care of two brothers and Jesuit fathers named Jacques and Vincent Bigot. The instruction given by Druil- lettes on the Kennebec a generation before had nearly if not quite faded out, and the new missionaries, like their predecessor, had to begin their labors by teaching the mere rudiments of their faith. But they found their flock of five or six hundred souls altogether attentive and docile to priestly influence; they endeavored to Christ- ianize anew the whole tribe; they visited the head-waters of the Chaudiere and the Kennebec, where many Kennebecs and other Maine Indians had permanently collected for fishing and hunting, in their northward hegira from their English neighbors. The two Fathers extended at different times their wandering labors down the Kennebec to Nanrantsouak (Indian Old Point), and even as far as Pentagoet (Castine), where, under the patronage of the half Indianized French- man, Castine, Father Jacques laid the foundation of a church in 1687. The two brothers toiled among the Maine Indians for more than twenty years, principally in the villages of the refugees on the St. Lawrence.* Their visits to the Kennebec were few and comparatively brief. It appears that a chapel was built by them at Old Point; they revived the mission that had been closed for thirty years, and pre- pared the way for a permanent successor to Father Druillettes, who finally came in the remarkable person of Father Sebastian Rale. The first war in Maine had been wholly between the natives and the Engli.sh; no boundary line of Acadia was involved. The French were inactive spectators, harmlessly sympathizing, for national reasons, with the Indians. But ere a decade had passed, events were leading to a war in which all of the natives of Maine were to be the helpers of France in a national struggle. The first provocation for trouble * Relation of Father Jacques Bigot. 46 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. was given as usual by the English. It was the rifling by Governor Andres of the house of Baron St. Castine at Pentagoet (in the spring of 1688), under the pretext that the Penobscot was in the king's province, and that Acadia did not extend westward of the St. Croix. The haughty governor cared as little for human rights as his royal master (James II), whom he fancied he was pleasing by the outrage. The deed brought bitter retribution. Castine was a naturalized tribes- man, and a personage of unsurpassed eminence among the Penob- scots.* He easily aroused his followers to war, and in a few months he led them remorselessly against the English settlements. But Castine's personal quarrel soon became lost in the greater one between his king and William III of England. James II had been driven from his throne (1688); fleeing to France in his distress he received the aid of Louis XIV. The war that immediately opened extended to the French and English possessions in America. In Maine history it has been called King William's or the second Indian war. It was a series of dreadful massacres and reprisals — largely predatory on the part of the Indians, who marshalled by French ofScers, issued in bands from Canada to rob, murder or capture the English. Every settlement had to be provided with a fortress or defensible place into which the inhabitants could quickly gather. Such an one was at Pemaquid, garrisoned by Captain Weems and fifteen men; it was sur- prised and captured in August, 1689, and the place made desolate; another at Berwick was attacked on the 28th of March following, when thirty-four persons were slain and many more than that num- ber captured; another (Fort Loyal) was at Falmouth (now Portland, on the site of the Grand Trunk railroad station); the place was attacked May 26, 1690, by a force of five hundred French and Indians; after four days the inhabitants were forced to surrender only to be toma- hawked, and their mutilated bodies left unburied as prey for the wild beasts. These are only instances of the sufferings that were inflicted upon the English during a period of ten years. Warriors from all the tribes participated. It was the policy of the French, when they saw their ancient Acadia passing into the possession of the English, to seek to draw into Canada through the missionaries the discontented natives of Maine. The Kennebecs had been attracted to St. Francis de Sales. The Sacos emigrated nearly en masse within one or two years after Philip's war, and assembled in Canada near the mouth of the St. Francis river, down which from their deserted Saco they had reached the St. Law- rence. They were soon gathered into the parish of St. Francis. Their warriors, like those of the Kennebecs in the Chaudiere village, were utilized by the French to fight both the troublesome Iroquiois and the *///j-/(VV of Aidi/ia, by James Hannay. pp. 215-216. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 47 hated English. It. was for this purpose rather than from a sentiment of philanthropy, that French statesmen and Canadian governors had sought through the machinery of the church to manipulate the tribes of Maine. But many families still clung to the Androscoggin and Kennebec. With the design of collecting these fragments and mak- ing them useful against the English, the Canadian rulers had encour- aged the sending of the Fathers Bigot to the Kennebec to reconnoiter for a new mission. Thus it was amid the throes of war and for reasons more political than religious, that Father Rale was sent to the Kennebec to re- occupy the old mission-field of Druillettes. He came in 1693, by the well traveled route that had been followed by his predecessor in 1646; he lingered on the way among the wigwams at Lake Megantic •(from Namesokantik — place where there are many fishes), and the neighboring waters; in 1695 we find him at Nanrantsouak, which he ■chose for the center of his field of labors. Already schooled in the arts of savage living, he here drew by the persuasives of a trained and cultured enthusiast, the remaining families of the shattered tribes west of the Penobscot. The history of his mission is the remaining history of the Indians on the Kennebec — who from the location of the village which he founded, thenceforward bore the Anglicised name of Norridgewocks. The Kennebec was again a Canadian parish, and a semi-military outpost of New France. Of the three or four Indian routes of travel between the St. Lawrence and the Atlantic coast, none was more direct or easy than the one up the Chaudiere and down the Kennebec; the portage between the waters of the two rivers was .sometimes made from an upper tributary of the Chaudiere to one •of the Penobscot and from thence to Moosehead lake, but usually from Lake Megantic to the nearest stream that runs into Dead river. It was by this thoroughfare that the little Catholic village of Nanrant- souak maintained its communication with the diocese of Quebec. In war it was often the route of the French captains with their trains of scarcely more savage and cruel allies. Nanrantsouak was a village site of great excellence; the circling river, foam-laden from the wild falls above, almost surrounds it; it is in the midst of hundreds of acres -of mellow land suitable for corn raising; it was secluded from the English, while the Sandy river made it accessible from the Andros- coggin. The tribal distinctions of the natives of Maine began to dis- appear during the common cause against the English; soon after the coming of Father Rale the shreds of the tribes that had lingered on the Saco and Androscoggin, united with the Kennebecs as the Wawenocs had done before. The Penobscots, under the lead of the elder and younger Castine, maintained themselves as a tribe and so 48 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. remain to this day. We do not know the nature or extent of Father Rale's influence over his people in reference to the war in which he found them involved. If he exerted any*it may have been in the direction of peace; for on the 11th of August, 1693 (the year of his earliest intercourse with the Abenakis), thirteen sagamores appeared at Pemaquid and offered the submission of their tribes to the English government; among them were Wassabomet, Ketteramogis, Wenob- son. and Bomaseen from the Kennebec. The resident Indians were ready for peace, but the French, on whom the war pressed less sorely, were not; they ignored the treaty which their allies had made; and as a part of their endeavor to repossess themiselves of Acadia, which had been taken from them by Governor Phipps in 1690, they sent a party against the New England settlements in 1694; as Cotton Mather says: " What was talked at Quebec in the month of May, must be done at Oyster river [in New Hampshire] in the month of July." Several dreadful massacres were committed, and all the settlements were again filled with horror and fear. That Bomaseen, the Kennebec chief, was an accomplice in those deeds was never known; but the public exasperation was so great, and the possibility of other butcheries so imminent, that the authorities felt justified in seizing and imprisoning every prominent or doubtful Indian it could lay hands upon. Bomaseen was seized November 19, 1694, at Pemaquid garrison, whither he had gone with a flag of truce in apparent confidence that his professions of regret at the recent tragedies would relieve both himself and tribe from blame. He pro- tested his innocence, and showed that he felt his arrest to be an act of perfidy. Cotton Mather says, " he discovered a more than ordi- nary disturbance of mind; his passions foamed and boiled like the very waters of the fall of Niagara." The sagamore was immediately transported to Boston and there put in prison. The injustice of his treatment — hardly ever questioned by dispassionate Englishmen — turned his followers back to their French alliance and to a renewal of the war from which the treaty at Pemaquid a year before had freed them. The Norridgewock warriors returned to the war path, and two years later (1696) helped the French to overawe and capture even the proud Fort William Henry of Pemaquid, whose walls had been the prison of Bomaseen. The French participation in the war closed with the treaty of Ryswick in 1697, but the Indians, cherishing new as well as old resentments, remained in hostility two years longer. The last to desist from their attacks and acquiesce in a treaty with the English, were the Kennebecs, whose kidnapped sagamore was fretting behind prison bars in Boston. But finally, on the 7th of January, 1799, at Mare point (in Brunswick) Moxus and his lieuten- ants of the Kennebec, united with the sachems of the other tribes in THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 49 humble submission to King- William III. Bomaseen was then and there restored to his people, and the latter returned as many of their English captives as Avere able to make the terrible journey in the cold and snow of winter from Nanrantsouak to Casco bay. Little had been accomplished between France and England, for Acadia reverted by treaty to the former, while the Indians were left in reduced num- bers and more forlorn and miserable than before. The treaty of Mare point was a truce, that lasted only until another war broke out between England and France. So subtle were the re- lations of France with its allies in the new world that a royal wish expressed in the Tuilleries could reach the low-browed savages at their camp fires, and excite them into the frenzy of the war dance. The exiled James II died September 16, 1701, leaving a son — nicknamed the Pretender — to be placed by the power of France if possible on the throne. William III died March 8. 1702; Anne, the Protestant daugh- ter of James, was given the English crown; she immediately declared war against France, and asserted sovereignty over Acadia to the St. Croix. The inevitable result of another war in America followed. The Indians on the Kennebec were again the supple instruments of France. Father Rale had lived in companionship with them for ten years — ministering to their ailments of sickness and wounds, attach- ing them to his person and faith, and trying ever to better their earthly condition and save their souls. His influence over them was great; he followed and yet he led them — sometimes yielding to their inconstant humors, yet always holding them loyal to France and con- formable to the wishes of the Canadian governors. The warlike premonitions that followed the crowning of Queen Anne, led the governor (Joseph Dudley) of Massachusetts to solicit a personal conference with the Maine tribes, to renew the last treaty (of Mare point). The Indians responded with alacrity, and assembled in large numbers at Casco (now Portland), June 20, 1703, to meet the governor and his suite. It was agreed with great ceremony that peace should continue (in the language of Bomaseen) " so long as the sun and moon shall endure." Moxus and a new chief named Captain Sam, with Bomaseen, were of the delegation from Nanrantsouak. Father Rale was present, but stayed in the background until his identity was accidentally discovered by the governor, who then showed signs of annoyance that the Indians should have in their interest a diplomat as watchful and suspicious as himself. But the treaty, though it was celebrated with more pomp than any .similar one ever made in Maine, could not long be kept. The pressure of French poli- tics was too strong for the morally weak Indian to resist. In less than two months after the treaty was made, the dogs of war were let loose from Canada, and stealing through Maine with increasing numbers, 4 50 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. they rushed upon the English settlements for booty and scalps. This was the beginning of Queen Anne's or the third Indian war in Maine. It was instigated m Canada and carried on by the French with such aid as their Indian allies would give them. It was a war of many revolting features. In the winter of 1705, an English party of 270 men under Colonel Hilton went on snow- shoes to Nanrantsouak, but the village was deserted. The " large chapel with a vestry at the end of it," which Father Rale had built for his people, was set on fire and destroyed. At Casco, in January, 1707, the same officer with two hundred men, killed four Indians and cap- tured a squaw and child, whereupon the woman, to save her own life, conducted the party to a camp of eighteen sleeping Indians, seventeen of whom they killed. The savages themselves could not have been guilty of a more wanton stroke of butchery. It was a war of exter- mination. The government offered a bounty for scalps. In 1710 Colonel Walton with 170 men, surprised a company of Indians on the clam beds at the mouth of the Kennebec; Arruawikwabemt, a Nor- ridgewock sachem, was captured; Penhallow says he was " an active, bold fellow, and one of unbounded spirit; for when they asked several questions he made no reply, and when they threatened him with death, he laughed at it with contempt; upon which they delivered him up unto our friend Indians [Mohawks], who soon became his executioners."* The French are known to have barbarousl}' surren- dered English captives to a similar fate. But in the dreadful chapter of this ten years' war, one act of Indian compassion shines through the smoke and gloom of ruined settlements, and makes us grateful to the grim warrior whose heart is shown to have been human and could be touched with pity for his enemy's suffering child. It was in 1706 that Rebekah Taylor was made captive by a huge savage, who, while making the journey to Canada to sell her for a French ransom, be- came enraged at her exhaustion, and untying his girdle from his body wound it around her neck and hung her to a tree; the weight of the captive broke the cord; the fiend in his diabolism was again hoisting his victim to the limb, when Bomaseen, the sachem of the Kennebecs, came by chance upon the scene, and by overawing the executioner, prevented the consummation of the tragedy. Rebekah was afterward returned to her friends, and her own lips related the story of her deliverance, f After ten years, England and France settled their dispute by the treaty of Utrecht (March 30, 1713), in which it was agreed that " Acadia with its ancient boundaries . . are resigned and made over to the crown of Great Britain forever." Thus the contest for * History of the Wars of New England. By Samuel Penhallow, pp. 65-66. \ Idem, p. 47. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 51 Acadia that was begun with bloodshed at St. Sauveur just one hun- dred years before (1613) was ended. Four months after the treaty of Utrecht, the Indians of Maine sent their sachems to Portsmouth, -where a treaty was made with the provincial government July 13, 1713; it was signed in behalf of the Kennebecs with the respective totem characters of Warrakansit, Bomaseen and Wedaranaquin. Moxus was present, but for some reason did not place his hand to the document. VII. THE FOURTH INDIAN WAR IN MAINE. Settlements at Sagadahoc— Pejepscot Land Company.— Conference at Aitow- sic. — Wiwurna's Anger.— Fort Richmond built.— Father Rale with an Indian Embassy at Arrowsic— First Attempt to seize Father Rale.— Warriors make Captures at Merrymeeting. — Captain Sam slain. — Harmon's Massacre. — War declared.— Arrowsic burned.— Bounty of $1,000 for Father Rale.— Second Attempt to Capture him.— Mohawks invited.— Skirmish above Fort Rich- mond.— Third Attempt to Capture Father Rale. The conquest of Acadia and the treaty of Portsmouth gave confi- dence to New England that her Indian troubles were ended. As a result the abandoned frontier settlements were revived and new ones begun. Nowhere were the happy effects of peace manifested more strongly than in Maine, where the suffering and desolation had been the greatest. The lower Kennebec (or Sagadahoc) was perhaps the first devastated region that rang to the cheery echoes of returning civilization. The heirs and assigns of early proprietors came to claim their estates. John Watts, whose wife (as granddaughter of Captain Lake, .slain in Philip's war) inherited a good part of the island of Arrowsic, came to the Kennebec in 1714, and settled at a place now called Butler's cove; he built a fine dwelling and a defensible house or fort, and by the next year had drawn hither fifteen families. Soon following the Watts enterprise were various others in the same region, and in 1716, Georgetown was incorporated. The heirs and assigns of other land claimants through ancient Indian deeds, organ- ized themselves into the Pejepscot Company, to grasp with the strength of a giant's hands their vague heritage on the Androscoggin. This territory, like that of the lower Kennebec, had suddenly become of great prospective value by the treaties of Utrecht and Portsmouth. It was, however, all-important to the land company that the Indians should be kept peaceable. To learn their temper and test their amiability the device of a conference between them and the governor was hit upon. The suggestion met with official favor, and in the summer of 1717, ■Governor Shute attended by his councilors and other important gen- 52 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tlemen, sailed from Boston to the Kennebec in the royal ship The Squirrel. The gallant ship, with her colors gaily flying, arrived on the morning of August 9th opposite the Watts settlement and there dropped anchor. The Indians were already at their rendezvous on Patteshall's island. They sent a message asking his excellency when it would be his pleasure for them to attend him; he replied at three o'clock that afternoon, " when he would order the Union flag to be displayed at the tent erected near Mr. Watts, his house," and ordered a British flag to be delivered to the Indians " for them to wear when they came, in token of their subjection to his majesty King George " I; " at the time appointed, the flag being set up, the Indians forthwith came over, with the British flag in their headmost canoe." Eight sagamores filed up the bank to the great tent where the governor and attendants had assembled to receive them. They " made their rever- ence to the governor, who was pleased to give them his hand." John Gyles and Samuel Jordan were sv/orn as interpreters; the governor addressed the interpreters and they repeated his remarks in the Indian tongue to the sachems. In his opening speech the governor said that he was glad to find so many of them in health; since the good treaty of Portsmouth King George had happily ascended the throne and by his gracious command they were favored with the present interview; France was at peace with him and desired his friendship; the Indians were his subjects like the English, and they must not hearken to any contrary insinuation; they would always find themselves safest under the government of Great Britain; he would gladly have them of the same religion as King George and the Eng- lish, and therefore would immediately give them a Protestant mission- ary and in a little while a schoolmaster to teach their children; he naively remarked that the English settlements lately made in the eastern parts had been promoted partly for the benefit of the Indians, and that he had given strict orders to the English to be very just and kind to them; if any wrong was done them it should be reported to his officers, and he would see that it was redressed; he wished them to look upon the English government in New England as their great and safe shelter; he took in his hands two copies of the holy Bible, one printed in English and the other in the Apostle Eliot's transla- tion, and gave them to the chiefs for use by their new minister, ]SIr. Baxter, whenever they desired to be taught. Wiwurna was the Indian spokesman; he arose from his seat and responded to the courtly governor in uncultured but appropriate phrase. His people, he said, " were glad of the opportunity to wait upon the governor; they ratified all previous treaties; they hoped all hard thoughts would be laid aside between the English and them- selves, so that amity might be hearty; but other governors had told THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 53 them that thej' were under no government but their own; they would be obedient to King George if they liked the terms made to them — if they were not molested in their lands; if any wrong happened to them they would not avenge themselves, but apply to the governor for redress; this place [Arrowsic] was formerly settled and was then being settled by their permission, but they desired there be no more settlements made; it was said at Casco treaty [1713] that no more forts should be made; they would be pleased with King George if there was never a fort in the eastern parts; they were willing the English should possess all they have occupied except forts; they did not wish to change their ministers or their religion; God had already given them teaching; they did not understand how their lands had been purchased — what had been alienated was by gift only." The governor thereupon triumphantly exhibited the so-called deed of sale of lands on the Kennebec and Androscoggin rivers, made by six sagamores July 7, 1684, on which the Pejepscot Company based their claim. The Indians could have as easily understood the docu- ment if it had been written in Greek; it was, however, to their appre- hension possessed of a mysterious power which they could not ques- tion: they knew not how to meet such a form of argument; they were dazed and dumfounded; the plot to usurp their lands by the use of dingy papers, and fence them with forts was revealed. The angered chiefs sprang to their feet, and without obeisance sullenly withdrew from the audience tent, leaving in disdain their English flag and the inexorable but discomfited governor. In a few hours they returned from their camp with a letter to his ex- ^^ /9 .^ m a/7-^^ cellency from Father Rale, that quoted S^e^. ^^i„.^L_ ^^-f the French king as saying he had not given to the English by the cession of Acadia any of the Indians' land, and that he was ready to succor the Indians if their lands were en- croached upon. It was now the governor's turn to be angry, as he saw that the sachems had a friend who was able to cope with him in Indian diplomacy; he scornfully threw' the letter aside and made preparations to depart for home. The next morning he had entered into his ship and ordered the sails to be loosed, when two Indians hastily came alongside in a canoe and climbed on board; they apologized for the unpleasant behavior of the sachems, and begged that the parley might be reopened. The governor said he would grant the request if the sachems would aban- don " their unreasonable pretensions to the English lands, and com- plied with what he had said, but not otherwise;" to this condition the messengers agreed, and asked that the deserted flag be given again to decorate the Indian embassy. At six o'clock in the evening the sachems and principal men once more crossed the river from their 54 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. island camp to Arrowsic and sat down in council. Querebennit was their speaker in place of the too spirited Wiwurna, who had been dis- gracefully left at camp, in courtesy to the English. The Indians' de- sire for peace was overmastering; it made them capable of submitting to any terms which the English might dictate; they did not again venture to oppose the land scheme or the forts, but yielded in their hopelessness to such an agreement as the governor was pleased to have prepared, when " they all readily and without any objection consented to the whole." * Then all the chief Indians shook hands with the governor, who made them presents of food and ammunition; and the young men came over from the island and danced before the assembly in honor of the occasion. This so-called treaty of Arrowsic exacted the acknowledgment that the English might enjoy both the lands which they formerly pos- sessed, " and all others which they had obtained a right unto " — leav- ing the English to decide that they were entitled to all territory that was ever included in pretended sales by debauched and tribeless saga- mores. The Pejepscot people went resolutely forward to develop their property; timber cutters, mill builders and settlers flocked rapidly to Georgetown and the Androscoggin: Robert Temple brought five ship-loads of people from the north of Ireland to the Kennebec; settlements multiplied, and each one in fear of the Indians had its fort or place of possible refuge. In the guise of a trading house for the accommodation of the Indians, the government built Fort Rich- mond in 1718-19 (opposite the head of Swan island — the present town of Perkins); it was really built for the protection of the Pejepscot frontier. Fort George was built about the same time at Brunswick, for the same purpose. Before 1720 fifteen public forts and many more private ones had risen between Kittery and Pemaquid. The Indians could see in the enterprise of the white men only trouble and distress for themselves; their game was stampeded, their fishing places usurped, and their camping grounds plowed over. But the forts were peculiarly hateful to them; the frowning walls were proof against their tiny artillery, and the tactics of stealth and ambuscade that ex- celled in forest warfare, failed utterly before fortifications. Every new fort, therefore, was to them another menace and exasperation; it meant additional conquest of their territory. The treaty of Arrowsic had not been the cordial act of the Indians: * This submission was signed (August 13) by the following named Kennebec Indians: Moxus, Bomaseen, Captain Sam, Nagucawen, Summehawis, Wegwaru- menet, Terramuggus, Nudggumboit, Abissanehraw, Umguinnawas, Awohaway, Paquaharet and Csesar. It was also signed by Sabatus and Sam Humphries of the Androscoggins; Lerebenuit, Ohanumbames and Segunki of the Penobscots; and Adewando and Scawesco of the Peqwakets. Wiwurna's name does not ap- pear. For treaty entire, see Article XII, Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., pp. 361-37.5. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 55 the land company through the governor had overawed the sachems and extorted assent to conditions whicli they abhorred. The unhesi- tating appropriation of the disputed lands, and the blockading of the rivers above them with forts, were proceedings which the weaker side could not endure with composttre. There soon began to be signs of irritation. The government, while claiming the Indians to be .sub- jects of the king equally with the English, felt called to favor and protect only the latter; and in 1720 it sent two hundred .soldiers to guard the frontier of Maine. In May, 1721, as reparation for cattle killing and other misdeeds by some vagabond Indians, the Kennebecs promised the English two hundred beaver skins, and gave in hand four comrades as hostages; the hostages were sent to Boston and kept as prisoners. It is apparent that Father Rale labored indefatigably to save to his people the lands which in his view the English had un- justly seized. One result of his efforts was the awakening in Canada of a lively interest in his cause. In the summer of 1721, with a Cana- dian official named Crozen and Father de la Chasse of the Penobscot mission, he organized a grand embassy- composed of delegations from the villages of St. Francis, Becancourt, Penobscot and Norridgewock, to remonstrate with the English, and as Governor Vaudreuil of Canada said, " dare let them know that they will have to deal with other tribes than the one at Norridgewock if they continue their en- croachments." On the first day of August, the startled inhabitants of Arrowsic and vicinity beheld approaching with the tide a fleet of ninety canoes filled with stalwart Indians and two or three pale faces; two of the latter wore the conspicuous habit of the Jesuits. The French flag was flying in the foremost canoe. The mysterious flotilla landed on Patteshall's island, and soon sent a message to the captain of the Watts garri.son, inviting him to an interview; that officer, through fear, refused to cro.ss the river, whereupon the Indians launched their canoes and paddled to Arrowsic, led by Fathers Rale and de la Chasse and Monsieur Crozen. They respectfully sought the English repre- sentative, who, with trepidation, came forth from the fort to receive them. The details of this conference were not preserved. It was an occasion of great moment, and had been planned with infinite labor as a last appeal before a resort to arms, yet only a passing record was made of it. The Indians presented in the names of all the tribes a manifesto addres.sed to Governor Shute, warning the settlers to re- move in three weeks, else the warriors would come and kill them, burn their houses and eat their cattle, adding — " Englishmen have taken away the lands which the great God gave to our fathers and to us." The deputation, having thus given according to ancient Indian custom due notice of war, retired peacefully. 56 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. The writing to the governor, with an account of its delivery at Georgetown, was immediately forwarded to Boston, where it excited great alarm. The response was prompt and vigorous. The general court on August 23d ordered the equipment of three hundred men to prosecute the eastern Indians for the crime of rebellion; it demanded that they forthwith deliver to the English Father Rale and any other Jesuit who might be among them; if the tribes neglected to so purge themselves, Indians were to be seized indiscriminately and imprisoned at Boston. Under this order, Castine, the unresisting chief of the Penobscots, was taken captive soon after his visit to Arrowsic with the great embassy. It was a time of great public unrest, and many cruel imprudencies were committed. In November (1721) the general court resolved upon the removal of Father Rale, who it assumed was the mainspring of all the portending trouble. In December, after the streams had frozen over. Colonel Westbrook led a battalion of 230 men on snow-shoes up the Kennebec to Nanrantsouak, with orders to make the priest a prisoner. When the party after a laborious journey had reached the village, the leader was chagrined to find the missionary's dwelling deserted and the intended captive hiding in the mazes of the forest. In his hasty flight Father Rale had left his books and papers and humble treasures unconcealed. These were all summarily seized and carried away as booty. Among them was the Abenakis diction- ary in manuscript, which had been compiled with great care and labor by the industrious Father as an aid in his pastoral work; also the curious " strong box," divided and subdivided into compartments, in which the owner kept the sacred emblems of the church while roving with his people; a letter in French from the Canadian governor, en- couraging the Norridgewocks in their contest with " those who would drive them from their native country," was found, and interpreted as rank treason in him who received it. This attempt to kidnap Father Rale with the accompanying rob- bery, was felt by the Indians as a blow on themselves, and a cause for war. Up to that hour they had committed no like act against the English. The mischiefs by hungry poachers had been compounded with beaver skins and hostages still languishing in prison. The tribe was now bitterly incensed. The government itself, fearing that it had been hasty, suddenly softened, and tried the policy of pacification. Luckily no blood had been shed to make such a plan seem hopeless. So a few weeks after the rifling of Rale's hut, the governor sent a present to Bomaseen and a proposal to the tribe for a conference; both were rejected with derision. On the 13lh of June following, sixty warriors in twenty canoes, descended to Merrymeeting bay, and rang- ing the northern shore took captive nine English families; after selecting five of the principal men as indemnities for the four Indians THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 07 held as hostages in Boston, they released the others uninjured. A few days later, the Norridgewock chief, Captain Sam, with five followers, boarded a fishing smack off Damariscove, and in revenge for some English act, lashed the captain and crew to the rigging, and proceeded to flog them; breaking from their bonds, the fishermen turned furiously on their tormentors, killing two and pitching one overboard. We hear no more of Captain Sam's exploits, and he was probably one of the slain. Fort St. George (Thomaston) was the next place of hostile demon- stration. About the first of July Fort George (Brunswick) was at- tacked, and the village that had risen from the conflict of the Pejep- scot company, was burned to ashes. Thereupon the elated enemy went down to Merrymeeting, to enjoy their plunder and celebrate their success with demoniacal orgies. An English captive — Moses Eaton of Salisbury — appears to have been on this occasion the wretched victim of death torture. The raid on Brunswick aroused the people on the neighboring Kennebec; Captain John Harmon and thirty-four other soldiers hastily started in boats from one of the gar- risons to patrol the waters of the Kennebec. While scouting in the night they saw the gleam of a waning fire near the shore of Merry- meeting bay; while landing in the darkness to learn its origin they discovered eleven canoes; then they stumbled upon the recumbent bodies of about a score of savages who, in their exhaustion from their revelry, were dead in sleep. "••■ It was easy to slay them all in their helplessness, and the deed was quickly done. Harmon and his men carried away the guns of fifteen warriors as trophies of their ten min- utes' work. They found the mutilated body of Moses Eaton, and gave it respectful burial. The operations of the Pejepscot proprietors had incited a similar land enterpri.se on the ancient Muscongus patent, eastward, and in 1719-20, a fort was built by the Twenty Associates at Thomaston on the St. George river. The Penobscots looked upon St. George fort with the same feeling of indignation that the Kenne- becs did the forts on their own lands. Two or three days after the burning of Brunswick, a party of two hundred Indians surrounded Fort St. George; they burned a sloop, killed one man and took six prisoners. The conciliatory policy— adopted too late— could not undo the lamentable effects of earlier intolerance and the attempted capture of Father Rale. After releasing the four hostages and sending them to their tribe as possible emissaries of peace, the truth began to dawn upon the authorities that they had indeed, as prophesied by Vaudreuil in his letter to Rale, "other tribes than the Norridgewocks to deal * Tradition says this traged)^ was at Somerset point on Merrymeeting bay, and the late Mr. John McKeen so locates. Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. Ill, pp. 313-14. .58 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. with." All the tribes eastward of the Merrimac had listened to the story of the Norridgewocks and were developing warriors for their cause. Many in the St. Francis and Becancourt villages were of the same blood and naturally looked upon the grievances of the Kenne- becs as their own. There were many reflective people who believed that the Indians — especially the Kennebecs — had been maltreated, and that the prevailing troubles were only the fruitage of injustice and broken promises. This sentiment had influenced the government in its later policy, but after the destruction of Pejepscot (Brunswick) and the outrages at St. George, there seemed to be no reason to hope longer for reconciliation. On the 26th of July, 1722, Governor Shute made proclamation, declaring the eastern Indians (those of Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia), " with their confederates to be robbers, traitors and enemies to the King;" the legislature promptly provided money to pay an army of a thousand men, and elaborated a scale of bounties for Indian scalps, with a view to equity whether torn off by a duly enlisted and paid soldier, or by a volunteer civilian. The theater of war extended from New Hampshire to Nova Scotia; in distributing its forces the government stationed 25 men at Arrowsic, and 25 at Richmond fort; 400 were appointed to range by land or water between the Kennebec and Penobscot; 10 were placed at Maquoit, 20 at North Yarmouth, 30 at Falmouth (Portland), and 100 at York. On the morning of the 10th of September, thirteen months after the great deputation had delivered its message at the Arrowsic garri- son, a swarm of stranger Indians, estimated to number between four and five hundred, poured from the eastward upon the shores of George- town, in hostile array. Fortunately the inhabitants got timely warn- ing and all safely reached the shelter of the fort; but presently thirty- seven of their dwellings were in flames, and most of their cattle slaughtered for food. The accounts say that one Englishman — Samuel Brookings — was killed in the fort by a bullet shot by an Indian marksman through a port-hole. A similar body of Indians — and probably the same one — had appeared before St. George fort August 29th, and beseiged it without success for twelve days. In their dread of fortifications, they did not assail Arrowsic garrison, but after feast- ing sufficiently on their plunder, suddenly disappeared in the night; some paddled up the Kennebec; where, after mortally wounding Cap- tain Stratton of the province sloop, they menaced Fort Richmond as they scowlingly passed by it on their way to Norridgewock and Canada. The settling of the Pejepscot lands was fatally checked by these Indian forays. The Scotch-Irish immigrants, brought by hundreds in the ships of Robert Temple, and located on the shores of Merrymeet- ing bay, took flight to New Hampshire and Pennsylvania, and save THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 59 the forts at Richmond and Brunswick, the region was again a soli- tude. Father Rale was conceived by the English to be the powerful genius whose malign influence had brought all the disaster and rum. The government finally announced a special reward of two hundred pounds ($1,000) for his body dead or alive. Permission had been given by the legislature for such an expenditure of money two years before. The act was in harmony with the stern policy shown in extravagant rewards for Indian scalps. With the allurements before them of money and glory, 120 men, led by Captain Harmon, undertook the enterprise of removing Father Rale in the winter of 1723. The party started from Fort George (Brunswick) for Nanrantsouak, on the 6th of February, equipped with arms, rations and snow-shoes — taking as a measure of secrecy the unfrequented route via the Androscoggin and Sandy rivers. After accomplishing about half of the journey, the party was stopped by a thaw that softened the snow and flushed the rivers, and made further advance impos.sible. The expedition was a complete failure. The following summer the authorities invited a delegation of Mohawks to Boston, and tempted them with bribes ($500 a scalp) to fall upon the Indians of Maine, and hunt them down as in former times; but now the Iroquiois were at peace with their old ene- mies and concluded as a tribe not to take up the white man's quarrel, but allowed their young men to sell their services if they so wished. Only a few entered into public service. Two were assigned to Fort Richmond, and soon after arriving there were sent by Captain Heath on a scout with three soldiers under an ensign named Colby. The party had gone less than a league, when the Mohawks said they smelt fire, and refused to expose themselves further unless reinforced; a messenger was hastily sent back to the fort, who returned with thir- teen men; the whole party presently meeting thirty Indians killed two and drove the others to their canoes in so much haste that they left their packs; Colby was slain and two of his men wounded. "•■■ This skirmish must have occurred in the vicinity of the place that is now South Gardiner. The two Mohawks were by their first experience sickened of war, and returned ingloriously to Boston. The government, worried by the distresses of the people, used every expedient to annihilate the stealthy and capricious enemy. A month's seige of Fort St. George (on St. George's river), begun Decem- ber 5, 1723, provoked the authorities to make another attempt to take Father Rale. Accordingly a special party was equipped to march to Nanrantsouak; it was led by Captain Moulton, in mid-winter, on snow- shoes, up the Kennebec. On reaching the village the soldiers found the huts empty and the snow untracked. The missionary, aware that a price had been offered from the public treasury for his head, had *W\\\\ams,o-a's History of Afaine, Vol. II, p. 133. W HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. gone with his people for the winter to a safer place. His hut was again ransacked for trophies, which consisted of a few books and papers and another letter from the Canadian governor, exhorting him " to push on the Indians with all zeal against the English." No in- jury was done to the chapel or dwellings, in the hope that the for- bearance might be imitated by the owners when making similar in- cursions. VIII. FOURTH INDIAN WAR IN MAINE (CONCLUDED). Indian Assassinations. — Massacre on the St. George. — Fourth Expedition to Nanrantsouak. — Bomaseen and Family surprised. — Daughter and Father killed. — The Indian Village surprised.— Massacre of the Inhabitants.— Father Rale killed at the Mission-cross. — His Burial. — Monument over his Grave. — Dispersion of his Flock to Canada.— Treaty of Falmouth.— Father DeSirenne at Nanrantsouak.— The French Monarch's Gift.— Final Extinguishment of the Mission. In the spring of 1724 the Indians resumed their warfare with increased virulence. On the 17th of April they shot William Mitchell at Scarboro', and led his two boys captives to Nanrantsouak; John Felt, William Wormwell and Ebenezer Lewis were killed while at work in a saw mill on the Kennebec. On the 24th of April Captain Josiah Winslow and seventeen men fell into an Indian ambush on St. George river, a few miles below their fort, and all except four were killed. Captain Winslow's death was lamented throughout New Eng- land. He was a great-grandson of Edward Winslow, who came in the Mayfloivcr, and the great-grandnephew of John Winslow, whom the patient reader of these pages has seen as the friend of Father Druillettes at the Cushnoc trading house; his distinguished lineage, character and acquirements gave great prominence to the tragedy in which he bravely perished. This massacre was the burning memory that nerved the hearts and steeled the sensibilities of men for the aveng- ing blow that was soon to follow, and which the savages themselves could not have given with less mercy. Three expeditions had been sent forth expressly to capture or slay Father Rale. The errand was still unperformed; it had always been attempted in the winter, when the snow might show the tracks of lurking enemies, and the leafless forest could less securely hide the dreaded ambuscade. It was determined to make a fourth attempt in the summer time, and brave all increased perils. Thirty persons had been killed or captured in Maine since early spring; the exigency was great and popular vengeance could be appeased only by the blood of Father Rale. Ca,ptain Moulton, who had once been to Nanrantsouak and knew its topography, was selected to go again; his associate was THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 61 Captain Harmon, whom we saw one night at Somerset point, and later on a futile march up the Androscoggin; there were two other captains — Bourne and Beane — and a total force of 208 men. Two or three decorated Mohawks were welcomed by the company with their free- lances. Appropriately enough. Fort Richmond, in whose erection Father Rale had presaged the doom of his flock, was the rendezvous of the companies on their way to the fated village. The troops em- barked at the fort landing in seventeen whaleboats, on the 19th of August, and pulled lu.stily for Teconnet, 36 miles, where they arrived the next day; there the boats were tethered and forty men detailed to guard them and the surplus stores. On the 21st, the main force in light marching order, struck into the forest by the Indian trail for Nanrantsouak, twenty miles distant. Before night the advance surprised a solitary family of three persons, living in fancied security near the site of the present village of South Norridgewock. There was a crash of musketry in the thicket and an Indian maiden fell writhing in death agonies on the reddened moss. The frantic mother fell an easy captive by the side of her dying child. The father, lithe and fleet-footed, started to carry warning to the dis- tant village; the soldiers pursued him desperately, for the success of the expedition now depended on his fall. He finally rushed into the river at a fording place to cross to the other side, a league below Nan- rantsouak; he had reached an island-l^dge in the channel, when in the twilight the keen-eyed marksmen on the shore behind him riddled his panting body through and through with bullets.* So died Boma- seen, the noted chief, while trying to escape to his village with the tidings that would have saved it. By fate he was a savage, unblessed with the endowments which his Maker gives so freely to men of another race, but he bravely yielded his humble life for his lowly sub- jects in their defense of ancestral soil — a cause which enlightened Christendom always applauds among its own people. The place where he was killed now bears the name of Bomaseen rips. The widowed squaw, terrorized by her captors, told them of the condition of Nan- rantsouak, and of a route by which the village could be reached with the utmost secrecy. So little was recorded that related to the details of this expedition, that it is not known to a certainty where the soldiers crossed the river, or from what direction they approached the village. It is passing *Such was the manner of Bomaseen's death according to local tradition. There does not seem to be any other authority worth following-. Penhallow, in his history of the Indian wars, makes a geographical jumble; he says nonsensi- cally that afteV the troops " landed at Ticonic they met with Bomaseen at Bruns- wick, whom they shot in the river," p. 102. That author was living at the time and could easily have been more accurate in his statement of fact in spite of his CDnventional animosity. ■62 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Strange that no personal diary or adequate narrative of a participant was ever given to the world. The accounts which we have are slight and vague and even contradictory in some particulars. It is probable the troops forded the river in the shallow water at the place where the chief was shot; then leaving the intervale and moving stealthily west- ward on the high land, a mile or two from the river, they reached a spot a little after noon on the 22d where they could overlook the vil- lage of huts that curved like a crescent, conforming to the bending river, on the plain below. The forces were then prepared for action. Captain Harmon led off a company in the direction of an imaginary camp, whose smoke it was fancied could be seen rising in the hazy distance. Captain Moulton moved his force of one hundred men directly toward the village; when near it he stationed two detach- ments in ambush and pushed forward another as a storming party. As the latter issued from the thickets on the double-quick into the vil- lage clearing, they saw their first Indian, who, raising the death yell, sprang for his weapons. The village, thus startled from its sluggish siesta of a summer day, was at once in a state of panic; the people rushed out of their huts in terror and dismay; the warriors seized their guns and fired them wildly. The soldiers advanced in determined ranks, and when close upon the bark-walled wigwams and distracted people poured into them volley after volley indiscriminately. The helpless survivors scattered for the shelter of the woods, and in their flight encountered the murderous ambuscades that had been placed to anticipate them. At the first onset. Father Rale, aroused by the rumult, ran forth from his dwelling to the place of the village cross, perhaps in the hope that his efforts might tend to allay the conflict or mitigate its cruelties. A few terror stricken followers had gathered about him, as if to shield and to be miraculously shielded by his beloved person, when the soldiers, catching sight of his priestly dress, and recognizing him as the person on whom the hate of all New England was concentrated, raised a hue and cry for his destruction; and selecting his breast as a target, sent forth a shower of bullets that laid him lifeless by the mis- sion cross which his own hands had raised.* Seven of his neophytes * There is another version of the story of the kilHng of Father Rale. It is to the effect that a son-in-law of Captain Harmon, named Richard Jacques, discov- ered the missionary firing from a wigwam on the soldiers, whereupon he broke down the door and shot him dead. If this be true we must conclude that the Father was not very efficient with a musket, for we are not told that any soldier was seriously disabled; and we must also conclude that his mutilated body was considerately dragged out of doors to save cremation when the village was burned. The truth of the wigwam story was denied at the time. Charlevoix, History of New France, pp. 130,122; Williamson's History of Maine, pp. 129-132; Life of Sebastian Rale, by Convers Francis, D.D., pp. 311-322 (in Sparks' Ameri- can Biography, Vol. VII). As to the scalping of the body, see FenAallow's Indian THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 63 fell beside him; all the others fled from the village and the slaughter- tempest was over. Thirty Indian men, women and children lay dead, and half as many more were hobbling into the thickets with wounds. Not an Englishman had been hurt; one of the Mohawks was killed, but it may be an open question whether his dusky hue did not make him the accidental victim of some excited soldier. The purpose of the expedition had been accomplished; it only re- mained for the victors to enjoy their triumph and prepare to return home. Captain Harmon and his men returned before evening from their barren reconnoissance, and the reassembled companies passed the night in the village. The next morning, loading themselves with all the articles of worth (including Father Rale's gray and blood- stained scalp, which had a high commercial value in Boston, and the scalps of the other dead), the soldiers started on their return to Fort Richmond, leaving devastated Nanrantsouak rising in smoke and crackling flames behind them. They took with them the two Mitchell boys, who had been captured at Scarboro', and one other rescued pris- oner. The retirement of the soldiers was noted by the fugitives hid- ing in the surrounding forest, who soon returned to the ruins to look for their massacred friends. We are told by Charlevoix that they first sought the body of their missionary, and prepared it for sepulture -with pathetic tears and kisses, and that they buried it where the church altar had stood. The cassock which he had worn was too frayed and bedraggled for the soldiers to care for; they threw it away, and it was saved by the Indians and carried to Quebec as a precious relic. The chapel bell was taken from the ashes by an Indian boy and hid; he never would reveal the place of its concealment, saying, " May be Indian want it some time;" and the secret died with him. Many years after it was accidentally discovered by a woodman in the hollow of an ancient pine tree.* The grave of Father Rale was never forgotten — but was always IVars, p. 103; see £ariy Settlements at Sagadahoc, by John McKeen, in Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. Ill, p. 318; Abbot's History of Maine, pp. 313-316; Drake's Book of the Indians, book III, p. 119; History of Norridgewock, by William Allen. Rev. Jonathan G«-eenleaf, a Congregational minister of Wells, writing in 1821 (nearly a century after the death of Father Rale) says of him: " The fact of his having devoted his superior talents to the instruction of the rude children of the wilder- ness; consenting to spend his days in the depths of the forest, in unrepining con- formity to savage customs, and modes of life; enduring such privations, hard- ships, and fatigues as he did by night and day in the discharge of his mission, proves him to have been a very superior man, and well entitled to the admira- tion of sM."— Ecclesiastical Sketches, Maine, 1821, pp. 23;i-4. * This bell, together with the "strong box" taken by Westbrook in 1721, and a crucifix found in the soil within a few years by a lad, and preserved by the Hon. A. R. Bixby of Skowhegan, are now in the rooms of the Maine Histori- cal Society, Portland. 64 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. kept green — so long as any of the tribe haunted the river. It was first marked by a wooden cross — perhaps by the one made by Father Rale himself. When Arnold's army followed in 1775 the old Indian route to Quebec, his soldiers saw " a priest's grave " among the vestiges of the Indian village of Nanrantsouak.* In 18B3, under the patronage of Bishop Fenwick of Boston (an ex-member of the Society of Jesus), the site of Father Rale's church was purchased of the white man, and a granite monument erected with great ceremony over his grave. Some of the descendants of Rale's parishioners were present from Canada. The shaft was raised just 109 years after the burning of the church. Even that period of time had not been long enough for all animosity against the missionary to disappear, and the monument was maliciously overturned two years later, and again in 1851. It was replaced each time by the good people of the town of Norridgewock, and still stands in its harmlessness a mute reminder to the passing generations of a life of sublime toil, devotion and martyrdom on the banks of the Kennebec.f The offense of Father Rale was his constancy to his vows and loyalty to his people. Had his efforts been less he would not have been true to his view of pastoral duty. He sought sympathy and help for his flock where only it could be obtained, not questioning in his zeal the propriety of the Canadian government's hearty encour- agement, for which he was denounced as a traitor. After a bounty had been offered for his head he was urged by Father de la Chasse to look after his own safety, but he replied, " God has committed this flock to my care, and I will share its lot, only too happy if I am allowed to lay down my life for it." He believed the disputed lands had been taken from the Indians by deception and force (and who does not ?) and in the visionary cause of his tribe to recover them he serenely met * Journal of Return J. Meigs, Sept. ii, 1775, to Jan. 1, 1776. Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. (1814), Vol. I, second series, p. 331. t This monument is a gfranite structure of appropriate simplicity. The base is composed of irregularly shaped ashlar blocks, on which stands a graduated quadrilateral shaft that towers eighteen feet from the ground, and which is sur- mounted by an iron cross two feet high. On the southern face of.one of the blocks is the inscription in Latin, which may be translated as follows: "Rev. Sebastian Rale, a native of France, a missionary of the Society of Jesus, at first preaching for awhile to the Illinois and Hurons, afterwards for thirty-four years to the Abenakis, in faith and charity a true apostle of Christ; undaunted by the danger of arms, often testifying that he was ready to die for his people; at length this best of pastors fell amidst arms at the destruction of the village of Nor- ridgewock and the ruins of his own church, on this spot, on the twenty-third day of August, A.D. 1724." " Benedict Fenwick, Bishop of Boston, has erected this monument, and dedicated it to him and his deceased children in Christ, on the 23d of August, A.D. 1833, to the greater glory of God." THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 65 his death."" There were about two hundred persons affiliated with his mission at the time of its overthrow; three-fourths of them moved immediately to St. Francis, into which the Abenaki mission, near the mouth of the Chaudiere had been merged (in the year 1700); the rest clung to the northern lakes and streams, far inland. Though the war continued to rage for a year longer, the Nanrantsoiiaks took no further part in it, and were not repre- sented at the peace parleys of 1725-6; ri__j but in July, 1727, forty Kennebecs and ''-^;.\ fifteen Wawenocs, under the sachem }\ Wiwurna, whom we last saw in a pa- ' % triotic passion at Arrowsic, met the authorities at Falmouth and ratified a /' peace — after having pleaded in vain as , of yore, for the English to retire their boundaries from Richmond fort to Ar- rowsic, and from St. George fort to | Pemaquid. Thus closed the fourth .*- , *^ Indian war in ^ ^^^ called Lovewell's _ !•:,;■■ If M war, from a scalp 7 .„.,"! \ '^■~— — --" "^T fm hunter's exploit -.'- -.,. ^„ «^- [' kW and death at Lake ^^'ll^X -^/ . ,^^- - %^r <^ Peqwaket, INIay 8, '^^^^^M^;,^ '^ ,^,.^- ■* .. 1725)-another "S"'...^ ^"^^f^-.- .^ hemorrhage from •'%> "^^i^ -^ ^ ^ ^ the old French ^^ ^ \ '^^^'- '' ' , conflict, and '^^''" > ^^^^^^>S^ which was not father rale monument. //>^^^>^^^^ even yet ended. /^ Six years after the death of Father Rale, the mission cross was re- erected over the ashes of Nanrantsouak, by Father James de Sirenne.f The King of France had taken notice of the sorrows of the survivors of the massacre, and ordered Father de la Chasse to cover the body of * Father Rale was bom in 1658, in France; he came to America in 1689, ar- riving at Quebec October 1.3th. He studied the Indian languages at Sillery, and was affiliated for two or three years with the Abenakis on the Chaudiere. In 1693 he went to Illinois, but returned to Quebec in 1694 or '95, to be sent to his life work on the Kennebec. t The Catholic Church in Colonial Days, by John G. Shea (New York, 1886), p. 604. History of the Cath. Miss. Among the Ind. Tribes of the U. S.. by John G. Shea. p. 152. 5 66 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Father Rale, which in Indian parlance is to condole with them on their loss. Eight years later (1738) the French monarch gave an out- fit of plate, vestments and furniture for the mission chapel; perhaps it was this gracious deed that excited a general movement among the exiled Kennebecs to return to their old home; but the Canadian government, to prevent the exodus and to have the fighting men near at hand in case of need, had Father de vSirenne recalled, and Nanrant- souak as a mission place was forever abandoned. IX. THE FIFTH AND SIXTH INDIAN WARS IN MAINE. England and France again at War. — The Indians join the French. — The Kenne- bec a Route for War Parties. — English Scalp Hunters scout the Cobbosseecon- tee and Messalonskee Lakes. — Treaty of Aix la Chapelle. — Fatal Affray at Wiscasset. — War Party from St. Francis. — Fort Richmond and Georgetown attacked. — Advent of the Plymouth Land Company. — Protest of Ongewas- gone. — Forts Shirley, Western and Halifax. — Bounties for St. Francis In- dians or their Scalps. — Last Skirmish on the Kennebec. — Capture of Quebec, and Exting^iishment of French Power in America, — Natanis wounded under Arnold. — Sabatis. — Peerpole carries his Dead Child to Canada for Burial. The ambitions of European monarchs were to precipitate again the horrors of war in New England and New France. So sensitive were the rival colonies to the prevailing politics of their home coun- tries a thousand leagues distant, that a declaration of war by France against England in 1744 — generated by a British-Spanish war then in progress — was presently felt in America, and the next year it de- veloped into what has been called the fifth Indian war, so far as it related to Maine. The French and English colonies vied sharply for the support of the Indians. The French were successful as usual. It was a wanton and fruitless war, prompted by no loftier impulse on either side than gratification of national, religious or race antipathy. It was made notable, however, by the capture, by New England valor, of the French fortress of Louisbourg (June 17, 1745). The few resi- dent Kennebec Indians were not early to engage m it, but their river was the thoroughfare for brigand parties from Canada, and however innocent, they came under the ban of the government (August 12, 1745), which offered prizes for their scalps ranging from one hundred to four hundred pounds ($500 to $2,000) apiece. By an odd discrim- ination the scalps of French leaders and accomplices were rated at only thirty-eight pounds ($190) apiece. Fort Richmond and Fort George (at Brunswick) were kept in order; a few hundred men were employed as scouts in Maine. Parties roamed the forests for scalps as huntsmen do for furs; there is record of one such party on the Kennebec. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 67 On thfc 7th of March, 1747, some men under Captain John Gatchell ■started from the Brunswick fort to hunt for Indians; they reached Richmond fort the first day; the next day they tramped northwesterly toward the lakes that feed the Cobbosseecontee, where they hoped to surprise some camps; not finding any tracks at the small ponds (in Litchfield), they followed the stream up to Great Cobbosseecontee, where they were also disappointed. With great persistency they plodded a dozen miles northward to the waters of the Messalonskee; this lake they scouted in vain. There was not an Indian in all the region. The dispirited rangers now faced homeward, and emerging from the forest into the light of the river opening about eight miles above Cushnoc, they marched on the ice in a blinding snow storm down to the rapids where Augusta has .since been built. There they went ashore and bivouacked for the night among the great trees; the next day (March 17) they reached Richmond fort, with neither scalps nor other laurels to recompense them for their toilsome outing.* The vigor and alertness of the government kept the Indians in awe, and restricted their mischiefs in Maine to a few assassinations and cases of kidnapping. The treaty of Aix la Chapelle was signed October 7, 1748, by England and France, which restored peace again to their American colonies. A year later (October 16, 1749), eight Kennebec Indians with a few others went to Falmouth and renewed their hum- ble submission to the authorities, f But so demoralized and fragmentary had the tribes now become, that this treaty affected few Indians except those who were parties to it. Irrespon.sible tramps from St. Francis and Becancourt, with old scores to settle, continued to infest the Kennebec. In a quarrel with some white men at Wiscasset December 2, 1749, an Indian was wickedly killed; the guilty parties were arrested but not otherwise punished. The victim's Indian friends became greatly excited; thir- teen went to Boston to see the governor, who gave them stately court- esy and condoning presents. The next spring a party of eighty war- riors came from St. Francis to settle the affair in the Indian fashion; they asked the Penobscots to join them, and the people of Maine began to shudder in dread of some act of savage retaliation. It finally came in an attack on Fort Richmond (September 11, 1750), when the Indians killed one man and wounded another and led away fifteen inhabitants as captives. Two weeks later (September 25), they appeared on Parker's island in Georgetown; shunning the garrison, they attacked where the danger was less. In one case they battered down with their tomahawks the door of a house which the owner— a Mr. Rose — * History of Brunswick, pp. 58-00. t The names of these Indians were — Toxus, Magawombee, Harry, Soosephania, Nooktoonas, Nesagunibuit, Peereer, ■Cneas. 68 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. had bolted against them; the man at bay then fled through a window and running to the sliore rushed into the water to swim across Back river and Newtown bay, half a mile, to Arrowsic island. The savages nimbly pursued, and resorting to their canoe, paddled after him; when they overtook their expected prize, he upset their canoe by a dexter- ous movement, spilling them into the water and putting them on the .same footing with himself. Leaving them floundering, Mr. Rose re- sumed his swim and reached Arrowsic fort.* The Kennebec saga- mores disavowed these and many other revengeful acts, that followed as a sequence to the unfortunate Wiscasset affray. Thirty years had passed since the Pejepscot company made the land seizure that led to the war in which Father Rale was slain. During that period Richmond fort had been the outpost of the Eng- lish frontier. The time had now come when the Plymouth company, tracing its title to a patent given in 1627 to the Plymouth colony, wanted all of the lands above Richmond fort. The tribe that had protested a generation before, had been crushed for its contumacy; its survivors had nearly all removed to Canada; the few who still lin- gered by the burial-places of their fathers, had no steadfast and fear- less Rale to befriend them. So insignificant were they that the Ply- mouth company began to lot their land without any thought of asking their leave. Its strong hands built Fort Shirley (nearly opposite Fort Richmond) in 1751, but in February, 1754, a party of about sixty stal- wart Indians appeared at Richmond fort with a warning to the Eng- lish to depart. Governor Shirley in behalf of the settlers, retorted by detailing six companies of militia for the Kennebec. In April the general court authorized him to build a new fort as far up the river as he pleased. In June he made a personal visit to the Kennebec and decided to locate a fortress at Teconnet for the protection of the Ply- mouth company's lands. On the 21st he held a conference (at Falmouth) with forty-two Kennebec Indians. Ongewasgone, the sagamore, pleaded piteously for his people, saying: " Here is a river that belongs to us; you have lately built a new fort [Shirley]; we now only ask that you be content to go no further up the river; we live wholly by this land, and live poorly; the Penob.scot Indians hunt on one side of us and the Canada Indians on the other; so do not turn us off this land; we are willing for you to have the lands from this fort to the sea." f But the poor chief was protesting in vain; as in the case of the Arrowsic parley thirty-seven years before, the will of the white man prevailed. The Indians signed what was conventionally called a treaty. The bitter- ness of the cup was lessened by a few presents. Immediately the gov- * Luther D. Emerson, Oakland, Maine, t Journal of the Rev. Thomas Smith, pp. 153, 1.54. See Abbot's History of Maine, p. 352. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. by ernment sent workmen to build Fort Halifax at Teconnet (now Wins- low), and the Plymouth land proprietors sent others to build Fort Western at Cushnoc. Five hundred soldiers under General John Winslow* attended as escort, and some of them went far beyond into the wilderness to look for a fictitious fort which rumor said the French were establishing near the sources of the Chaudiere. Fort Halifax was completed for occupancy in September, and put in command of William Lithgow. The Indians soon showed their opinion of it by killing and scalping one of the soldiers, and capturing four others. This bloody deed prompted the government to send Captain Lithgow a reinforcement of men and cannon, and to offer a reward of ^110 ($550) for every captive St. Francis Indian, or i;'10 ($50) less for his scalp. Fort Western was armed with twenty men and four cannon, but it was not attacked. Thus the advent of the Plymouth company was met with resistance and bloodshed, as that of the Pejepscot company had been. This was the opening of the sixth Indian war in Maine, which soon became part of the greater conflict between France and England that ended with the fall of Quebec. The Maine tribes having generally trans- planted themselves, recruited the French ranks in Canada; some of the warriors were on the flanks at Braddock's de'feat (July 9, 1755); others were in the no less bloody actions at Crown Point and Fort William Henry, but a few chose their own war paths, and skulked fitfully on the outskirts of the Maine settlements. In the spring and summer of 1755, they shot one Barrett near Teconnet, and two others near Fort Shirley; a courier was captured while going from Fort Western to Fort Halifax; John Tufts and Abner Marston were cap- tured in Dresden. The government at once increased the scalp bounty to $1,000 and offered $1,250 per captive. In the summer of 1756, while England and France were moving with new intensity toward their final combat, the Indians continued their miserable warfare in iSIaine. On the Kennebec two men were assassinated at Teconnet; Mr. Preble and his wife were killed at their home on the northern end of Arrowsic island, opposite Bath, and their three children taken. One of the latter, an infant, was soon killed because it was an incumbrance. A young woman named Motherwell was captured the same day at Harnden's fort (in Woolwich). In the spring of 1757, a few soldiers went out from Fort Halifax to hunt for * General Winslow was a brother of Captain Josiah Winslow (slain at St. George thirty years before), and the officer whom the government detailed in 1755 to enforce its order for the expulsion of the Acadians from Nova Scotia, on which event Longfellow founded his pathetic and beautiful idyl Evangeline. The celebrated Winslow family, so prominent in affairs on the Kennebec after the voyage of Edward in 1635, has left its name to the town (incorp. 1771) of which Fort Halifax was the nucleus. 70 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. game; as five mysteriously disappeared their comrades supposed that a party of savages, discovered to be in the neighborhood, had taken them.- Captain Lithgow hastily sent ten men in a boat down the river to warn the settlements. While returning to Fort Halifax (May IS), and when about eight miles above Fort Western (in the vicinity of Riverside or Lovejoy's ferry), the boat was fired at from the shore by seventeen lurking Indians. Two men were wounded. The soldiers returned the volley, killing one of the enemy and wounding another; they then landed on the shore opposite the Indians, whom they saw in the distance bear across an open field the body of their fallen com- rade for burial."" This was the last Indian encounter on the Kenne- bec; by a strange coincidence it happened near the place where Cap- tain Gilbert was received by the natives just one hundred and fifty years before. England and France were now in the midst of their mighty con- test for supremacy in America: their respective colonies were the battle ground, and the prizes at stake. For more than a century — beginning with the labors of Father Druillettes at Cushnoc in 1646 — the Kennebec had been an environ of Quebec, and a door to Acadia. Acadia itself with its shadowy boundary had made the territory of Maine an uncertain borderland. Five wars — not counting King Philip's— had been waged against Maine settlements by French- Canadian intrigues; but the time was near when the terrible alliance that had desolated so many New England settlements must be dis- solved. An English heart was beating under a soldier's uniform whose valor was to thrill all hearts, and determine the political des- tiny of the western world. In July, 1758, General Wolfe was before Louisbourg, which capitulated on the 16th; fourteen months later he led his little army up the heights of Abraham to the mad fight on the plains above, where he died victorious (September 13, 1759), bequeath- ing to his countrymen the citadel of Quebec. His blood washed New France from the map. The flag that had been planted by Champlain in 1608 (three years after his visit to the Kennebec) was lowered from its staff, and North America came under the dominion of the English speaking race. Acadia was no more; its boundary was no longer of any importance; Forts Halifax, Western and Shirley, on the Kenne- bec, were needed no more. In the long, painful, tragical contest, the Kennebec tribe (as well as others) had been annihilated. A few families continued to live in hermit-like seclusion around the upper waters of the river, but the young men learned the art of war no more. When Arnold's army was marching to Quebec, the pioneer party discovered at a point on the trail near the Dead river, a birch bark * Letter of William Lithgow to Governor Shirley, May 33, 1757, quoted by Joseph Williamson in Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. IX, p. 194. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 71 map of the streams of the region, which an Indian had posted for the benefit of his fellows: a score or more of Indians were dwelling m the vicinity. The intrusion disturbed them, and they flitted undiscovered within spying distance of the troops for more than a month. Finally, having divined that the army was the enemy of the English at Que- bec, they disclosed themselves as friends, and nineteen joined the ex- pedition as allies. Among them were the noted chiefs — Natanis and Sabatis. They took part in the assault on Quebec, January 1, 1776.* Natanis received a musket ball through his wrist. This was the first time that Indians had fought in the war of the revolution. Thus, to the last remnant of the Kennebec tribe belongs the distinction of an alliance with the continental army, and Natanis was the first of his race to shed blood in the cause of American independence. Sabatis afterward lived for many years, an errant but amiable life on his native river— sensible and mild — a friend to the settlers as they were to him. One of the last well-remembered Indians lingered with his family around the upper waters of the Sandy river for many years; this was Peerpole; he had received baptism, and like a good Catholic went yearly to Quebec with his humble gifts to receive the blessing of the church. He would not bury the body of his dead child in the soil of his lost country, but carried it to Canada for religious rites and deposit in consecrated ground. + About the year 1797, with his wife and sur- viving children and precious burden tied on a hand-sled, he wended his way for the last time northward to the adopted land of his surviv- ing kindred. The mournful procession symbolizes the extinction of the red men in the valley of the Kennebec. * Aicoi/iif of Arnold's Campaign against Quebec, by John Joseph Henry, pp. 74, 7.5. tThe late William Allen of Norridgewock, in Me. Hist. See. Coll., Vol. IV, p. .31, note. CHAPTER III. SOURCES OF LAND TITLES. Bv Lend.\ll Titcome, Esq. Indian Occupancy. — Sales of Lands by the Indians. — Claims of Spain and Portugal. — Counter-claim of France. — The Virginia Charter. — The New- England Charter.— The Kennebeck or Plymouth Patent. — Trade with the Indians. — Sale of Plymouth Patent.— Settlement of the Kennebec Purchase. — Province of Massachusetts Bay. — Maine Separated from Massachusetts and Admitted into the Union. WHEN first foreign peoples came to the shores of Maine with the purpose of occupying the territory, establishing homes and creating an organized government, they found, of course, the country occupied by a primeval people whose history was no better known to themselves than it is to us to-day. It is even probable, with the concentration of legends of other peoples and drafts from asso- ciated histories, that the history of the Indian nations could now be written, giving with greater certainty the story of their ancestry than the dim traditions which were to them the only record of their past. The different nations and clans occupied each a separate country, the natural divisions on the surface of the earth, in the absence of a sur- veyor's chain and compass, establishing the boundaries of the separate tribes and nations. The Indian had no conception of the European idea of exclusive ownership of land. The tribes and their sachems neither made nor understood such claims of arbitrary ownership of the lands they occu- pied. The passing cloud which threw its shadow on his path, and the running water in which he paddled his canoe, were as much his prop- erty as the pathless land whereon his wigwam chanced to be. He neither coveted nor comprehended sole ownership of land. It was to him a mother whose streams and forests offered to him, as to his neighbor, food and shelter. No such thing as inheritance by children from parents was cared for or understood. They held their lands, if theirs they were, as life tenants in common; and no matter what were the forms or words of the deeds they signed, they only signified to the Indian mind the white man's privilege to occupy the lands as they themselves had occupied them; hence the SOURCES OF LAND TITLES. 73 trifling consideration named as price in the so-called Indian deeds. Monquine, son of Mahotiwormet, sagamore, sold for two skins of liquor and one skin of bread, more than a million acres of land above Gard- iner. As late as 1761 Samuel Goodwin was authorized to obtain a deed from the sagamores of the whole territory extending from the Wes- serunsett river to the ocean on both sides of the Kennebec river, " pro- vided he could obtain it at an expense of not more than ;f50." Hence also the fact that the Indian chiefs sold the same lands many times over and to different parties. In the " Statement of Kennebeck Claims" — Pamphlet Report of committee made June 15, 1785— after reciting the history of old Indian deeds the committee say: " From the his- tory and mode of living amongst the Indians in this country there can be no great doubt but that they originally held as tenants in com- mon in a state of nature; and though they have formed themselves into tribes and clans, yet the members of those tribes still retain a common and undivided right to the lands of their respective tribes." The aboriginal occupant of Kennebec county was the Indian tribe called Canibas. This was a large and important tribe and claimed as their territory the land extending from the sources of the Kennebec river to Merrymeeting bay. It may be noted as bearing on the Indian ideas of ownership of land, that Assiminasqua, a sagamore, in 1653 certified that the region of Teconnet (Waterville) belonged to him and the wife of Watchogo; while at near the same time the chief sag- amores, Monquine, Kennebis and Abbagadussett, conveyed to the English all the lands on the Kennebec river extending from Swan island to Wesserunsett river, near Skowhegan, as their property. In the earlier years a verbal grant was asserted by the English as a sufficient "deed." But subsequently concession was made to the formalities, and the conveyances from the Indians were made in legal form without much inquiry whether they were understood by the native grantors or not. Governor Winslow asserted " that the Eng- lish did not possess one foot of land in the colony but was fairly ob- tained by honest purchase from the Indian proprietors." But Andros, in 1686, boldly condemned the title so obtained from the natives and declared that " Indian deeds were no better than the scratch of a bear's paw." Though by a strict rule of right the Indian's deed could not be held to convey an exclusive ownership, it formed one of the strands, though a slender one, which the first settlers gathered together through which they maintained their early dominion over no incon- siderable portion of the soil of Maine. The thrifty adventurers from beyond the sea who sought wealth within her boundaries professed to largely base their rights on the Indian deeds and a prior occupation and possession. But the Crown of England is the source to which trace all lines of title to lands within the county of Kennebec. It was by royal license 74 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. that the first English settlement was made in Maine. The emigrants came as English subjects and they brought with them English laws. England planted her colonies here as her subjects, on lands claimed by her as her territory, and she alone maintained her authority. In 1493 Spain and Portugal claimed the entire New World which Columbus had discovered, by virtue of a bull of Pope Alexander VI. It is said that some seventy years later Spain took fortified possession of Maine at Pemaquid, but if so her possession was abandoned before many years. In 1524, Francis I, king of France, saying he should like to see the clause in Adam's will which made the American con- tinent the exclusive possession of his brothers of Spain and Portu- gal, sent Verrazzano, a navigator, who explored the entire coast and named the whole country Nciu France. Later King Francis, in 1534 and the following years, through Jacques Ouartier, took actual possession of Canada, explored the St. Lawrence and " laid the found- ation of French dominion on this continent." In 1495, Henry VII, of England, commissioned the Venetian, John Cabot, and his sons to make discoveries in the Western World, and under this commission they discovered the Western Continent more than a year before Columbus saw it; and in 1502 the same king com- missioned Hugh Eliot and Thomas Ashurst, in his name and for his u.se, to take possession of the islands and continent of America. Under the claim made by France the southern limit of New France was the 40th parallel of north latitude. Below that line was Florida, claimed by Spain as her territory. These two powers claimed the whole of North America by right of discovery. But it was a settled rule of international law that discovery of barbarous countries must be followed by actual possession to complete the title of any Christian power. Neither Spain nor France willingly yielded to England's claim to the new territory. But when Spain complained of an alleged act of trespass at Jamestown, England replied that all north of 32° belonged to the Crown of England by right of discovery and actual possession taken through Sir Walter Raleigh and English colonies. And when France complained against England's assumed control north of the 40th north parallel, England replied reciting the discov- eries by authority of the Crown made by Cabot, and the colonies estab- lished by her royal charter. England repeatedly asserted her claim to the lands held by her colonists, and overruled the claim to the whole country made by France, and as a result the map shows to-day not Neiv France, but Nczv England. By the English law the ultimate right to the soil remained in the Crown and grants made by the Crown were on condition of fealty and service, and on breach of such condition, the lands reverted to the Crown. " The newly discovered lands beyond the sea followed SOURCES OF LAND TITLES. 75- the same rule. If they were to become English possessions it was the right of the Sovereign to assign them to his subjects, and the validity of the titles thus conferred and transmitted has never been questioned, but stands unimpeached to this day."* The first transfer of title or English sovereignty was by what is known as the Virginia charter, which was granted by James I, April 10, 1606, to the Adventurers of London and their associates known as the first colony, and to the Adventurers of Plymouth and their asso- ciates known as the second colony, and under this charter a futile at- tempt was made the following year to plant a colony at the mouth of the Kennebec river. On November 3, 1620, King James I granted what is known as the New England charter to the cottncil of Plymouth in the county of Devon, successors to the Plymouth company under the charter of 1606. This charter was granted to forty lords, knights and merchants of England, among whom were the Duke of Lenox, Marquis of Buck- ingham, Marquis of Hamilton, Earl of Arundel, Earl of Warwick, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Francis Popham and Raleigh Gilbert. They were incorporated as " The Council Established at Plymouth in the County of Devon for the planting, ruling and governing New Eng- land in America." This charter granted in fee simple all the North American continent and islands between the parallels of 40° and 48° north latitude, " throughout the mainland from sea to sea," excepting " all places actually possessed by any other Christian prince or people." Under the charter of 1606 no permanent colony with an organized government had been planted in Maine. But its rivers, coast and harbors had been explored, knowledge of the Indians and their habits had been acquired, and trading posts and fishing stations had been established. Gorges and his associates had learned the value of the fur trade and fisheries, and it was to control these that the Plymouth company sought and obtained the great New England charter. On January 13, 1629, a grant was made by the Plymouth council to the Pilgrim colony, of what has since been known as the Kennebeck or Plymouth Patent. There was long dispute as to the boundaries of this patent, but its territory as ultimately settled, extended from the north line of Woolwich below Swan island on the east side of the river, and from the north line of Topsham on the west side of the river to a line a league above the mouth of the Wesserunsett river and fifteen miles wide on either side of the Kennebec. This patent covered about 1,500,000 acres. With the patent were transferred rights of exclusive trade, an open passage at all times from the patent to the sea, author- ity to make all necessary rules and regulations for their protection and government. *H. W. Richardson, Introduction, York Deeds. 76 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. A trading post was established at Cushnoc, and some writers say, at Richmond's landing and at Popham's fort also. For several years the trade with the Indians was found to be profitable, but it gradually declined till in 1652 the trade at Kennebec was leased at the small price of fifty pounds a year, and in 1655 the lease was renewed for seven years at thirty-five pounds a year — " to be paid in money, moose or beaver." This rental was reduced after three years to ten pounds and the next year the trade was abandoned. Discouraged by meager returns the holders of the Kennebeck or Plymouth patent sought a purchaser for their patent and on October 27, 1661. it was sold * for four hundred pounds to Antipas Boyes, Ed- ward Tyng, Thomas Brattle and John Winslow. This transfer, of course, carried with it whatever apparent shadow of title there was in the Indian deeds, which from the year 1648, when the whole Kenne- bec valley was purchased by William Bradford from a chief, had been collected from different sagamores covering the same territory. From 1661 till 1749 the title to the lands on the Kennebec lay dor- mant and no special effort was made to establish settlements on the land. This was at least partially due to the French and Indian border wars, which for a series of years diverted attention from the arts of peace. But in 1749, eighty-eight years after the transfer of the patent, though the four original purchasers were dead, the proprietors had greatly increased in numbers and were widely scattered, and knew very little of the extent or value of their lands. On August 17, 1749, a number of the proprietors joined in a petition to call a meeting of the proprietors of the Plymouth company's lands to devise means of settling or dividing the same " as the major part of the proprietors shall or may agree." A meeting was called for September 21, 1849, at Boston, and a number of subsequent meetings were held until in June, 1753, the owners of shares in the patent were incorporated under the name of" The Proprietors of the Kennebec Purchase from the late Colony of New Plymouth;" though they were generally known as the Kennebec company or the Plymouth company. The new proprietors in 1761 employed Nathan Winslow f to make a survey and lay out into lots the Kennebec valley on either side of the river, from Chelsea to Vassalboro inclusive, and offered to each settler, upon certain conditions, two lots aggregating 250 acres. The conditions imposed by the proprietors looked to the permanent settle- ment of the towns and the establishment of churches; for the grantee * The deed was executed October 15, 1665, and recorded in the York County Registry in 1719.— [Ed. t Winslow's map of this survey shows on either side of the river, three ranges of lots, each one mile deep with eight-rod ways between the ranges. The origi- nal map is in possession of Governor Joseph H. Williams, of Augusta, and a copy is on file in the Kennebec County Registry. — [Ed. SOURCES OF LAND TITLES. 77 was required to build a house of certain size — generally 20 by 20 feet — and reduce to cultivation five acres of the land in his possession within three years; also to occupy it himself or by his heirs or assigns seven years besides the three. Each grantee was also bound to labor two davs yearly for ten years on the highways and two days every year on the minister's lot or upon the house of worship. By reason of these inducements and the advantages which were held out to settlers the valley was gradually covered with colonists. In 1762 the lots were rapidly taken, especially around Fort Western at Cushnoc, and by 1766 nearly all the lots were granted. Settlements and grants in other sections of the patent continued as the country's resources attracted settlers until nearly all the Ken- nebec lands had been reduced to individual ownership, when it was decided by the owners to close out their scattered possessions. Ac- cordingly the heirs and successors of the original purchasers met in Boston in January, 1816, and sold at auction all their remaining rights. Thomas L. Winthrop was the purchaser and became the owner of the unsold rangeways, gores and islands throughout the Kennebec pur- chase. His title deeds appear of record in Somerset County Registry, Vol. Ill, p. 164, and in Kennebec County Registry, Vol. Ill, p. 64. It is interesting to trace the intricate historical chain of title which began in 1620 and has extended unbroken to this generationin, to the hands of those who to-day hold the parent title from which countless branches have been derived. Judge James Bridge and Hon. Reuel Williams, both of Augusta, purchased each, one-fourth interest from Thomas L. Winthrop, who subsequently sold his remaining half to Hon. Joseph H. Williams. At the death of Judge Bridge in 1834, his interest passed to his daughter, Mrs. Daniel Williams, and at the death of Reuel Williams in 1862, his fourth interest descended to his heirs. It would not seem necessary in a chapter of this character to recite the historical facts of the charter of the province of Maine, granted by Charles I, April 3, 1639, to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, nor the charter granted by Charles II to the Duke of York in 1664, which was re- newed ten years later. But perhaps reference should be made to the charter granted by William and Mary, by which the name of the province of Massachusetts Bay was given to the consolidated colonies of Massachusetts Bay and New Plymouth, the province of Maine and the territory of Nova Scotia. It was this province of Massachusetts Bay which sent its delegates to continental congress, which adopted the declaration of independence July 4, 1776, which of course termi- nated the political sovereignty and authority of England in the United States. The separation of Maine from her parent Massachusetts was effected through the consent of the Massachusetts general court by act of June 19, 1819. and the act of congress admitting Maine into the Union passed May 3, 1820. CHAPTER IV. CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. The County Erected. — County Buildings. — State House. — State and National Officers. — State Senators. — State Representatives. — Sheriffs. — Registers. — Treasurers. — Hospital for Insane. — Educational Institutions. — State Library. — Arsenal. — Soldiers' Home. THE territory now included in Kennebec county comprises nearly all of the original Kennebeck patent, and like it preserves in a name an allusion to the Kennebec Indians, who first inhabited the valley. It was within the widely extended boundaries of the old county of York, which Massachusetts erected in 1658, and became a part of Lincoln county in 1760. This territory which, until the close of the revolutionary war, remained largely undeveloped, began then to furnish evidences of the remarkable resources which have since placed it among the leading counties of New England. In 1787, Lin- coln county, whose shire-town was at Dresden, established at Augusta some public buildings and made it a co-ordinate shire-town. The demands of a rapidly increasing population soon led to a di- vision of the great county of Lincoln, and on the 20th of February, 1799, Kennebec county was incorporated as the sixth county in the district of Maine. It then, embracing nearly six times its present area, included the whole of Somerset county, which was taken from it in 1809; four of the towns on the east were made a part of Waldo county in 1827; five were included in Franklin county in 1838, and four were set off to Androscoggin county in 1854; so that the Kenne- bec county of to-day, to whose local history we turn our present atten- tion, consists of twenty-five towns, four cities and a plantation. For three years following the establishment of Augusta as a co- ordinate shire-town, the sessions were held at Fort Western. The first court house was built by subscription. It was erected on Market Square, opposite the site of the old Journal office. The frame was raised September 21, 1790, but as sufficient funds for its completion could not be secured, the sub.scribers decided to partition off only one room. In this room the January term of court convened, and notwith- standing the absence of laths and plastering, it was reported that they were considerably well accommodated. Augusta, which had not been separated from its parent town, Hallowell, took from this date the CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 79 appellation Hallowell Court House, by which the locality was known for many years after its incorporation under the name it now bears. In June, 1 801, the county commenced the erection, on the site of the present jail, of a second court house, which was completed and occu- pied by a court March 16, 1802. It was a commodious structure, and was occupied as a court house thirty years. The third court house was commenced in the spring- of 1829, upon its present site, which had been purchased of Nathaniel Hamlen. Robert C. Vose was the contractor. The building was occupied first by the supreme court in June, 1830, at which time Judge Mellen, who presided, called the building a very supe- iioi one. This build- ing was enlarged in 1851 The illustration shows it as again en- laiged m 1891. The first jail was r_*^ erected in 1793, on the comei of State and Winthrop stieets, opposite the present court house. Its walls were constructed of hewn timber and were not remarkably secure. Through these walls, which were two stories high, small openings were cut to admit light and air to the cells. Just at sundown on the 16th day of March, 1808, a fire was discovered in the upper story. It spread rapidly over the dry timbers and soon the entire structure and the adjoining keeper's hou.se were utterly destroyed. The jailor, Pitt Dilling- ham, was prepared for such a catastrophe, and under a strong guard, escorted the prisoners to the house of Lot Hamlin, where they were again secured without the loss of a man. General John Chan- dler, who was then high sheriff, immediately erected a temporary place of confinement near the east end of the court house. Proceed- ings were immediately instituted for the erection of a stone building on the old lot, and so expeditiously was the work carried forward that oO HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. in the following December it was approved and accepted, although not then completed, and the sheriff was instructed to use it as a jail on account of its greater security. The brick building which was subse- quently erected as a keeper's house is still standing. In April an ad- ditional tax was laid upon the county for its completion. It was much in advance of the pri.son accommodations of that day and was consid- ered a very expensive and secure structure. It was two stories high, the walls being constructed of large blocks of rough hammered stone fastened together with iron dowels. On May 21, 1857, it was voted " to proceed at once in the preliminary measures necessary to the erection " of a building better fitted for the keeping of prisoners, the old jail built in 1808 being wholly unfit for the purpose. The build- ing was finished in January, 1859, and opened for public inspection on February 1st. State Capitol. — In 1821 a committee composed of members from both branches of the legislature, which was then convened at the Portland court house, appointed to select a ^^,^^ place for the next session of that body, re- commended Hallowell as the most central point of popula- tion and repre- sentation. Al- ^' d^^^P*^^^^^ i.^^S''* though assured that suitable ac- commodations for the several state depart- ments would be piovidedfreeof expense to the commonwealth, a resolve favoring the removal to that point failed to pass either house. After an acrimonious de- bate, which was renewed at each session for several years, between Portland's politicians and the best economists of the state, Weston's hill, at Augusta, was, by the advice of a committee of three, of which John Chandler, of Monmouth, was a member, selected for the .site of the new capitol. The lot was conveyed to the state June 6, 1827; in the autumn of this year shade trees were set about the grounds and the work of laying the foundation begun; on the Fourth of July, 1829, the corner-stone was laid with imposing ceremonies conducted by the Masonic fraternity, in the presence of the president, vice-president and chief ju.stice of the United States. The building, which was designed by Charles Bulfinch, the archi- tect of the national capitol, was erected at an expense of $138,991.34, t CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 81 of which Sll,4GG.7o was furnished by the city of Aug'usta. As ac- cepted, in 1S32, the capitol consisted of a central building eighty-four feet in length by fifty-six in width, faced with a high arcade resting on massive Doric columns. Flanking this are two wings, each thirty- three feet long, making an aggregate length of 150 feet. The total height, including the cupola, is 114 feet. In 1832, and again in 1860, the interior was slightly remodeled to accommodate the increasing demands of some of the departments. An addition has recently been made to the main building, which increases the floor space by about one-third. This annex contains, in addition to apartments for the better accommodation of officials, the spacious and well arranged room in which are the valuable collections of books and pamphlets which compose the State Library. State and National Officers.— Since the formation of the state the county has furnished nine governors: Jona G. Hunton of Read- field, in 1830; Dr. John Hubbard of Hallowell, in IS.oO; Anson P. Mor- rill, Readfield, 1855; Joseph H. Williams, Augusta, 1857; Lot M. Mor- rill, Augusta, 1858; vSamuel Cony, Augusta, 1864; Selden Connor, Augusta, 1876; Joseph R. Bodwell, Hallowell. 1887; and Edwin C. Burleigh of Augusta, now completing his second term. The present governor is Hon. Edwin C. Burleigh, of Augusta, now completing the last year of his second term. He is a native of Aroos- took county, Me., but his ancestor eight generations back (in 1648) was Giles Burleigh, of Ipswich, Mass., where the first two or three generations of the family in America resided. James' and Josiah^ were natives of Ma.ssachusetts, but Thomas' was born in Sandwich, N. H., where the family name is still preserved in the name of " Bur- leigh Hill." There Benjamin.' a farmer and merchant, lived and died, and there his son, Moses, was born in 1781. This Moses Burleigh, the governor's grandfather, came to Maine before 1812 and resided until 1830 in Palermo, where he filled various civil offices and as a militia officer in 1812-16 gained by promotion to lieutenant colonel, the title by which he was generally known. He was elected to the Massachusetts legislature; was delegate in 1816 to the convention framing a constitution for the proposed state of Maine, and in 1830 he removed with his family to Linneus, Aroostook county, where he died in 1860. His eldest surviving child, born while they resided in Palermo, is Hon. Parker P. Burleigh, the governor's father. Like six generations of his New England progenitors he follows the peaceful and honorable calling of the farmer, and in the new garden county of Maine has found agriculture both pleasant and profitable. He has always been a leading citizen of Linneus, has served repeatedly in each branch of the legislature, and was for a long time state land agent. He was educated as a surveyor, and, as 82 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. chairman in 1869 of the Maine commission on the settlement of the public land, contributed largely to the rapid development of Aroos- took county. Such, briefly, are the antecedents of Maine's present executive. He was born at the family farm house, November 27, 1843, and after the common schools of Linneus had laid the foundation, he received an academical education in the academy at Houlton. While yet a boy he found employment in teaching school and in surveying land. In this latter occupation he gained a knowledge of the nature and value of the public lands of Maine, such as not many men posse.ssed, and which at a later period of his life recommended him to the governor of Maine as a proper person to fill the responsible position of state land agent. He enlisted during the civil war but, not being in sound health at that time, was rejected by the examining surgeon. For two win- ters during the war he was clerk in the adjutant general's office. He was a farmer and land surveyor until 1870, when he entered the state land office as a clerk, and in 1872 he moved to Bangor. He was state land agent in 1876, '77 and '78, and was assistant clerk of the house of representatives for same years. In 1880 he resigned his position as assistant clerk to accept a position in the office of the treasurer of state. He removed to Augusta with his family during that time, where he has since resided. In 1885 he was elected treasurer of the state and reelected in 1887. In 1888 he was elected governor of the state, receiving a plurality of 18,048. In 1890 he was reelected governor, receiving the increased plurality of 18,883. Thus has Governor Burleigh been recognized by the sovereign people of his native state, who have seen fit to honor him with their confidence and esteem. In no other decade since the republic was founded have the private life and domestic relations of public men been so keenly scrutinized by their constituents as now; and probably in no section more than in Puritan New England, and certainly in no state more than in the Pine Tree state do clean hands and a pure life count for more to one who aspires to political preferment. In the person of Governor Burleigh we have, too, the almost per- fect New England type. How much of his great popularity is due to his splendid physique and how much to his genial and courteous bear- ing would puzzle his best friend to say. Born to the inheritance of those who toil, his sympathies are ever with the humble, and in his extensive intercourse with his constituents his democratic ideas and his kindly bearing have given him a home in their hearts more enviable than office — more honorable than place. The U. S. Senators from Kennebec county since the state was or- ganized have been: John Chandler, of Monmouth, 1820, reelected 1823; Peleg Sprague, Haliowell, 1829; Reuel Williams, Augusta, 1837, re- ^^2:w^^^ (^ /::^^^.€^i CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. bd ■elected 1839: Wyman B. S. Moor, Waterville, 1848; George Evans, Gardiner, 1841; James W. Bradbury, Augusta, 1847; Lot M. :SIorrill, Augusta, 1861, and in 1863, 1869 and 1871; James G. Blaine, Augusta, 1876 and 1877. The Representatives in Congress have been: Joshua Cushman, Winslow, in 1823; Peleg Sprague, Hallowell, 1825, reelected in 1827; ■George Evans, Gardiner, 1829, reelected for six .successive terms; Gen- eral Alfred Marshall, China, 1841; Luther Severance, Augusta, 1843, reelected 1845; John Otis, Hallowell, 1849; Samuel P. Benson, Win- throp, 1853, reelected 1855; Anson P. Morrill, Readfield, 1861; James G. Blaine, Augusta, 1863, reelected for the six succeeding terms. The Secretaries of the State from the county have been: Amos Nichols, Augusta, 1822; Asaph R. Nichols, Augusta, 1835; Samuel P^ Benson, Winthrop, 1838; Asaph R. Nichols, Augusta, 1839; Philip C. Johnson, Augusta, 1840; Samuel P. Benson, Winthrop, 1841; Philip C. Johnson, Augusta, 1842; William B. Hartwell, Augusta, 1845; John G. Sawyer, Augusta, 1850; Alden Jackson, Augusta, 1854, also in 1857; S. J. Chadbourne, Augusta, 1880; Joseph O. Smith, Augusta, 1881; Ora- mandel Smith, Litchfield, 1885. The State Treasurers from the county have been: Asa Redington, jun., Augusta, 1835; Daniel Williams, Augusta, Com., 1835; and as treas- urer in 1840; Samuel Cony, Augusta, 1850; J. A. Sanborn, Readfield, Com., 1855; William Caldwell, Augusta, 1869; and Charles A. White, Gardiner, 1879. Two Attorneys General of Maine have been chosen from the county: W. B. S. Moor of Waterville, in 1844; and Orville D. Baker of Augusta, in 1885. Kennebec has furnished three cabinet officers: James G. Blaine, secretary of state under Garfield and Harrison; Lot M. Morrill, secre- tary of the treasury, and Henry Dearborn, secretary of war. Mell- ville W. Fuller, a native of Augusta, has been appointed associate jus- tice of the supreme court, and James G. Blaine was speaker of the house of representatives during the sessions of the 41st, 42d and 43d Congress. Under the first apportionment, Kennebec county was entitled to three senators in the Maine legislature. The apportionment of 1871 reduced the number to two. Those elected from what is now Kenne- bec county, with residence and years of service have been: Augusta, Joshua Gage, 1820, '21; Reuel Williams, 1826, '27, '28; William Em- mons, 1834, '35; Luther Severance, 1836, '37: Richard H. Vose, 1840, '41; Joseph Baker, 1847; Lot M. Morrill, 1856; Joseph H.Williams, 1857; James A. Bicknell, 1860; John L. Stevens, 1868, '69; J. Man- chester Haynes, 1878, '79; George E. Weeks, 1883, '85; and Herbert M. Heath, in 1887, '89. A/biou, Joel Wellington, 1824; Asher Hinds, 1830, '31; Enoch Farnbam, 1834, '35; Thomas Burrill, 1856. Be/grade, 84 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Jacob Alain, 1843; George E. Minot, 1870, 71. Benton, Crosby Hinds, 1865, '66. China, Timothy F. Hanscom, 1842; Alfred Fletcher, 1858, '59; Ambrcse H. Abbott, 1873, '74. Fayette-, Albert G. French, 1875, '76. Gardiner, Joshua Lord, 1825; Sanford Kingsbury, 1829, '30; Mer- rill Clough, 1842; Edward Swan, 1844, '45; Isaac N. Tucker, 1853, '54; Nathaniel Graves, 1857; John Berry, jun., 1858, '59; Noah Woods, 1862, '63; Joshua Gray, 1870, '71; Albert M. Spear, 1891. Hallowell, Thomas Bond, 1822. '23; John T. P. Dumont. 1838, '39, '48, '49; John Otis, 1842; John Hubbard, 1843; Joseph A. Sanborn, 1864, '65; George W. Per- kins, 1866, '67. Litchfield, John Neal, 1850, '51, '52; Josiah True, 1864, '65; John Woodbury, 1876, '77. Momnouth, John Chandler, 1820, '21 (resigned to take a seat in congress); Abraham Morrill, 1822, '23; Jo- seph Chandler, 1824; Ebenezer Freeman, 1850, '51, '52; William B. Snell, 1868, '69. Mt. Vernon, Elijah Morse, 1830, '31: Calvin Hopkins, 1860, '61; Moses S. Mayhew, 1879. Pittston, Eliakira Scammon, 1832, '33. Readfie-ld, Jonathan G. Hunton, 1832, "33; Oliver Bean, 1848, '49; Henry P. Torsey, 1854, '55; Emery O. Bean, 1856; George A. Russell, 1887. Sidney, Asa Smiley, 1844, '45; Joseph T. Woodward, 1867, '68. Vassalboro, Joseph Southwick, 1825, '26, '27; Elijah Robinson, 1836, '37; Oliver Prescott, 1848, '49; Warren Percival, 1861, '62; Thomas S. Lang, 1869, '70. Waterville, Timothy Boutelle, 1820, '21, '32, '33, '38, '39; Isaac Redington, 1846, '47; Edwin Noyes, 1850; Stephen Stark, 1853, '54; Josiah H. Drummond, I860; Dennis L. Millikin, 1863, '64; Reuben Foster, 1871, '72; Edmund F. Webb, 1874, '75; F. E. Heath, 1883, '84; William T. Haines, 1889, '91. Wayiie, Thomas B. Read, 1866, '67; Jo- seph S. Berry, 1880, '81. West Waterville, Greenlief T. Stevens, 1877, '78. Winslow, Joseph Eaton, 1840, '41, '53, '55; David Garland, 1851, '52; Colby C. Cornish, 1880, '81. Winthrop, Samuel P. Benson, 1836, '37; David Stanley, 1843; Ezekiel Holmes, 1844, '45; Charles A. Wing, 1858, '59; Peleg F. Pike, 1862, '63; John May, 1872, '73. The names of Thomas W. Herrick, 1857, William Ayer, 1843, Daniel Hutchinson, 1831, and Josiah Chapman. 1829, appear as mem- bers of the senate from Kennebec county; but their respective resi- dences are not shown by the records in the state archives from which the foregoing was transcribed. Of the Presidents of the State Senate six have been residents of what is now Kennebec county: Richard H. Vose, Augusta, in 1841; Lot M. Morrill, Augu.sta, 1856; Joseph H. Williams, Augusta, 1857 Reuben Foster, Waterville, 1872; Edmund F. Webb, Waterville, 1875 and J. Manchester Haynes of Augusta, 1879. The county as it existed when Maine became a state was allotted twenty-one seats in the state's house of representatives. Belgrade, Dear- born and Rome made one district; Fayette and Vienna were joined with Chesterville as a district; Mt. Vernon was classed with New Sharon, Winslow with Clinton, Pittston with Windsor, and Harlem with CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. China. These six districts, and each of the other towns, elected one representative each year, except Wayne, which elected for four of the ten years. The apportionment of 1831 gave the county twenty-four members for the next decade. Augusta and Hallowell each elected two,Winslow, Wayne and Windsor were each to elect for five of the ten years, as was Albion with the unincorporated territory north of it. Dearborn was joined with Belgrade, Vienna and Rome with Chesterville, and Mt. Vernon with Fayette, making three districts which elected each one member. The other towns had each one representative each year. The 1841 apportionment gave Kennebec county twenty-two repre- sentatives. Albion, Albion Gore and Winslow were joined to make one di.strict; also Clinton and Clinton Gore; Belgrade, Dearborn and Rome: Mt.Vernon and Vienna; Wayne and Fayette. These five districts each chose one member every year; Windsor was represented six years of the ten; Augusta, Hallowell and Gardiner each had two representa- tives annually and the other towns each one. For the decade from 1851 the county elected sixteen members. Vassalboro with Rome; Albion, Benton, Clinton with the Gores; Hal- lowell with Manchester, and West Gardiner with Farmingdale made up four districts. Augusta chose two annually, and the others one, except the smaller towns, which elected for part of the years accord- ing to their population. The apportionment of 1861 gave Kennebec thirteen members. Six districts were made: China, Albion and Clinton Gore with Unity Plantation; Vassalboro with Windsor; Readfield with Mt. Vernon and Vienna; Pittston with West Gardiner and Farmingdale; Benton, Clinton and Winslow; Sidney, Rome and Belgrade. This classifica- tion was slightly modified in 1871 by joining Winthrop with Wayne and Fayette; Hallowell with Chelsea, and Manchester to Litchfield and Monmouth — the county still having thirteen representatives. The several towns have been represented as follows: Albion, Joel Wellington, 1820, '21,, '28, '31, '33; Josiah Crosby, 1823, '24; John Winslow, 1826, '27; Enoch Farnham, 1833; James Stratton, 1835; Ben- jamin Webb, 1837; Codding Blake, 1839; Thomas Burrill, 1839, '41; Amasa Taylor, 1841, '42; Scotland Chalmers, 1844; Simeon Skillin 1846; David Hanscom, 1848, '50; Artemas, Libby, 1853; John T. Main 1855; William H. Palmer, 1858; N. E. Murray, 1860; Otis M. Sturte vant, 1861; H. T. Baker, 1863; Robert Crosby, 1866; Ezra Pray, 1868 '70: Mark Rollins, jun., 1873; Elias C. Fowler, 1876; Ora O. Crosby 1878; George H. Wilson, 1880; George B. Pray, 1887-8. Augusta Robert C. Vose, 1820, '21; Reuel Williams, 1822, '23, '24, '25, '29, '32 '48; Robert Howard, 1826; John Davis, 1827; Henry W. Fuller, 1828 Luther Severance, 1830, '40, '41, '43, '47; Daniel Williams, 1831; Elihu 86 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Robinson, 1832: William Emmons, 1833; George W. Morton, 1833, '34, '38, '39, '51, '52, '53; Richard H. Vose, 1834, '35, '38, '39; John Potter, 1835, '36; Loring Gushing, 1836; Robert A. Con^^ 1837, '42; Alfred Redington, 1837; Benjamin .Swan, 1840, '41; John Arnold, jun., 1842; Richard F. Perkins, 1844, '45; Gharles Keen, 1846; James W. North, 1849, '53, '74, '75; George W. Stanley, 1850; Lot M. Morrill, 1854; James A. Thompson, 1854; Edward Fenno, 1855; Samuel Titcomb, 1855, '67, '68, '72, '73; Benjamin A. G. Fuller, 1856; Daniel C. Stan- wood, 1856; William T. Johnson, 1857, '58, '59, '71; James A. Bicknell, 1857, '58; James G. Blame. 1859. '60, '61, '62; Josiah P. Wyman, I860, '61, '80, '81, '82; Vassal D. Pinkham, 1862; Joshua S. Turner, 1863, '64; Samuel Cony, 1863: Joseph H. Williams, 1864, '65, '66, '74; John L, Stevens, 1865, '66, '67; George E. Brickett, 1868, '69; Alanson B. Far- well, 1869, '70; Joseph Baker, 1870; John W. Chase, 1871; J. Prescott Wyman, 1872; George E. Weeks, 1873, '78, '79, '80; Gardiner C. Vose, 1875; George S. Ballard, 1876, '77; J. Manchester Haynes, 1876, '77, '83, '84; Peleg O. Vickery, 1878, '79; Anson P. Morrill, 1881-2r Herbert M. Heath, 1883-4, '85-6; Ira H. Randall, 1885-6, '87-8r Joseph H. Manley, 1887-8, '89-90; John F. Hill, 1889-90, '91-2; Treby Johnson, 1891-2. Belgrade. Samuel Taylor, 1822; John Chan- dler, 1824; John Pitts, 1825, '27, '28, '32; John Rockwood, 1829; Anson P. Morrill, 1834; Richard Mills, 1835; George Smith, 1837; David Blake, 1838: Ephraim Tibbetts, jun., 1839; Jacob Main, 1840, '51, '52; Thomas Eldred, 1841; Moses Page, 1842; Reuben H. Yeaton, 1843; Samuel Frost, 1845; Joseph Taylor, 1847, '53; Levi Guptill, 1849; Ste- phen Smith, 1855; George Smith, 1857; Warren W. Springer, 1859; Thomas Rollins, 1861; Thomas Eldred, 1863; John S. Minot, 1866; Albert Caswell, 1868; Chaslew W. Stewart, 1871; C. Marshall Weston, 1873; David Colder (unseated), 1876; Henry F. D. Wyman (contested), 1876; Albert E. Faught, 1878; William F. Eldred, 1881-2; Hermon H. Adams, 1889-90. Benton, Orrin Brown, 1844; Daniel H. Brown, 1846; Japheth Winn, 1848; Stewart Hunt, 1854; Daniel H. Brown, 1856; Clark Piper, 1859; Albert C. Hinds, 1864; Asher H. Barton, 1867, '70; Madison Crowell, 1874; Simeon Skillin, 1876; Asher H. Learned, 1877; Bryant Roundy, 1880; Sprague Holt, 1885-6; Frank W. Gifford, 1891-2. Chelsea, Franklin B. Davis, 1853; Alonzo Tenney, 1857; Henry D. Doe, 1862; Josiah F. Morrill, 1867; George Brown, 1867; N. R. Winslow, 1873; Benjamin Tenney, 1876; William W. Hankerson, 1879; William T. Searles, 1885-6; Mark L. Rollins, 1891-2. Clinton, Herbert Moors, 1820, '21, '23; William Eames, 1822; William Spear- ing, jun., 1825; Samuel Hudson, 1826; Josiah Hayden, 1827; William Ames, 1828, '30; David Hunter, 1833; James Lamb, 1834, '35; Charles Brown, 1836; Shubael Dixon, 1837; Matthias Weeks, 1838, '39, '40, '42; James Hunter, 1841; Joseph P. Brown, 1843; Richard Wells, 1845, '57; Francis Low, 1847; Samuel Haines, 1849; Samuel Weymouth, 1851, CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 87 '52; Jonas Chase, 1853; Samuel Haines, 1855; David L. Hunter, 1859; William Lamb, 1861; Daniel H. Brown, 1863; Charles Jesett, 1866; William H. Bigelow, 1869; John F. Lamb, 1871; John Totman, 1873; William Lamb (unseated), 1875; Alfred W^eymouth, 1879; William G. Foster, 1883-4; Daniel C^in, 1889-90. China, Robert Fletcher, 1820, '21, '22. '23, '24; Abishai Benson, 1825, '26; Alfred Marshall, 1827, '28; John Weeks, 1829, '30; Ebenezer Meigs, 1831, '48; Benjamin Libby, jun., 1832; Gustavus A. Benson, 1833; Alfred Marshall, 1834; Prince B. Moores, 1835; Nathaniel .Spratt, 1836; Freeman Shaw, 1837; Tim- othy F. Hanscomb, 1838; William Mosher, 1839; Corydon Chadwick, 1840: Jonathan Clark, 1841; Samuel Hanscomb, 1842; Charles F. Russ, 1843, '44; Reuben Hamlin, 1845; Jason Chadwick, 1846; James H. Brainard, 1847; Thomas B. Lincoln, 1849; Samuel Plummer, 1850; John L. Gray, 1851, '52; Alfred Marshall, 1853; Eli Jones, 1855; Alfred Fletcher, 1857; Abel Chadwick, 1859; Dana C. Hanson, 1860; Josiah H. Greely, 1862; Ambrose H. Abbott, 1864, '65; Alfred H. Jones, 1867: George F. Clark, 1871; Eli Jepson, 1872; L. B. Tibbetts, 1874; John O. Page, 1875; Moses W. Newbert, 1877; Francis Jones. 1879; Charles F. Achorn, 1881-2; Elijah D. Jepson, 1883-4; John A. Woodsum, 1889-90. Fanningdalc, Daniel Lancaster, 1856; Gideon C. McCausland, 1863; Andrew B. McCausland, 1869; Reuben S. Neal, 1873; David Wing, 1879; Levi M. Lancaster, 1885-6; Elisha S. Newell, 1891-2. Fayette, Samuel Tuck, 1820, '21; Charles Smith, 1823; Merrill Clough, 1826; Ezra Fisk, 1829, '31; Joseph H. Under- wood, 1833, '35, '38; Abijah Crane, jun., 1841; Isreal Chase, 1843; Jona- than Tuck, 1846; Howard B. Lovejoy, 1849; Moses Hubbard, 1854; Asa Hutchenson, 1860; Phineas Libby, 1864; F. A. Chase, 1869; J. H. Sturtevant, 1873; Albert G. Underwood, 1878; Charles Russell, 1887 -8. Gardiner, Joshua Lord, 1820, '21, '24, '31; Robert H. Gardiner, 1822; James Parker, 1823, '32; Daniel Robinson, 1825; George Evans, 1826, '27, '28, '29; Peter Adams, 1830; Alexander S. Chadwick, 1833, '84, '35, '36; Parker Sheldon, 1837, '38, '39; Ebenezer F. Deane, 1840, '41; Edwin Swan, 1842; Philip R. Holmes, 1842; Philip C. Holmes, 1843; Mason Damon, 1844; Silas Holman, 1845; Noah Woods, 1846, '47; Isaac N. Tucker, 1848, '49; Charles Danforth, 1850, '51, '52, '57; Robert Thompson, 1853; John Berry, jun., 1854, '55; Charles P. Wal- ton, 1856; John W. Hanson, 1858; John Webb, 1859, '60; William Perkins, 1861, '62; Lorenzo Clay, 1863, '64; John S. Moore, 1865; Henry B. Hoskins, 1866; John Berry, 1867; G. S. Palmer, 1868, '69; D. C. Palmer, 1870. '71; James Nash, 1872, '73; Nathan O. Mitchell, 1874, '75; Arthur Berry, 1876: Melvin C. Wadsworth, 1877, 78; William F. Richards, 1879, '80; David Wentworth, 1881-2, '83-4; Gustavus Moore, 1885-6, '87-8; Oliver B. Clayson, 1889-90, '91-2. Hallo- ivell, Peleg Sprague, 1820, '21, '22; William H. Page, 1823, '24, '25, '27: William Clark, 1826, '28, '29, '30, '32, '33; Charles Dummer, 1831, 88 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. '32; John T. P. Dumont, 1833, '34, '35; S. ^V. Robinson, 1834, '35; Samuel Wells, 1836, '37; James Atkins. 1838, '39; Henry W. Paine, 1836, '37, '38, '53: John Otis, 1839, '40, '41, '46, '47; Benjamin F. Mel- vin, 1840, '41; George W. Perkins, jun., 1842, '43, '45, '65; Henry K. Baker, 1842, '44, '54; Samuel K. Oilman, 1848, '49, '50, '51, '52; Rodney G. Lincoln, 1855; Henry Reed, 1856; Eliphalet Rowell, 1858, '61, '80, '81-2; Francis F. Day, 1859; Edward K. Butler, 1863; Charles Dum- mer, 1865; Ariel Wall, 1866, '71; Isaac F. Thompson, 1868, '70; Wil- liam Wilson, 1872; John S. Snow, 1874, '75; Joseph R. Bodwell, 1877, '78; Albert M. Spear, 1883-4, '85-6; Walter F. Marston, 1887-8; Hiram L. Grindle, 1889-90; George S. Fuller, 1891-^2. Litchfield, Asa Batcheldor, 1836; Hiram Shorey, 1837; John Neal, 1838, '39; David W. Perry, 1840; Ebenezer B. Pike, 1841, '42: Rev. William O. Grant, 1843, '44, '46; Aaron True, 1847, '49; Constant Quinnan, 1850; John Woodbury, 1854; Mark Getchell, 1855; Benjamin Smith, 1858; True Woodbury, 1860; Josiah True, 1861, '62; Nathaniel Dennis, 1864; Charles Howard Robinson, 1866; James Colby, 1868; Oramandel Smith, 1870; Isaac W. Springer, 1872; John Woodbury, 1875; Samuel Smith, 1878; David S. Springer, 1880; James E. Chase, 1883-4; Enoch Ad- ams, 1887-8. Manchester, William A. Sampson, 1857; H. G. Cole, 1860; Isaac N. Wad,sworth, 1864, '77; Stephen D. Richardson, 1869; I. Warren Hawkes, 1874; Willis H. Wing, 1889-90. Monmouth, Abra- ham Morrill, 1820, '21; Benjamin White, jun., 1822, '23, '24, '25, '26, '27, '28, '29, '30, '31, '32; John Chandler, 1832; Isaac S. Small, 1833, '34; Ebenezer Freeman, 1835, '36, '37, '46; Otis Norris, 1838, '39; Augus- tine Blake, 1840; Jedediah B. Prescott, 1841; Henry V. Cumston, 1842; Joseph Loomis, 1844; John A. Tinkham, 1847; Royal Fogg, 1849; Jona- than M. Heath, 1851, '52; William G. Brown, 1854; Charles S. Norris, 1855; George H. Andrews, 1857, '59; Abner C. Stockin, 1861; Daniel F. Ayer, 1863; John B. Fogg. 1865; Ambrose Beal, 1867; Mason J. Metcalf, 1869; James G. Blossom, 1871; Henry O. Pierce, 1873; Joshua Cumston, 1876; Seth Martin, 1879; J. H. Norris, 1881-2; Otis W. Andrews, 1885-6; Josiah L. Orcutt, 1891-2. Mt. Vernon, Nathaniel Rice, 1820,' '21; Elijah Morse, 1822, '24, '26, '28; David McGaffey, 1830, '39, '40; John Blake, 1832, '34; Samuel Davis, 1836, '37; James Chap- man, 1842; Daniel H. Thing, 1844, '63; Daniel Mansion, 1846; William H. Hartwell, 1848; Edward French, 1850; Stephen S. Robinson, 1853; Aaron S. Lyford, 1856; Elisha C. Carson, 1859; Washington Blake, 1861; John Walton, 1866; Ezra Kempton, 1869; Calvin Hookins, 1871; Moses S. Mayhew, 1873; James A. Robinson, 1876; James C. Howland, 1878; Quintin L. Smith, 1881-2; John P. Carson, 1889-90. Oakland, William Macartney, 1874; Greenlief T. Stevens, 1875; George W. Goulding, 1879, '80; Albion P. Benjamin, 1885-6; William M. Ayer, 1891-2. Pittston, Thomas Coss, 1820, '21. '23, '25; Eliakim Scammon, 1826, '28, '30, '31, '35, '36, '47; Henry Dearborn, 1832, '39; John Stev- CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 89 •ens, 1833, '34; Hiram Stevens, 1837, '38: John Blanchard, 1840, '41; Samuel G. Bailey. 1842; George Williamson, 1843; William Troop, 1844, '45; John Coss, 1848; Samuel Clark, 1849; Benjamin Flitner, 1S,'5(); Benjamin F. Fuller, 1854; Heran T. Clark. 1855; John Blanchsird, 1856; Alphonso H. Clark. 1858; William H. Mooers, 1859, '61; Caleb Stevens, 1860; John Boynton. 1862; Gideon Barker, 1864; Arnold Good- speed, 1866; Sumner R. Tibbetts, 1868; Warren R. Lewis, 1870; Zachariah Flitner, 1872; William Grant, 1874; Sumner Smiley, 1876; Daniel H. Moody, 1878; G. A. Colburn, 1880; Moses J. Donnell, 1883-4; Gorham P. H. Jewett, 1887-8. Randolph, Henry P. Closson, 1889-90. Readfield, Samuel Currier, 1820, '21; John Smith, 1822; Edward Fuller, 1823; Solomon Lombard, 1824, '25; Jere. Page, 1826, '27; James Wil- liams, 1828, '29; Eliphalet Hoyt, 1830, '31; Oliver Bean, 1832, '33; Jon- athan G. Hunton, 1834; David F. Sampson, 1835, '36: William Vance, 1837; John O. Craig, 1838; Elisha Prescott, 1839; John Haynes, 1840; Richard Judkins, 1841: Peter F. Sanborn, 1842; Dudley Haines, 1844; Timothy O. Howe, 1845; Hiram S. Melvin. 1847; Thomas Pierce, 1848: Eliab Lyon, 1850; Joshua Packard, 1851, '52; Emery O. Bean, 1852; Joseph A. Sanborn, 1854; George W. Hunton, 1856; Elisha S. Case, 1858; James R. Batchelder, 1860; Peter F. Sanborn, 1862; H. M. Eaton, 1865; Bradbury H. Thomas, 1868; Gustavus Clark. 1870; John Lam- bard, 1872; Jos'iah N. Fogg, 1875; George A. Russell, 1877: Benjamin W. Harrirnan, 1880; Francis A. Robinson. 1883-4; Frederick I. Brown, 1891-2. Rome, Hosea Spaulding, 1830; Job N. Tuttle, 1832: Samuel Goodridge, 1836: Thomas Whittier, 1839, '50: Eben Tracy, 1844: Nathaniel Staples, 1847: N. P. Martin, 1857; John T. Fifield, 1864; Eleazer Kelley, 1869: Elbridge Blaisdell, 1874: Thomas S.Golder, 1879; John R. Pre.scott, 1885-6. Sidney, Ambrose Howard, 1820, '21; Daniel Tiffany, 1822; Samuel Butterfield, 1823, '24, '27, '32, '33; Reuel Howard, 1825, '26, '2S; Nathaniel Merrill, 1829, '30, "31, '34; Daniel Tiffany, jun., 1835, '36: Asa Smiley. 1837, '38, '39, '42: John B. Clifford, 1840, '41; George Fields, 1843: Moses Frost, 1845; Moses Trask, 1846; Silas L.Wait, 1848, '49; Lauriston Guild, 1851, '52; Gideon Wing, 1854; Paul Hammond, 1856; James Sherman, 1858; John Merrill, 1860; Jo- seph T. Woodard, 1862: Martin V. B. Chase, 1865, '67; J. S. Gushing, 1870; Jonas Butterfield, 1872: Henry A. Baker, 1875; Nathan W. Tay- lor. 1877; Gorham Hastings, 1880; Lorin B. Ward, 1883-4; Martin L. Reynolds, 1887-8. Vassalboro, Samuel Redington, 1820, '21, '28; Philip Leach, 1822, '23; Joseph R. Abbott, 1824, '25, '26, '34, '35; Elijah Robinson, 1827, '29, '30, '31, '32; Albert G. Brown, 1833; Moses Taber, 1836, '37, '38: Amos Stickney, 1839, '40; Obed Durrill, 1841, '42; Isaac Fairfield, 1843, '46; John Moore, 1844, '45; Joseph E. Wing, 1847, '48; George Cox, 1849; John Homans, 1850, '51, '52; John G. Hall, 1853; William Merrill, 1854, '55; Hiram Pishon, 1856: Henry Weeks, 1858; Warren Percival, 1859; Timothy Rowell, 1860; W. H. Gates, 1862; Jo- 90 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. seph B. Low, 1863; Thomas S. Lang, 1865, '66; Orrick Hawes, 1868 '70, '79; Ira D. Sturgis, 1869; James C. Pierce, 1873; George Gifford 1873; Howard G. Abbot, 1874; William P. Thompson, 1876; Isaiah Gifford, 1877; Nathaniel Butler, 1880; Edwin C. Barrows, 1883-4; W S. Bradley. 1887-8; Hall C. Burleigh, 1889-90; Reuel C. Burgess, 1891-2. Vienna, Bernard Kimball. 1822; James Chapman, 1825, '28 '34; Benjamin Porter, 1838; Nathaniel Graves, 1841; Joseph Edge comb, 1846; Thomas C. Norris, 1851, '52, '64; Joshua Little, 1857 Obadiah Whittier, 1867; Henry Dowst, 1874; Saunders Morrill. 1879 Albion G. Whittier. 1885-6. Waterville, Baxter Crowell, 1820, '21, '22, '23, '24, '32: Timothy Boutelle, 1825, '26, '29, '30, '31; Sylvanus Cobb, 1827, '28; Jedediah Morrill. 1833, '34; David Combs, 1836; Ne- hemiah Getchell, 1837; Calvin Gardner, 1838; Wyman B. S. Moor 1839; Erastus O. Wheeler. 1840; Joseph Hitching, 1841; Moses Hans- com, 1842, '55; William Dorr, 1844, '45; Frederick P. Haviland, 1846 '76 (unseated); Stephen Stark, 1847, '48; Thomas Baker, 1849; Joseph Percival, 1850, '51, '52; Joshua Nye.'jun., 1853; Joel Harriman, 1854 Jones R. Elden, 1856; Josiah H. Drummond, 1857. '58; James Stack- pole, 1859; B. C. Benson, 1860; Joseph Percival, 1861; Dennis L. Milli ken, 1862: John M. Libby. 1863; W. A. P. Dillingham, 1864, '65; Reu ben Foster, 1866. '67, '70; Edwin P. Blaisdell, 1868, '69; Solyman Heath 1871; Edmund F. Webb, 1872, '73; Nathaniel Meader (contestant) 1876, '77, '83-4; Franklin Smith, 1878; F. E. Heath, 1881-2; Fred erick C. Thayer, 1885-6; Perham S. Heald, 1887-8, '89-90; Frank L. Thayer, 1891-2. Wayne, Moses Wing. 1825; Thomas S. Bridg ham, 1828, '30; Moses Wing, jun., 1833; John Morrison. 1835; Francis I. Bowles, 1837; Uriah H. Virgin, 1839; James Wing, 1841; Hamilton Jenkins, 1842; William Lewis, 1844; Benjamin Ridley, 1845; Caleb Fuller, 1848; Napoleon B. Hunton, 1850; Thomas Silson, 1853; Josiah Norris, jun., 1856; Arcadius Pettingill, 1858; Josiah Norris, 1860; James H. Thorne, 1862; George W. Walton, 1867; Matthias Smith, 1872; Jo^ seph S. Berry, 1877; Alfred F. Johnson, 1883-4; Benjamin F. Maxim, 1889-90. West Gardiner, Thaddeus Spear, 1853; Cyrus Bran, 1859; Asa F. Hutchingson. 1865; George W. Blanchard, 1867; Phineas S.. Hogden. 1871; William H. Merrill, 1875; William P. Haskell, 1877; E.. P. Seavey, 1881-2. Windsor, Joseph Stewart, 1820, '21; William Hil- ton, 1822; Joseph Merrill, 1824; Charles Currier, 1827, '29; Nathan Newell, 1832; Gideon Barton, 1834, '36; John B. Swanton. 1838, '40;. Benjamin W. Farrar, 1842; Henry Perkins, 1843; Stephen F. Pierce, 1845; Asa Heath, 1847; David Bryant, 1849; William S. Hatch, 1851, '.52; David Clary, 1854; Thomas Hyson, 1856; Stephen Barton. 1858; Elias Perkins, 1861; Elijah Moody, 1864; Levi Perkins, 1867; Horace Colburn, 1871; Joel W. Taylor, 1875; Adam L. Stimpson, 1878; James E. Ashford, 1881-2; Samuel P. Barton, 1885-6. Winslow, Josiah Hayden, 1824; Joseph Eaton, 1829, '31, '32, '62; Joshua Cushman, 1834; CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 91 David Garland, 1834, 'SO, '60; Sidney Keith, 1836, 40; Robert Ayer, 1838; William Getcliell, 1844, '48; Thomas J. Hayden, 1846; Robert H. Drummond, 1854, '58; Isaac W. Britten, 1856; Charles Drummond, 1865; Charles A. Priest, 1868; Colby C. Cornish, 1872; James W.Withee,_ 1875 (contestant); Leslie C. Cornish, ]878; Allen P. Varney, 1881-2; Charles E. Warren, 1887-8. Winthrop, Andrew Wood, 1820, '21, '22, '23, "30; Thomas Fillebrown, 1824, '27, '29, '31; Nathan Howard, 1825, '26; Isaac Moore, jun., 1828; Samuel Clark, 1832, '33; Samuel P. Benson, 1834, '35; Dr.Ezekiel Holmes, 1836, '37, '38, '39, '40, '51; Nathan Foster, 1841, '42; Samuel Wood, jun., 1843; Francis Perley, 1845; Thomas C. Wood, 1847; Francis Fuller, 1849; Ezekiel Bailey, 1853; Benjamin H. Cushman, 1855; William H. Parlin, 1857; John M. Benjamin, 1859; Francis E. Webb, 1861, '65; P. C. Bradford, 1863; David Cargill, 1866; John May, 1868, '70; Dr. Albion P. Snow, 1871; George A. Longfellow. 1874; Amos Wheeler, 1875; Silas T. Floyd, 1876; Elliot Wood, 1879; Abijah R. Crane, 1880; Reuben T. Jones, 1881-2; Rutillas Alden, 1887-8; John E. Brainard, 1891-2. Unity Plantation, Francis B. Lane, 1869. The Speakers of the Maine House from Kennebec county have been: George Evans, Gardiner, in 1829; Benjamin White, Monmouth, 1831; J. H. Drummond, Waterville, 1858; William T. Johnson, Au- gusta, 1859; James G. Blaine, Augusta, 1861; W. A. P. Dillingham, Waterville, 1865; Reuben Foster. Waterville, 1870; Edmund F. Webb, Waterville, 1873; George E. Weeks, Augusta, 1880; J. Manchester Haynes, Augusta, 1883. County Officers. — The successive sheriffs of Kennebec county since the incorporation of Maine, in 1820, have been: Jesse Robinson, Hallowell. who began serving in 1820; Benjamin White, Monmouth, in 1832; George W. Stanley, Winthrop, 1834; Gustavus A. Benson, Win- throp, 1838; Eben F. Bacon, Waterville, 1839; William Dorr. Water- ville, 1841; James R. Bachelder, Readfield, 1842; Ebenezer Shaw, China, 1850; Charles N. Bodfish, Gardiner, 1851; John A. Pettingil, Augusta, 1854; Benjamin H. Gilbreth, Readfield, 1855; John A. Pet- tingil, Augusta. 1856; Benjamin H. Gilbreth, Readfield, 1857; John Hatch, China. 1861; Charles Hewins, Augusta, 1867; Asher H. Barton, Benton, 1871; William H. Libby, Augusta, 1875; George R. Stevens, Belgrade, 1881; Charles R. McFadden, Augusta, 1885; and Greenlief T. Stevens, Augusta, since January 1, 1889. The present sheriff of Kennebec county is Major Greenlief T. Stevens, of Augusta, now completing his fourth year of faithful and efficient service. Although educated to a profession and thoroughly identified with civil affairs, he is best known and probably destined to be longest remembered by his military career. Facts are the only fast colors in history. The facts that hold a life like his, fully repre- sent the actor, without comment or commendation. He comes of 92 HISTORY UF KENNEBEC COUNTY. patriotic stock. His grandfather, William Stevens, came from Leba- non, in York county, and settled in Belgrade about the year 1796, and was a soldier in the revolutionary war. Daniel and Mahala (Smith) Stevens, daughter of Captain Samuel Smith of Belgrade, where he was born August 20, 1831, were his parents. A farm life, a happy home and a country school, supplemented by the advantages of the Titcomb Belgrade Academy, and of the Litchfield Liberal Institute, were the good fortune of his childhood and youth. Then he applied his talents and acquirements for several years to teaching school, a part of the time in the South. By that time the purpose of his future was settled and Jie went to Augusta and read law with Hon. Samuel Titcomb till 1860, when he obtained admission to the Cumberland bar. Wishing the best possi- ble equipment, he then took the regular course at the Harvard Law School, fromi which he graduated in August, 1861, receiving the de- gree of LL.B. In the meantime the first cloudburst of the impending] rebellion had captured Fort Sumter and fired the patriotism of every truly American heart. Instantly the inherited hero blood of the citizen dominated over the professional ambitions of the lawyer, and with his own name at the head of the roll, he recruited at his own expense, a large number of men for the Fifth Maine Battery, and tendered his services to Governor Washburn. From the Maine adjutant general's report it appears that on December 14, 1861, he was commissioned first lieutenant in that battery, and on January 31, 1862, was mu.stered into the United States service for three years. In May he joined the army at Fredericksburg, Va., and served successively under McDowell, Pope, McClellan, Mead, Grant and Sheridan. At the battle of Fred- ericksburg he was temporarilj' in command of the Fifth Battery, and at the battle of Chancellorsville was wounded in the left side by a fragment of a shell. He was promoted captain, June 21st, and at the battle of Gettysburg, July 2d, received another wound, a ball passing through both legs, below the knee. In July, 1864, he was detached from the army of the Potomac with the Sixth Corps and proceeded to Washington for its defense. Subsequently joining the army of the Shenandoah under Sheridan, he was engaged in the three great bat- tles which resulted in the complete destruction of the rebel army under Early. On February 14, 1865, he was appointed major by brevet, to take rank from October 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the battles of Cold Harbor, Winchester and Cedar Creek. Major Stevens was mustered out of the United States service with his battery, at Augusta, Me.. July 6, 1865. An extract from The Cannoneer in describing the battle of Cedar Creek, October 19, 1864, under Sheridan, reads: -^c^^-^^-t^^^^ CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 98 " At the time when Getty's division was fighting in its second position Stevens, who had apparently been retiring in the interval between the right of Getty and the left of Wheaton, formed his bat- tery on the knoll opposite the right flank of Warner's Brigade and opened a tremendous fire of canister on that part of the enemy's line which was advancing to envelope Warner. These must have been Kershaw's troops, but there was another Rebel division coming up still beyond Kershaw over the ground vacated by our First Division. This, according to Early's account, was Gordon's division, and one brigade of it started to charge Stevens' Battery. According to the best information immediately after the battle or since, there was no infantry of the First Division within supporting distance of Stevens at that moment, as that division was then reforming at from one-third to one-half a mile in his rear. But he stood his ground and repulsed the charge of Gordon's troops, who did not get more than half way up the acclivity of the knoll he was holding, and who, according to Gen. Early's account, ' recoiled in considerable confusion.' " On a document requesting his promotion General Wright, com- manding the Sixth Corps, endonsed: " The gallant and important ser- vices rendered by Captain Stevens of which I was personally cogni- zant make it my duty to bring his merits before the authorities of his state and to ask for him at their hands such acknowledgment in the way of promotion as it is in their power to bestow." General Sheri- dan endorsed the recommendation as " highly approved." Describing the great crisis in the battle of Winchester the field correspondent of the Nezv York IVor/d saxA: " The moment was a fear- ful one; such a sight rarely occurs more than once in any battle, as was presented on the open space between two pieces of woodland into which the cheering enemy poured. The whole line, reckless of bul- lets, even of the shell of our battery, constantly advanced. Captain Stevens' battery, the Fifth Maine, posted immediately in their front, poured its fire unflinchingly into their columns to the last. A staff officer riding up warned it to the rear, to save it from capture. It did not move — the men of the battery loading and firing with the regu- larity and precision of a field day. The foe advanced to a point wnthin two hundred yards of the muzzles of Captain Stevens' guns." Colonel C. H. Tompkins, chief of artillery. Sixth Corps, .said: " However try- ing the circumstances Captain Stevens has always been found equal to the occasion." After the war Major Stevens returned to his profession and opened a law office in West Waterville, now Oakland, where he bad a lucra- tive practice, being employed in nearly every case in that vicinity. During the score of years of Mr. Stevens' professional life he has built up a most enviable reputation, not only for knowledge of the law but for what is still more important, complete devotion to his clients' interests. His fellow citizens expressed their respect and confidence by placing him in the legislature in 1875, where he was a most useful -94 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. member of the judiciar}' committee. In 1877 he was promoted to the state senate, serving as chairman of the committee on legal affairs. He was also a member of the committee on railroads and military affairs. Reelected to the senate of 1878, he was chairman of the com- mittee on the judiciary. In 1882 he was commissioned colonel and assigned to duty as chief of staff First Division Maine Militia, under Major General Joshua L. Chamberlain. He is a member of the Maine Gettysburg Commission, and is widely known in Grand Army circles. He was first elected to the office of sheriff in 1888 and was reelected in 1890. His administration of the affairs of this important office, and his management of the criminal department have been characterized by economy, efficiency and good judgment. Major Stevens' wife is Mary Ann, daughter of Richard Yeaton, 2d, a prominent citizen of Belgrade. They have had four children: Jesse; Don Carlos, a Unitarian minister now located in Fairhaven, Mass.; Ala, and Rupert — the first and two latter now deceased. The first deed recorded in this county bears the date 1783. Only .a few transfers are recorded, however, while Augusta was a half shire- •town, and until the regular series of dates beginning with 1799. Those who have served the county in the capacity of registers of deeds are: Henry Sewall, from June 12, 1799; John Hovey, April 10, 1816; J. R. Abbott, December 29, 1836; John Richards, January 1, 1842; Alanson Starks, November 1, 1844; J. A. Richards, January 1, 1858; Archibald ■Clark, January 1, 1868; William M. Stratton, September 23, 1870; P. M. Fogler, November 12, 1870. The present efficient system of the -office was largely inaugurated during Major Fogler's long term of service, and he compiled the elaborate indexes now in use. His suc- cessor, George R. Smith, of Winthrop, took the office January 1, 1892. The following have served as treasurers of Kennebec county. Accompanying their names are the dates on which their respective terms of office began: Joshua Gage, Augusta, 1810; Daniel Stone, Augusta, 1832; Daniel Pike, Augusta, 1838, died in office, July 1, 1868; John Wheeler, of Farmingdale, who was appointed to fill the vacancy, -served until 1869; Alanson Starks, Augusta, 1869; Mark Rollins, Al- bion, 1879; and James E. Blanchard, Chelsea, 1889. Mr. Blanchard is a .son of Edwin H. Blanchard, of Chelsea, where he was born in 18.57. He was educated there, and in Hallowell Classical School, and Dirigo Business College. He was elected town clerk of Chelsea in 1879, and after holding various town offices, was elected county treasurer in 1888. Asylum for the Insane.— Prior to 1839 Maine had no state pro- vision for the care of the insane. The several towns provided in various indifferent ways for such unfortunates as were in indigent -circumstances, while dangerous lunatics were simply restrained in the common prisons, which were wholly without means of care or relief. ', /- ' »_ 1 ^a/i£^/72<^— CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTION'S. 95 The cardinal motive in building a state asylum was to provide better ■care for such. Now any indigent person within the state may be ad- mitted upon proper order, and the town in which such person has a settlement is charged chiefly with, the expense; but a person within the state not having a settlement may be cared for wholly at the ex- pense of the state. The attention of the legislature was first called to the subject in 1830, by Governor Jonathan G. Hunton; but nothing •definite was done until 1834, when Governor Dunlap urged that a sys- tematic and suitable provision be made by the state for the relief of her insane. Petitions to that end and in regard to a location followed from various parts of the state, and these, with that part of the gov- ernor's message pertaining to it, were referred to a legislative com- mittee, which reported in favor of the establishment of such an insti- tution. On the 8th of March, 1834, the legislature appropriated $20,000 for the purpose, upon condition that a like sum should be raised by indi- vidual donations within one year. Before the time limit was reached Reuel Williams of Augusta and Benjamin Brown of Vassalboro each agreed to contribute $10,000 for the purpose. Mr. Brown in his dona- tion proposed to convey to the state as a site, two hundred acres of land, lying on the Kennebec river in Vassalboro, and would consent to a sale of the estate, if advisable to build elsewhere. The legisla- ture accepted the land, which was sold for $4,000 and the present more eligible site was selected in Augusta, on the eastern bank of the Ken- nebec, nearly opposite the state house, for which $3,000 was-paid. Reuel Williams, who was appointed a commissioner to erect the hos- pital, sent John B. Lord, of Hallowell, to examine similar institutions, and the general plan of the asylum at Worce>^ter, Mass., was adopted. During 1836 contracts were made and materials collected, but in March, 1837, Mr. Williams resigned the office and John H. Hartwell was ap- pointed, under whose supervision the work was carried on one year. In March, 1838, a further appropriation of $29,500 was made to complete the exterior, and Charles Keene was appointed in place of Mr. Hart- well. In 1840 a further appropriation of $28,000 was made to com- plete the wings, and on the 14th of October one of the 126 rooms was •occupied by the first patient. Dr. Cyrus Knapp, of Winthrop, was appointed superintendent and physician; Dr. Chauncey Booth, jun., assistant; Henry Winslow, steward, •and Mrs. Catherine Win.slow, matron. In 1846-7 appropriations of ■$29,400 were made to erect a new wing, which was completed during 1848 and provided for seventy-five additional male patients. Doctor Knapp resigned early in 1841 and was succeeded in August by Dr. Isaac Ray, of Eastport, whose first edition of Medical J urispru- ■dence had recently appeared. During his three years here he re-wrote the work and published the second edition, which became authority 96 HISTORY OF KEXNEBEC COUNTY. in Europe as well as in America. He was succeeded March 19, 1845, by Dr. James Bates, the father of Dr. James Bates of Yarmouth, and formerly a member of congress from Norridgewock. He remained until after the terrible fire of ISSO. This fire, in which twenty-seven patients and one attendant lost their lives, occurred on the early morn- ing of December 4th. The building was immediately repaired and was occupied before the close of 1850, and Dr. Henry M. Harlow, who came as assistant to Doctor Bates in June, 1845, was made superintend- ent June 17, 1851. During that and the following year $49,000 was appropriated to rebuild and improve the buildings, which were thor- oughly and safely heated by steam. By 1854 facilities were ample for 250 patients, and the fact that this capacity was often fully taxed, co i- firms the judgment of its founders. Doctor Harlow is a native of Westminster, Vt., a graduate from the Berkshire Medical School of Pittsfield, and before coming to Augusta had been assistant physician in the Vermont Asylum at Brat- tleboro. After thirt3'-two years of faithful and appreciated service to the state and to mankind, he resigned his control of the institution and is passing his later years in quiet life at his home in Augusta. His resignation, tendered some time previous, was accepted on the 18th of April, 1883, on the appointment of his successor. Dr. Bigelow T. Sanborn, who had been his assistant for more than sixteen years. Doctor Sanborn was born July 11, 1839, in Standish, Me., his an- cestors having been substantial residents of Cumberland county since his grandfather was in the revolutionary war. He received his earlier education in select and town schools and in Limington Academy, and subsequently studied medicine in Portland Medical School, but took his degree from Bowdoin Medical School. When he was first offered a place in the institution as assistant superintendent it was through the advice of the medical faculty of Bowdoin, where he had graduated June 6, 1866,- only ten days before entering here, upon his career now covering a quarter of a century. After accepting the superintendency of the asylum in 1883, Doctor Sanborn spent a few months investigat- ing the workings of similar institutions, thus bringing to the manage- ment of this, the most modern theories of the schools and the medi- cal profession, as well as a personal knowledge of the most approved features in the practical workings of the best asylums. The accompanying landscape illustration shows the asylum and its beautiful surroundings in 1892. The view is from the northwest, looking from the river. The farm of four hundred acres belonging to the state reaches into the left background of the picture, and also includes some broad fields sloping west to the river bank, showing models of thrifty and profitable farming. The two large hospital buildings in the center background of the view were erected by Doctor Sanborn in 1888 and 1889; in fact less than half of the present equipment of the institution ^a^/i^u/- J. J) eM^U^^^^^^^-^^ CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 97 was in existence when he came here in 1S66, and nearly half of the buildings have been erected and occupied under his supervision. It is a great credit to the commonwealth — the existence and efficiency of so liberal a charity to unfortunate humanity — and it is only just to a broad-minded, capable public servant to note here that this noble in- stitution under the liberal provisions of the state has reached its most important period thus far within the decade marked by the manage- ment of Dr. Bigelow T. Sanborn. The first directors -were: Reuel Williams of Augusta, Benjamin Brown of Vassalboro, and William C. Larrabee. In 1843 these direc- tors were superseded by four trustees, which number was subse- quently increased to six, one of whom must be a woman. Kennebec county has been represented in the board of tru.stees by Dr. Amos Nourse and Dr. John Hubbard, Hallowell; Hon. J. H. Hartwell, Hon. J. L. Cutler, Dr. William B. Lapham, Hon. J. H. Manley, George E. Weeks, J. W. Chase and Mrs. C. A. Quimby, Augusta; Dr. A. P. vSnow, Winthrop; Hon. Edward Swan and R. H. Gardiner, Gardiner; John Ware, Waterville; and Mrs. E.J. Torsey. The pay is merely nominal and the board has included other philanthropic gentlemen, who have given the institution their attention in sympathy with the generous purpose of its earlier friends. The trustees in 1891 were: Frederick Robie, M. D., William H. Hunt, M. D., George E. Weeks, of Augusta; Mrs. E. J. Torsey, of Kents Hill; Lyndon Oak and R. B. Shepherd. The resident ofScers are: Bigelow T. Sanborn, M. D., superintendent; H. B. Hill, AI. D., asst. sup.; George D. Rowe, M. D., second asst.; Emmer Virginia Baker, M. D., third asst.; P. H. S. Vaughan, M. D., fourth asst.; Manning vS. Campbell, steward and treas.; and Alice G. Twitchell, matron. Educational Institutions. — Before Maine was a state, Massa- chusetts had made broad and liberal provisions for popular education, and from, then until now we find in this county well equipped schools besides those supported by the several cities and towns. The laws of Massachusetts provided for elementary English schools in every town containing sixty families, and a grammar school in every town con- taining two hundred; when Maine became a state she changed this, requiring schools in every town, each town to raise annually forty cents per capita and distribute the same to the districts in proportion to the pupils in them. In 1825 this school fund averaged $47.75 for each dis- trict; but from the first the amount actually raised averaged more than the law required. In compliance with a petition addressed to the general court, in which it was stated that no public school existed between Exeter, N. H., and the eastern boundary of Maine, a tract three hundred miles broad, and embracing a population of 100,000, an act was passed 98 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. March o, 1791, establishing an academy at Hallowell. The following June the corporation was endowed with a township of unappropriated land; four years later the building was completed and the school opened, with Mr. Woodman as principal. In its years of prosperity, many who subsequently became eminent in professional vocations availed themselves of the advantages which this school afforded. Next to Hallowell Academy, the first school in Maine which em- braced in its curriculum a complete college preparatory course, was Monmouth Academy, which was incorporated as a free grammar school in 1803, and as an academy in 1809. Among the alumni of this institution, which is treated more exhau.stively in the chapter devoted to the history of Monmouth, are found some of the leading statesmen and professional men in the country. In 1813 the Maine Literary and Theological Institution was incor- porated, for the education of young men for the Baptist ministry. In June, 1820, the powers of the school were enlarged, and authority given to confer the usual university degrees. In the following Feb- ruary its name was changed to Waterville College. The state of Mas- sachusetts granted the school about 38,000 acres of land, and in 1829 the college had buildings valued at $14,000, a library of 1,700 volumes and other permanent property aggregating $29,500. The first build- ing erected was a house for the president, who instructed the students in a private house from 1818, when he accepted the position of pro- fessor in theology, until 1821, when the dormitory now known as South College was completed. In 1822 Chaplin Hall was begun, and in 1832 and 1837, respectively, two other large buildings were added. In 1862 Maine granted the institution two half townships of land, in addition to a former endowment of an annuity of $1,000 for seven years succeeding its incorporation as a college. A manual labor depart- ment was established in 1830, with a view to lighten the expenses of the institution, but after a thorough trial the project was abandoned and the shops and tools sold. The munificent gift of $50,000 from Gardiner Colby, of Xewton, Mass., in 1864, and $100,000 received from other sources, placed the col- lege on a secure basis, and led to the title Colby University, which it has borne since January, 1867. In 1871 women were first admitted on equal terms with young men. There are three academical institutions in Maine controlled by the trustees of Colby University, from which pupils are admitted to the college on presentation of a diploma — Heb- ron Academy, Ricker Institute and Coburn Classical Institute. Jere- miah Chaplin, D. D., was president from 1822, succeeded by Rufus Babcock, D. D., in 1833; Robert E. Pattison, D. D., 1836; E. Fay, A. M., 1841; David N. Sheldon, 1843; R. E. Pattison again, 1854; and James T. Champlin, 1857 to 1873. CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 99 The president of Colby University from 1873 to 1882 was Rev. Henry E. Robins, followed by Rev. G. D. B. Pepper, D. D., who served until 1889, when he was succeeded by Albion Woodbury Small, Ph. D., born May 11, 1854, at Buckfield, Me. He graduated from Portland High School in 1872, from Colby University in the class of '76, and three years later from Newton Theological Institute. He went to Germany in 1879, where he spent one year each at the universities of Berlin and Leipsic. In the fall of 1881 he began his work at Colby in the chair of history and political economy, where his abilit}^ as an educator soon became apparent, and in 1889 he was made president. He is the youngest president, that Colby has ever had, and the first graduate of the institution to hold that office. His depth and origi- nality of thought, and his earnest, straightforward and powerful dic- tion never fail to command the attention of his listeners, whether in sermon or lecture.* Coburn Classical Institute was founded in 1829, a s.Waterville Acad- emy. Hon. Timothy Boutelle had given a lot for the purpose, and by the earnest efforts of Dr. Jeremiah Chaplin and others a suitable building was erected. The school went into operation under the charge of Henry W. Paine, a senior in Waterville College, now Hon. Henry W. Paine, LL. D., of Boston. He was assisted by Josiah Hodges, jun., a fellow student in the college. Robert W. Wood had charge of the school a part of the term. George I. Chase was principal from August, 1830, until May, 1831. In August, 1831, Henry Paine, a grad- uate of Waterville College, took charge of the school, and kept his place for five years. He was succeeded by Mr. Freeman and he by Moses Burbank, who stayed but a few months. His successor was Lorenzo B. Allen. In 1837 Charles R. Train, afterward attorney gen- eral of Massachusetts, took his place. For the next five years the •office was filled by several different persons, among whom were Charles H. Wheeler and Nathaniel B. Rogers, a nephew of Hon. Timothy Boutelle. In the winter of 1841-2 the trustees of the college gave up the charge of the school and it was incorporated and Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Butler, was put in charge. In 1843 Dr. James H. Hanson took charge and in September became principal. In 184.'5 another room was fitted up and Miss Roxana F. Han.scom was employed to teach a department for girls. When Doctor Hanson took the school there were but five pupils. In 1853 the 308 pupils demanded another teacher, and George B. Gow was employed as assistant. Doctor Hanson resigned in 1854, and Mr. Gow was principal until 1855, after which James T. Bradbury was principal until 1857, Isaac vS. Hamblen until 1861. Ransom E. Norton, Randall E. Jones and John W. Lamb were principals succes- *Doctor Small has accepted the head professorship of social science in Chicago University. October, 1892.— [Ed. TOO ISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUXTV. sively until 186;"). The trustees then made over their trust to the trustees of the college. The name was changed to Waterville Classi- calTnstitute, with a three years' (subsequently four years') collegiate course for young ladies, and Doctor Hanson was persuaded to return as principal, which position he still occupies. In 1883 Governor Abner Coburn gave the school its present elegant building in Waterville, and the institution has since been known as Coburn Classical Institute. T " Dr. James H. Hanson, the present principal of the institute, is a native of China, Me., having been born there June 26, 1816. At the age of eighteen he left the farm to attend China Academy, where COBURN CLASSICAL INSTITUTE. he was fitted for college, and graduated from Colby University in the class of '42. He began teaching in 1835, and taught each winter until his graduation. Since that time he has taught continuously, and in this period of fifty years he has not been absent from the school room a week altogether from any cause. He became principal of Water- ville Academy in 1843, continuing until 1854, when he took charge of the high school of Eastport, Me., and three years later he became principal of the Portland High School for boys, where he remained until 1865, then returned to Waterville, and has since been the untir- ing and energetic principal. civil. HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 101 In 1835 the legislature incorporated the Waterville Liberal Insti- tute, and December 12, 1836, the school was opened under the auspices of the Universalist society, with fifty-four pupils under Nathaniel M. Whitmore as principal. In 1850 a female department was added and the school flourished until 1855, when the growth of Westbrook Sem- inary sufficiently filled the field. Mr. Whitmore's successors were: T. G. Kimball, Rev. J. P. Weston, P. L. Chandler, J. H. Withington, T. W. Herrick, Rev. H. B. Maglathlin, J. M. Palmer, Hon. H. M. Plaisted and J. W. Butterfield. In 1815 Judge Cony, of Augusta, erected, entirely at his own ex- pense, a building for a female seminary. The structure, which stood on the corner of Cony and Bangor streets, was completed in great secrecy, and until the seats and desks with which it was furnished arrived, no one but the judge knew the purpose for which it was intended. On Christmas day, 1815, he presented the academy to a board of trustees appointed by himself. In 1818 the institution was incorporated as Cony Female Academy, when it was further endowed by its munificent patron. The legislature, in 1827, granted half a township of state land, and Benjamin Bussey, of Boston, donated a tract of land in Sidney. On the strength of these endowments, a commodious brick boarding house and dormitory was erected on the corner of Bangor and Myrtle streets. In 1825 the school had fifty girls in attendance. Board was quoted at $1.25 per week and tuition $20 per annum. The donation of $3,225 by the founder, together with the funds derived from the sale of lands given by the state, raised the permanent fund of the school $9,985. At that time the library, also donated, embraced 1,200 volumes. The school having outgrown its accommodations, in 1844, Bethlehem church, a structure erected by the Unitarian society in 1827, was pur- chased and remodeled for its use, the old building being sold for a private residence. With the growth of Augusta's splendid free school system, the academy disappears, but the generous founder is remem- bered in name of the Cony High School of that city. Through the liberality of Mr. Luther vSampson, of Kents Hill, the Readfield Religious and Charitable Society was incorporated in 1821. One of the multifarious designs of this organization was that of estab- lishing a school, on land donated by Mr. Sampson, for in.struction in experimental Christianity, theology, literature, and a practical knowl- edge of agriculture and the mechanic arts. By a new charter, granted in 1825, the corporation adopted the title Maine Wesleyan Seminary, and was united with a religious boarding school which had been estab- lished by Elihu Robinson at Augusta. Mr. Robinson removed to Kents Hill where, by means of an endowment of $10,000 by Mr. Sampson, buildings for the school were erected, and assumed the duties of prin- cipal. Thinking to further the designs of the founders to furnish 102 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the means of acquiring a liberal education at small cost, a manual labor department was established, with the usual unhappy result. In 1841 the institution had almost succumbed to adversity. At this juncture Dr. Stephen Allen became principal, and under his man- agement and the indefatigable efforts of his successor, Dr. Henry P. Torsey, who was elected president in 1844, the institution was relieved of many of its embarrassments and gradually rose to prominence. It is now the largest and best equipped academical institution in the state. In addition to its regular classical and scientific departments, it supports a female college, founded about 1830, a conservatory of music, an art department and a commercial college. The Gardiner Lyceum, founded in 1822, being an important agri- cultural school, is fully noticed in the chapter on agriculture, and an account of Oak Grove Seminary, at Vassalboro, will be found in the chapter on the Society of Friends. About 1821 an academy was started in a small building at China village, on the bank of the lake, where the district school house now stands. John S. Abbott, a popular lawyer; E. P. Lovejoy, a martyr in the cause of freedom in anti-slavery days; Rev. Henry Paine, Rev. Hadley Proctor, and others were among the preceptors. A new and spacious brick academy was subsequently erected at China village, in which many young men have been fitted for college. Hon. Japheth C. Washburn procured the charter of this academy, and with his own hands felled and prepared for hewing the first stick of timber for the building. The institution was endowed by the state with a grant of state lands to the value of $10,000. This school stood high in public estimate as an educational institution for many years. The stock- holders held their annual elections and meetings until 1887, when the property was deeded to the school district for educational purposes. Belgrade Titcomb Academy, founded in 1829, was named in honor of Samuel Titcomb, through whose efforts, together with those of John Pitts, its establishment was made possible. The academy build- ing was a large, two story brick structure, and fromi its situation on the summit of Belgrade hill commanded one of the grandest views in Kennebec county. The institution was incorporated, and its man- agement was in the hands of a board of trustees elected annually. Here were taught the higher branches, unknown to the common schools, as well as ancient and modern languages, and students of both sexes came from many of the neighboring towns. In its most prosperous days over a hundred pupils were in attendance. A lyceum, connected with it during its whole existence, formed no unimportant part of its course. Among its teachers and pupils were many who have since won high names for themselves. Regular terms of the academy were held each year until about 1865, when lack of financial support and the introduction of free high schools in many of the sur- CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 103 rounding towns were the chief reasons for closing its doors. In June, 1885, the edifice was burned under suspicious circumstances. The first principal of the academy was William Farmer, and among others who acted as principals in subsequent years were Thomas Hubbard, Horace Austin, Charles K. Hutchins, D. F. Goodrich, Milford T. Mer- chant, Mr. Grant, Mr. Matthews and Mr. Adams. A few bricks in an open field now mark the spot where once flourished this, the only in- stitution of higher education ever in that part of the county. Litchfield Academy was incorporated in 1845. It was endowed by the state in 1849 with half a township of land in Aroostook county, and in 1891 with an annuity of $500 for ten years. The building which is now occupied by the school was erected in 1852. [See Litchfield.] Butler's Female Seminary, a private school for young ladies, located at East Winthrop, was, in its day, one of the most popular and best patronized educational institutions in Maine. It was founded and conducted by Rev. Mr. Butler. The West Gardiner Academy was built and incorporated in 1858. It was also used as a place of worship by the First Free Baptist Soci- ety. The building has long since ceased to be used for educational purposes. Jenness Towle made provisions by will for a Winthrop Academy, stipulating that his gift should revert to Bangor Theological Seminary unless the town made use of the bequest within a limited time. In 1855 the town erected a building for a town hall and academy, using the bequest, and thus Towle Academy began a period of usefulness, merging about 1876 in the subsequent period of the present high school of the town. The first principal was John Walker May, now of Lewiston. St. Catherine's Hall was established by members of St. Mark's parish, Augusta, aided by friends outside of the diocese, in 1868. For several years prior a small denominational school for girls had been conducted in a private house on the east side of the river, under the patronage of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Lambard. At an expense of $18,000 a large private residence was purchased and remodeled for the accommodation of the school. But such was the growth of the institution under its able management that it became necessary to erect the present beautiful structure on the east side of the river. Hallowell Classical Institute was organized in 1S73, and the new buildings erected for its occupancy were dedicated January 14th of the following year. It was designed for a preparatory school for Bowdoin College and for a seminary for young ladies, and incidentally became a local school of higher grade than the regular city schools. For sixteen years it did good work in its broad field of usefulness, but want of means proved too great an obstacle to be overcome after 104 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the summer term in 1889. Its first principal was Rev. Vincent Moses. His successors were: Rev. Almon W. Burr, 1876-82; Lawrence Rolfe, A.B., 1883-5, and Rev. Edward Chase, 1886-9. The Maine Industrial School for Girls was organized at Hallowell in 1872. The purpose of the institution is to afford girls who are thrown upon their own resources at an early age the advantages and influences of home training. The school is convened in a large, well- planned brick building on the crown of a high hill overlooking the city, and is supported by appropriations from the state and private contributions and donations. Since the organization of the institu- tion between three and four hundred have found in it an asylum, and of these a large number, after a short tuition, have been received into good homes in private families. The board of managers and trus- tees, of which the governor, secretary of state and superintendent of common schools are members c.r officio, are appointed by the state. The Erskine School, at China, was founded in 1883, by Mrs. Sul- livan Erskine, who purchased at Chadwick's Corners the church build- ing which, in 1891, was enlarged and fitted for the growing wants of the school. Here under the principalship of William J. Thompson, many j'oung people are receiving a serviceable article of real learning. Professor Thompson was born in Knox county and was educated at the Castine Normal School. He taught at South Thomaston and in i.l}6.^PU. civil. HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 105 the Searsport High School until 1883, when he came to China as the first principal of this school, which has flourished under his manage- ment. The Dirigo Business College is located at Augusta. The modern business training school is the result of- a revolution in methods of preparing for business pursuits, which once were thought to involve a liberal scientific, if not a classical, course in seminary or college. A private business school— the first in the interior of Maine — was opened in Augusta in 1863, by David M. Waitt. He was a good teacher and the school became popular and useful under his management, and subsequently the legislature granted it a charter as the Dirigo Busi- ness College. In May, 1880, Mr. Waitt was succeeded by the present principal, R. B. Capen, who, with an able corps of teachers, has en- larged the usefulness and increased the popularity of this college, whose graduates include many of the younger professional and busi- ness men in this part of the state. Mr. Capen is a native of Massa- chusetts, where he was master of the Norwood High School and prin- cipal of the Dowse Academy in Sherborn. The Maine State Library was founded in 1839 and its little collec- tion of 3,349 volumes was under the charge of the secretary of state. Twenty-two years later, when the collection had reached 11,000 vol- umes, the office of state librarian was created and George G. Stacy be- came its first incumbent. His successors have been: Joseph T. Wood- ward, John D. Myrick, Josiah S. Hobbs and Leonard D. Carver. In 1892, the collection having reached 45,000 volumes, was removed to the new wing of the capitol building. In October, 1872, J. S. Hobbs, then of Oxford county, was appointed state librarian, and in the following January removed to Augusta, where he resided during the long period of service by which he is now best known to the people of Kennebec county. He was born in Chatham, N. H., June 27, 1828, and with his father, James Hobbs, removed to P'ryeburg, where he was educated, and at eighteen years of age began teaching for a time, as his father for nearly thirty years had done. From the Fryeburg schools he at- tended the Norway Liberal Institute, when Hon. Mark H. Donnell was principal, and in 1850 took the English prize for prose declama- tion. Four years later, after reading law under D. R. Hastings, he was admitted to the bar of Oxford county and began practice in Waterford in 1855. The son of a whig, who was twice elected to the state .senate, Mr. Hobbs was active in the organization of the republi- can party in Oxford county, and in 1857 and 1858 represented his dis- trict in the legislature. Beginning in January, 1861, he was register of probate of Oxford county for twelve years and was two years a trial justice at the county seat. The efficiency of his .service in the State Library, as well as his 106 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. general bearing in the extensive intercourse with the public, made his administration popular and must have increased to the state the usefulness of the institution. In November, 1890, in his sixth term, he resigned the position and retired to his country place in a beauti- ful and picturesque spot in Litchfield, where he is enjoying rural peace and domestic happiness. His wife, Emelin, is a daughter of Stevens Smith, of Waterford, Oxford county. Me. L. D. Carver, the present librarian, was educated as a lawyer, but in 1870 he went West, where he was principal of high schools. Re- turning to Waterville in 1876, he was admitted to the bar and for six years was city clerk. He served on the school board and was the author of the school provisions in the city charter. His military ser- vice, covering two years and three months,^was with the '2d Maine Infantry. His wife, Mary C. Low, was the first lady graduate of Colby, class of '75. LTnited States Arsenal.— An act passed the United States sen- ate in 1827, providing for the establishment of an arsenal at Augusta for the safe storage of arms and munitions for the protection of the northern and eastern frontier. Beginning with the meager appro- priation of $15,000, the government, as the advantages of the location for a general storage depot became more apparent, made further ap- propriations aggregating $90,000. On June 14, 1828, the corner-stone of the main building was laid. This building is one hundred feet long, thirty wide and three stories high, with a storage capacity of 7,128 muskets. The following year two magazines, capable of holding 914 barrels of powder, store-houses, officers' quarters, barracks, stable and shops were erected. These buildings, nearly all of which are of rough granite, occupy a forty acre lot, all of which is surrounded by a high iron fence. Fixed am- munition and war rockets were prepared here during the civil war and the war with Mexico. Among commanders of this institution who afterward secured national fame, are General O. O. Howard, of the United States Army, and Lieutenant Anderson, the hero of Fort Sumter. National Soldiers' Home.— As early as 1810 a mineral spring was discovered in a meadow in the town of Chelsea, which, on account of the sulphurous odor it emitted, was popularly known as the "Gun- powder Spring." The water gained more than a local reputation of healing malignant humors, and was for several years in considerable demand. The spring and a large tract of surrounding land were pur- chased in 1858, by Mr. Horace Beals, of Rockland, who, the following year erected, at an expense of many thousands of dollars, a magnifi- cently appointed hotel, which he opened in June, 1859, as a fashiona- ble watering place. At any. other period than that of the civil war such an enterprise CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 107 might have flourished: but under the depressing events which fol- lowed it proved an utter failure. After two or three years of weak existence it was closed to the public, and in 1866, after his decease, it was sold for $50,000 to the United States government for an asylum for disabled veterans. In 1867 the building had been remodeled and two hundred ex-soldiers had availed themselves of the refuge thus afforded. As it was evident that the accommodations would shortly be insufficient to meet the constantly increasing demand, proceedings were instituted for the erection of new buildings capable of accom- modating five hundred men. A brick hospital was soon erected, and plans for the erection of a large chapel and workshop were beginning to materialize when the principal building was destroyed by fire. This casualty, which occurred late in the evening of January 7, 1868, turned the inmates, many of whom were confined to their beds with sickness, into the piercing frosts of a midwinter's night. The sick were placed on the snow until they could be removed to private houses, while those who were able to be carried so long a distance, were quartered in Waverly Hall, at Augusta. The hospital, which was not seriously damaged, was hastily prepared for barracks, and earl}' in the spring three large brick buildings were commenced, each of which was nearly one hundred feet in length. These were placed contigu- ous to the hospital, so as to form a hollow square surrounding an ample courtyard. With these were erected a large amusement hall, work- shop, barn and a residence for the commanding officers, all of which were constructed of brick manufactured on the spot. The hall was de- stroyed by fire in the spring of 1871, at a loss of about $20,000. A smaller building has been erected to supply its loss. Other structures for the accommodation of the surgeon, bandmaster and other subor- dinate officials have recently been erected. The home is open to all survivors of the civil and Mexican wars, and the war of 1812, who received an honorable discharge from the service. Cutler Post, No. 48, a local division of the G. A. R., has been established by the veterans, and in their cemetery a monument of granite blocks has been erected, bearing a dedicatory inscription and dates of the three principal wars succeeding the revolution. The first deputy governor of the home and commandant was Major General Edward W. Hincks, of Massachusetts, who held the position until March 6, 1867, when, at his request, he was relieved and was succeeded by Colonel Timothy Ingraham, of Massachusetts, who was soon succeeded by General Charles Everett, of Washington, D. C, who was shortly followed by Major Nathan Cutler, of Augusta, Me., and he by Colonel E. A. Ludwick, of New York, who, after a short term of ser- vice, was succeeded, in 1869, by Brigadier General William S. Tilton, of Boston. General Luther Stephenson, the present governor of the home, was born at Hingham, Mass., April 25, 1830. Entering the ser- 108 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. vice in April, 1861, as lieutenant in the Fourth Massachusetts, he was several times promoted for merit, and by order of General Grant was brevetted colonel and brigadier general, March 15, 1865, for " gallant and meritorious services in the campaign against Richmond." He was appointed governor of the National Home at Togus on the 17th of April, 1883, and assumed the duties of the position the next day. The home has increased in numbers since that date from 1,400 to 2,000. The whole appearance of the buildings and grounds has been changed and beautified and twenty new structures have been erected. CHAPTER V. MILITARY HISTORY. Revolutionary Period. — War of 1813. — Coast Defense of Maine. — Militia Com- panies called out. — Officers and Men. — Town Companies. — Treaty of Ghent. THE peaceful interim of above two decades which followed the last of the skirmishes referred to in Chapter H, was dissipated by the call of the minute men of Concord and Lexington — a call which, although sounding from beyond an almost unbroken wilderness over one hundred miles in extent, met a prompt response on the part of the patriots of the Kennebec valley. The smoke had hardly cleared from Lexington green before bands of scantily equipped men and boys were pushing their way through the forests, eager to reach the point of enlistment. Many of the settlers in the interior of the county had removed from towns adjacent to the scene of the conflict, and while the oppression to which those who resided nearer the metropolitan districts were subjected, was not as severely realized by these men who depended almost entirely on the products of their own farm and loom for the luxuries as well as the essentials of life, the impulse of a brother's need moved them to earnest action. Many farms were abandoned or left to the care of women and minors, and, in many instances, the latter, catching the inspiration from the fathers, stealthily left their homes and followed on the tracks of their seniors. However obscure and comparatively unimportant may be the part Kennebec played in the war of the revolution, the influence of that critical epoch on the subsequent history of this section is con- siderable. Arnold's ascent of the Kennebec on his expedition against Quebec changed, to quite an extent, the life of the settlements along its banks. This expedition, which was embarked at Newburyport, September 17, 1775, arrived at Pittston, on the Kennebec, the day fol- lowing. Here the eleven transports of which the fleet consisted were exchanged for bateaux, which had for. some time been under process of construction, under the supervision of Major Colburn. The troops, consisting of eleven hundred men, being transferred to the bateaux, began the next day their slow and wearisome advance toward the Canadian frontier. The officers, conspicuous among whom were Bene- 110 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. diet Arnold, Christopher Green, Daniel Morgan, Aaron Burr and Henry Dearborn, men whose later careers challenged the attention of nations, remained on their sailing vessel until they reached Augusta. Here they joined the fleet on the bateaux and proceeded on that dis- astrous errand, the result of which is familiar to the general reader. The rare beauty of the valley through which they passed, the waving meadows, the heavy forest growth, made a lasting impression which the hardship, the cold and the starvation of the terrible cam- paign which followed could not efface. The proclamation of peace which brought as a minor accompaniment to the joyous notes of lib- erty a siege of famine upon the settlers all along the main thorough- fare of the Kennebec, through the depredations of famishing regi- ments of soldiers bound for their homes in the eastern part of the state, brought, also, many of the members of the Arnold expedition back as permanent settlers. Among others of them whose names hold a prominent place in history was General Henry Dearborn, who pur- chased extensive tracts of land west of the river, and founded a home near the point where he first landed after entering the Kennebec, to which he resorted as often as the duties of the high office he held under the national government permitted, until called by President Madison to assume the responsibilities of commander-in-chief of the national forces in the second war with Great Britain. War of 1812. — The opening of this war found the military condi- tions of Maine entirely unlike those that existed thirty-seven years before, when the first call to arms resounded on her pine-clad hills. In compliance with a law of the commonwealth, every able-bodied man had, at stated periods, been submitted to instruction at the hands of a competent drill-master; and well equipped and disciplined regi- ments took the place of the straggling, unarmed hordes of the conti- nental minute men. There was not, however, that unanimity of sen- timent which characterized the patriots who brought the nation through her birth throes. Although blood as warm for their country's weal as that which flowed at Lexington coursed through their veins, there were many who firmly believed that the nation's honor was not at stake, and that money, not blood, should be the price of England's depredations on our commerce. The federalists of Kennebec were especiall}' bitter in their denunciations of the policy of the national government, and when the intelligence reached Augusta that a formal declaration of war had been issued, the quick blood of the party imme- diately responded by hanging President Madison in eftigy, and placing the Stars and Stripes at half-mast. The national troops quartered in the city exhibited due respect for their chief executive by military interference, and but for the action of the civil authorities the episode must have closed with bloodshed. In 1814 the British fleet hovered on the coast of Maine; Eastport, MILITARY HISTORY. Ill Bangror and other places were seized during tlie summer. The county ■of Kennebec was on the alert, and many companies of men were en- listed. The Adams, a United States vessel of war, was burned by her commander to prevent her falling into the enemy's hands, and her crew retired through the woods from the Penobscot to the Kennebec, causing an alarm that the enemy were approaching. On Saturday, September 10th, a special town meeting was held at Augusta to consider the safety of the towns. A committee consisting of George Crosby, Joshua Gage, John Davis, Thomas Rice, Pitt Dill- ingham, William Emmons and Joseph Chandler was appointed, who reported that the selectmen should be directed " to procure 200 lbs. of powder at once, and a quantity of materials for tents, camp kettles, etc." Sunday, the following day, while at meeting. General Sewall re- ceived a dispatch from the committee of safety at Wiscasset, asking for a thousand men, as the enemy threatened a landing. Colonel Stone's and Colonel Sweet's regiments, with the Hallowell Artillery, marched forthwith in companies for Wiscasset. On the 15th General Sewall went to a.ssume the command of the troops; but the alarm proved groundless. In the Maine adjutant general's office is a record of the officers and men called into the state service in those trying times. In 1876, by order of the governor and his council, this manuscript record was carefully compiled by Z. K. Harmon, of Portland. It is a model of neatness, the volume containing 420 pages. It appears that the 1st Brigade, 8th Division, was under command of Major General Henry Sewall, Augusta: Eben Dutch was major; William K. Page, of Au- gusta, was aidde-camp; and William Emmons, Augusta, was judge advocate. The brigadier general was William Gould, Farmington; the brigadier major was Samuel Howard, Augusta; and the quarter- master was Jes.se Robinson, of Hallowell. Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment of the 8th Division, 1st Bri- gade, had the following officers: John Stone, Gardiner, lieutenant colonel; Reuel Howard, Augusta, major; Henry W. Fuller, Augusta, major; Enoch Hale, jun., Gardiner, adjutant; Gideon Farrell, Win- throp, quartermaster; Rufus K. Page, paymaster; Eliphalet Gillett, Hallowell, chaplain; Ariel Mann, Hallowell, surgeon; Joel R. Ellis, Hallowell, surgeon's mate; Benjamin Davenport, Winthrop, sergeant major; James Tarbox, quartermaster sergeant; Roswell Whittemore, ■drum major; and John Wadsworth, fife major. yiz<^«/rt.— Captain Burbank's company of Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment was raised in Augusta. The officers of the company were: Benjamin Burbank, captain; Nathan Wood, lieutenant, and David Church, ensign. Ephraim Dutton, Benjamin Ross, Ebenezer B. Williams and Philip W. Peck were sergeants; John Hamlen, Wil- Jiam B. Johnson, Thomas Elmes and Bartlett Lancaster, corporals. 112 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. In this company were thirty-four privates, who served at Wiscasset in September, 1814. Another company raised in Augusta for Lieutenant Colonel vStone's regiment had for captain David Wall and for ensign Charles Sewall. The non-commissioned officers were: Luther Church, William Fel- lows, Nathan Stackpole, Elias Stackpole, sergeants; Jeremiah Tolman, Jesse Babcock, Elisha Bolton, corporals. Thirty-four privates went out with the.se officers. Augusta raised still another company for Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment, of which Stephen Jewett was captain, and Oliver Wyman, lieutenant; and the non-commissioned officers were: Ben- jamin Swan, William Stone, Timothy Goldthwait, George Hamlen, sergeants; William Pillsbury, John Goldthwait, Del F. Ballard, Varanos Pearce, corporals. Newel Stone was musician. The privates of this company numbered fifty-one. Albion. — A company was raised for Lieutenant Colonel Albert Moore's regiment at Albion, of which Joseph Wellington was captain; Samuel Kidder, lieutenant, and Ebenezer Stratton, ensign. The non- commissioned officers were: Samuel Libbey, James Chalmer, James Ski! ling, Charles Stratton, sergeants; Samuel Tarbel, John Jackson, John Kidder, jun., Samuel Stackpole, jun., corporals. The musicians were: Benjamin Reed, jun., and Thadeus Broad. The privates num- bered forty-eight men. Captain Robinson raised a company in Albion for Lieutenant Colonel Moore's regiment. The commissioned officers were: Benja- min Robinson, captain; Thomas Harlow, lieutenant, and Benjamin Louis, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: Warren Drake, Hiram Brackett, Stephen Bragg, Ebenezer Shaw, sergeants; Washing- ton Drake, Richard Handy, Oliver Baker, Moses Dow, corporals. Zebulon Morse and Asa Burrell went out as musicians, and twenty- six privates were enrolled. A company was drafted from Albion in the autumn of 1814, of which Joel Wellington was made captain; Washington Heald, lieu- tenant, and Israel Richardson, ensign. Robert Richardson, Charles Stratton, William Fames and Samuel Ward were sergeants; Richard V. Haydon, Nathaniel Merchant, Andrew S. Perkins and Benjamin Reed, jun., corporals; Odiorne Heald, John Kidder, jun., and Samuel Gibson,musicians. Eighty-seven privates were sent out in this company. y^V/orrt^/r.— Belonging to Lieutenant Colonel Sherwin's regiment was a company of fifty privates raised at Belgrade, with James Minot, captain; John Fage, lieutenant, and Jesse Fage, ensign. The non- commissioned officers were: Richard Mills, Lewis Page, Samuel Page, Lemuel Lombard, sergeants; Charles Lombard, Wentworth Stewart, Briant Fall, James Black, jun., corporals. The musicians were David Wyman, Davison Hibbard, David Moshier and Jeremiah Tilton. MILITARY HISTORY. 113 Belgrade raised another company for Lieutenant Colonel Sherwin's regiment and the commissioned officers were; Joseph Sylvester, cap- tain; Levi Bean, lieutenant; Isaac Lord, ensign. The non-commis- sioned officers were: Daniel Stevens, vSamuel Sinith, John Sylvester, William Stevens, jun., sergeants; Jonathan H. Hill, Ephraim Tib- betts,William Wells, Samuel Tucker, corporals. Samuel Littlefield and Isaac Farnham were enrolled as musicians, with thirty-six privates. Clinton. — For Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Moore's regiment a com- pany was raised in Clinton, of which Trial Hall was commissioned captain; James Gray, lieutenant, and Israel Richardson, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: Samuel Haywood, Nathaniel Brown, John Fitzgerald, William M. Carr, sergeants; William Richardson, Peter Robinson, David Gray, George Flagg, corporals; Rufus Bartlett, Samuel Gibson, musicians. Thirty-two privates went out in the company. China.— Yov Lieutenant Colonel Moore's regiment a company was raised in China, for which the commissioned officers were: Daniel Crowell, captain; Nathaniel Spratt, lieutenant, and Zalmuna Wash- burn, ensign. Jonathan Thurber, Elisha Clark, Jabish Crowell and Thomas Ward, jun., were sergeants; Samuel Branch, David Spratt, Samuel Ward and James Wiggins, corporals; Ephraim Clark 3d and Jonathan Coe, musicians. Twenty-four privates were enrolled in the company. Another larger company was enlisted in China, of which Robert Fletcher was captain; Nathaniel Bragg, lieutenant, and Caleb Palme- ter, ensign. John Weeks, John Whitley, William Bradford and Jede- diah Fairfield were sergeants; Nathaniel Evans, Daniel Fowler, Daniel Bragg and Ephraim Weeks, corporals; Thomas Burrell and Timothy Waterhouse, musicians; with fifty privates. Fayette. — In Lieutenant Colonel Ellis Sweet's regiment was a com- pany of men, enlisted at Fayette, of which Henry Watson was cap- tain; Alden Josselyn, lieutenant, and David Knowles 2d, ensign. Elisha Marston, Richard Hubbard, Thomas Fuller, jun., and Benja- min J. Winchester were sergeants; James Watson, Moses Hubbard, David Knowles, 3d, and Moses Sturdevant, corporals; and William Sturdevant and John D. Josselyn, musicians; with thirty- five privates. Another company was raised in Fayette, of which the commis- sioned officers were: John Judkins, captain; Thomas Anderson, lieu- tenant, and Luther Bumpus, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: James McGaffey, 'William Whitten, Levi Fletcher and John Brown, .sergeants; and Joseph Greely, Edward Griffin, Mo.ses Carson and Bazaled BuUard, corporals. Musicians were A. Whitten, Squire Bishop, jun., and James Trask; and the company mustered thirty- eight privates. 114 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Gardiner. — The field and staff officers of Lieutenant Colonel John Stone's regiment, 1st Brigade, 8th Division, in service at Wiscasset and vicinity in the autumn of 1814, were: John Stone, Gardiner, lieu- tenant colonel; Reuel Howard, Augusta, major: Henry W. Fuller, Augusta, major; Enoch Hale, jun., Gardiner, adjutant; Gideon Far- rell, Winthrop, quartermaster; Rufus K. Page, paymaster; Eliphalet Gillett, Hallowell, chaplain; Ariel Mann, Hallowell, surgeon; Joel R. Ellis, Hallowell, surgeon's mate; Benjamin Davenport, Winthrop, sergeant major; James Tarbox, Winthrop, quartermaster sergeant; Roswell Whittemore, drum major; and John Wadsworth, fife major. From Gardiner a company went out in Stone's regiment with the following commissioned officers: Jacob Davis, captain; Ebenezer Moore, lieutenant; Arthur Plummer. ensign, and William Partridge, clerk. The non-commissioned officers were not given in the record, but the company enrolled eighty privates. Another company was raised at Gardiner with Edward Swan, captain; Daniel Woodard, lieutenant, and William Norton, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: William B. Grant, Thomas Gil- patrick, Michael Woodard, Arthur Berry, sergeants; Benjamin C. Lawrence, William Bradstreet, Charles M. Dustin, corporals. The musicians were: Jonah Perkins, John Palmer, Edward Bourman and Andrew B. Berry. This company embraced forty-two privates. Hallowell. — In Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment was a large company from Hallowell, of which William C. Vaughan was captain, Pettey Vaughan, lieutenant, and William Cobb Wilder, ensign. The non-commis.sioned officers were: Abisha Handy, Nathaniel Brown, 2d, Levi Thing, jun., George Carr, sergeants; Benjamin Perry, Charles Kenney, Joseph Richards, corporals; David Dyer, Zebulon Sawyer, Samuel Howard, John Moons, musicians. The privates numbered seventy-three men. Captain Simeon Morris' company for Stone's regiment was raised at Hallowell, for which Lsaac Leonard was lieutenant and Stephen Smith was ensign. James B. Starr, William B. Littlefield, Samuel Merrill and James Kean were sergeants; Samuel Carr, jun., John Greely, George Waterhouse and Joshua Carr, corporals; Robert Child, musi- cian; and there were fifty privates. Captain Dearborn's company was also raised in Hallowell and was attached to Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment, with Benjamin Dearborn, captain; Thomas B. Coolidge, lieutenant, and William Clark, ensign. Isaac Smith, Enoch Marshall, Ebenezer White and Sheppard H. Norris were sergeants; Ephraim Mayo, Thomas Fille- brown, jun., John Folsom and Benjamin Plummer, corporals; Seth Sturtevant, James Batchelder, Elias Webber and Bradley Folsom, musicians. The company had thirty-seven privates. A company of artillery was raised in Hallowell, which was attached MILITARY HISTORY. 115 to jSIajor Joseph Chandler's Battalion of Artillerj'. The officers of the company were: Samuel G. Ladd, captain; Jedediah Lakeman, lieuten- ant, and Joseph S. Smith, ensign. Non-commissioned: Abraham Thurd, Samuel Tinney, Daniel Norcross, David Stickney, sergeants; Ezekiel Goodall, Richard Dana, William Livermore, jun., Cumwell Aldrich, corporals. Musicians: John Woods, Levi Johnson, Aaron Bickford, Harvey Porter and John Dennett. The privates numbered forty-six. Hallowell also raised a cavalry company for Major Peter Grant's Battalion of 1st Brigade, 11th Division. Of this company Thomas Eastman was captain; Francis Morris, lieutenant, and William Wins- low, ensign. Henry D. Morrill and Ebenezer Mathews were musi- cians, and Parsons Smith, clerk. Benjamin Paine, Alvan Hayward and Jonathan Mathews were sergeants; Samuel Blake, John Savage, Albert Hayward and Richard Belcher, corporals. The company em- braced thirty-two privates. Litchfield. — Colonel Abel Merrill commanded a regiment at Bath, in which was a company from Litchfield. The commissioned officers of this company were: Hugh Getchell, captain; William Randall, lieu- tenant, and Jesse Richardson, ensign. The noncommissioned officers were: James B. Smith, Cornelius Richardson, Cyrus Burke, sergeants; Adam Johnson, Isaac Smith, Thomas Springer, William Towns, cor- porals. John Hodgman, Cornelius Thompson and Isaac ShirtlefE were musicians, and the company contained fifty-seven privates. Litchfield also raised a company for Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment. Of this company David C. Burr was captain; Nathaniel Marston, lieutenant, and Ebenezer Colby, ensign. Andrew Goodwin, Daniel Herrick, Jesse Tucker and James Parker were sergeants; Wil- liam Hutchinson, John Sears, Joshua Ritchinson and Daniel Cram, corporals; and Cypron J. Edwards, David Fuller, William Brown and James Goodwin, musicians. The privates numbered fifty-seven. Another company from Litchfield in Lieutenant Colonel John Stone's regiment had for captain, John Dennis; for lieutenant, Daniel Stevens; and for ensign, Joseph Jewell. Samuel Hutchinson. Joseph Wharfif, Israel Hutchinson and William Robinson were sergeants; Robert Crawford, Ebenezer Harriman, Miser Williams and William Spear, corporals; John Robbins, James Hutchinson and Elijah Palmer, musicians; and the company enrolled thirty-eight privates. A company in Litchfield was drafted from the lOth Division and mustered into the United States service to garrison the forts on the coast of eastern Maine. The commis-sioned officers of the company were: David C. Burr, captain; John Dennis, jun., lieutenant; Benjamin White, jun., lieutenant; and John A. Neal, ensign. Caleb Goodwin, Joshua Walker, Andrew Goodwin and William Hutchinson were ser- geants; William Bailey, Francis Douglass, Hezekiah Richardson and 116 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Moses Stevens, corporals; Joseph Hutchinson and David F. Wey- mouth, musicians. Fifty privates went out in the company. Monmo7ith. — A company of thirty-nine, under Captain John A. Tor- sey, raised in Monmouth, was attached to Lieutenant Colonel Blais- dell's regiment. Pascal P. Blake was lieutenant and Frederic W. Dearborn, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: Martin Gushing, Jacob Smith, Robert Oilman, Thomas Witherell, sergeants; John Plummer, Samuel Titus, Josiah Towle, James Merrill, corporals. Henry Day and John Merrill were musicians. Another company of fifty-six privates was raised in Monmouth for the same regiment, with Moses Boynton for captain; Royal Fogg, lieutenant, and Benjamin Sinclair, ensign. Joseph Prescott, Joseph B. Allen, Jedediah B. Prescott and John S. Blake were sergeants; Newell Fogg, Hugh M. Boynton, Ira Towle and George W. Fogg, corporals; Levi Tozier and John Richardson, musicians. Joseph Chandler was major of a battalion of artillery attached to the 1st Brigade, Sth Division. His adjutant was Jonathan G. Hun- toon, of Readfield, and his quartermaster was John S. Kimball, of Au- gusta. Monmouth raised a company for this battalion, with the fol- lowing officers: Samuel Ranlett, captain; Dudly Moody, lieutenant; Eleazur Smith, lieutenant; Ebenezer Freeman, Jacob Mills, jun., Joseph Kelley, James Fairbanks, sergeants; Asa Robbins, jun., Jason Prescott, Phinehas Kelly, Marcus Gilbert, corporals; Levi Gilbert, Benjamin Berry, musicians. The company embraced only twenty- seven privates. This company was subsequently attached to Sher- win's regiment of militia, with William Talcott and Benjamin Butler added as sergeants; Peleg B. Fogg, Jesse Fairbanks and John Mar- shall added as musicians; and twenty privates were added. The com- pany were at Wiscasset from vSeptember 24 to November 8, 1814. Mt. Vernon. — In Lieutenant Colonel Ellis Sweet's regiment was a company raised at Mt. Vernon, and its captain was Timothy Stevens; lieutenant, George McGaffey; ensign, Ariel Kimball. James Mc- Gaffey, William Whitten, Levi Fletcher and John Brown were ser- geants; Joseph Greely, Edward Griffin, Moses Carson, Bazaled Bul- lock, corporals; Aled Whitten, Squire Bishop, jun., and James Trask, musicians. Thirty-eight privates belonged to the company. In the same regiment was another company from Mt. Vernon, of which Thomas Nickerson was captain; John Stevens, lieutenant, and John Blake, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: Joseph Gilman, Daniel Gordon, Nathan S. Philbrook, Ephraim Nickerson, sergeants; Walter W. Philbrook, Nathan Smith, Levi French, jun., and Bela Gilman, corporals. The musicians were John Stone and Jes.se Ladd, and the privates numbered thirty-four men. Pittstoii. — Two companies for Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment were raised in Pittston. The captain of the first was David P. Bailey; MILITARY HISTORY. 117 lieutenant, John Blanchard; ensign, Jacob Bailey. Joseph Follansbee, Elihu Lord, Joseph Kidder and George Williamson were sergeants; William Troop, Nathaniel Brown, George Jewett and Tristram Fol- som, corporals; James Bailey and Alexander Blanchard, musicians. The company embraced forty privates. Of the second company, Jonathan Young was captain; Eli Young, lieutenant, and Dudley Young, ensign. Jonathan Clark, Leonard Coopey and James Gray, jun., were sergeants; Henry Banner, Nathaniel Benner, Reuben Lewis and Frederic Lewis, corporals. The privates numbered fifty-six. Readfield. — A company- of militia was drafted from Readfield and attached to Lieutenant Colonel Ellis Sweet's regiment. The commis- sioned officers of the company were: John Smith, captain; Samuel Benjamin, lieutenant, and Eli Adams, ensign. Joseph Gilman, Na- than S. Philbrick, Joseph Heselton and James McGaffey were ser- geants; Walter N. Philbrick, Benjamin King, David Huntoon and Warren Crocker, corporals; Joshua Bartlett, Josiah Bacon, Stephen Abbott and John M. Shaw, musicians. The privates of the company numbered fifty-nine. Another company drafted from Readfield was attached to Lieuten- ant Colonel Sweet's regiment. Of this company George Waugh was captain: Alden Josselyn, lieutenant, and Herman Harris, ensign. Three of the sergeants were Elisha Marston, William Whittier and Richard Hubbard. The corporals given in the record were Gilman Bacheler and Samuel Tuck. In this company were thirty-eight pri- vates. It would seem that the latter company was increased and partly re-officered, for we find in Sweet's regiment a company of which George Waugh was captain; Samuel Page, lieutenant; Reuben Smith, ensign; John Page, William Taylor, Christopher Adle and Joseph Hutchinson, sergeants; Moses Simmons, Seward Page, Elijah Clough and Nathan Coy, corporals; Henry Carlton, William Tucker and Levi Morrill, musicians. In this company were forty-four privates. The same regiment received from Readfield still another company, of which John Smith was the captain; Daniel Carlptell, lieutenant, and Eli Adams, ensign. James Fillebrown, Lory Bacon, Jethro Hil- man and James Smith were sergeants; Jacob Turner, David Huntoon, Jacob Cochran and William Stimpson, corporals; Thomas Pierce, Charles Pierce and John Turner, musicians. The company also had forty-five privates. ie(?wf.— Lieutenant Colonel McGaffey's regiment of militia was at- tached to the 8th Division and was the oth Regiment. The field and staff officers from Kennebec county were: David McGaffey, Rome, lieutenant colonel; Moses Sanborn, Vienna, major; Francis Mayhew, major; Jonathan Gilbreth, Rome, adjutant. 118 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. A company was raised in Rome for Colonel McGaffey's regiment and the commissioned officers of the company were: William Hussey, captain; Robert Hussey, lieutenant, and Ezekiel Page, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: Enoch Knight, Samuel Mitchell, Elijah K. Hussey and Richard Furbush, 2d, .sergeants; Benjamin White, Rufus Clements, Jonathan Butterfield and Moses Choate, cor- porals; Elisha Mosher and Samuel Grant, musicians. Twenty-five privates were enrolled. Rome raised another company which was in the same regiment, and in service at Hallowell awaiting orders, in September, 1814. Mat- thias Lane was captain; Palatiah Leighton, ensign; Peter Beede, James Colbath, jun., William Blye and Benjamin Folsom, sergeants; James Wells, Joseph Gordon, John Allen, jun., and Peter Folsom, corporals; John Jewett and Joseph Jewett, musicians. This company enrolled eighteen men. Sidney. — Sidney raised men for Lieutenant Colonel Sherwin's regi- ment. One company had Richard Smith as captain, Benjamin Saw- telle as lieutenant, John Robinson, ensign. vSamuel Jones, Paul Ham- mond, jun., George Woodcock and Edmund Longly, sergeants; Eben- ezer Irish, jun., Ichabod Pitts, jun., Samuel Smith, jun., and David Weeks, corporals; Asa Sawtelle and Abial Abbott, musicians. Thirty- two privates were enrolled. Another company for Sherwin's regiment had for captain Stephen Lovejoy; for ensign, Joshua Ellis. The sergeants were: John Tink- ham, jun., John Sawtelle, jun., Joseph Hastings and Thomas Johnson. Abial Dinsmore and Jacob Lovejoy were musicians. Thirty-nine pri- vates enlisted in the company from Sidney. The third enlisted company from Sidney had for its captain,, Amasa Lesley; lieutenant, Bethuel Perry; ensign, David Daniels. The non-commissioned officers were: Ebenezer Perry, John Bragg, jun., John Davis, Rufus Emerson, sergeants; Zenos Perry, Robert Packard, Abel Sawtelle, Woodhouse Boyd, corporals; Francis Smiley, Seth Perry, musicians. The privates numbered thirty-two. Men were drafted from Sidney and a company attached to Colonel Sherwin's regiment, of which company Stephen Lovejoy was captain; Joseph Warren, lieutenant; Ebenezer Lawrence, ensign; Palmer Branch, John Bates, Jabez Harlow and Joshua Grant, sergeants; Levi Meade and Ebenezer Morse, corporals; Winthrope Robinson, musi- cian. This company embraced eighty men as privates. Captain Lesley's company, before mentioned, was enlisted; but he went to Wiscasset late in the autumn of 1814, with a company of drafted men from Sidney. The commissioned officers were: Captain, Amasa Lesley; lieutenant, Benjamin Sawtelle; ensign, William Bod- fish. Elias Doughty, Samuel Page, David GuUifer and John Bragg, jun., were sergeants; Wentworth Steward, Samuel Jones, Robert MILITARY HISTORY. 119 Packard and Ebenezer Trask, corporals; Nathaniel Dunn and Richard Jones, musicians. This company had fifty-two privates. ]"assalboro. — This town raised companies by enlistment. One was raised for Lieutenant Colonel Moore's regiment, and the commissioned officers were: Daniel Wyman, captain; Alexander Jackson, lieutenant; William Tarbell, ensign. Thomas Hawes, Daniel Whitehouse, Zenas Percival and Roland Frye were sergeants; John Clay, Gersham Clark, Thomas Whitehouse and Jonathan Smart, corporals; George Webber, musician. There were twenty-nine privates. Wing's company, enlisted in Vassalboro, was attached to the same regiment. The commissioned officers of the company were: Joseph Wing, captain; Levi Maynard, lieutenant, and Nehemiah Gould, en- sign. The non-commissioned officers were: Elijah Robinson, Moses Rollins, vStephen Low, Josiah Priest, .sergeants; Levi Chadbourne, Amasa Starkey, John Frye, Reuben Priest, corporals. The musicians were Enoch Marshall and Stephen Townsend. The privates num- bered fifty-three men. Still another small company was enlisted for Moore's regiment, and the captain was Jeremiah Farwell; lieutenant, Aaron Gaslin. Charles Webber, Eli French, John G. Hall and Elijah Morse were sergeants; Benjamin Bassett, Nathaniel Merchant and Heman Stur- ges, corporals; John Lovejoy, musician; and the file of privates num- bered thirty men. A company was drafted from Vassalboro, of which Jeremiah Far- well was commissioned captain; Nathaniel Spratt, lieutenant, and Nehemiah Gould, ensign. Charles Webber, Amariah Hardin, jun., Jabez Crowell and Elijah Morse were sergeants; Rowland Frye, Samuel Brand. Benjamin Melvin and Thomas Whitehouse, corporals; Washington Drake and Timothy Waterhouse, musicians. The com- pany embraced sixty-seven men as privates. Wayne. — This town enlisted men for a company in Sweet's regi- ment. Of this company Jacob Haskell was captain; William Burgess, lieutenant, and Levi Roberts, ensign. The other officers were: Wil- liam Knight, Jesse Bishop, Eliakim Top, Gustavus Top, sergeants; Warren Crocker, James Wing, Asa Tapley, James Burgess, corporals. Joshua Norris was fifer and Asa Top drummer. Twenty-eight men were enrolled as privates. Lieutenant Colonel Ellis Sweet's regiment— the 4th in 1st Brigade, 8th Division — was officered in part from Wayne. Colonel Sweet was a Wayne officer and also Moses Wing, jun., the major of the regiment. Another small company from Wayne was commanded by Ebenezer Norris, lieutenant. Amasa Dexter, Seth Billington and Benjamin Norris were sergeants; Samuel Besse, Allen House, Samuel Wing and Elisha Besse, corporals; Nathan Sturdevant and Seth Hammond, musicians. The privates numbered only twenty-seven men. 120 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Watcrvillc. — This town and Vassalboro raised a company that was assigned to Major Joseph Chandler's Battalion of Artillery. Of this company Dean Bangs was captain; Lemuel Pullen, lieutenant; Abra- ham vSmith, ensign; Jabez Dow, Artemus Smith, Levi Moore, jun., William McFarland, sergeants; William Marston, Alexander McKech- nie, Abiel Moore, James Bragg, corporals; Henry Richardson, Reward Sturdevant, musicians. Twenty privates enlisted in this company. Lieutenant Colonel Elnathan Sherwin's regiment was in the 8th Division, 2d Brigade, his being the 1st Regiment. From this regiment a draft was made, May 24, 1814, to fill up the regiment of Colonel Ellis Sweet. The officers of the first-named regiment were: Elnathan Sherwin, Waterville, lieutenant colonel; John Cleveland, Fairfield, major; Joseph H. Hallett, Waterville, quartermaster; Moses Appleton, Winslow, surgeon; David Wheeler, Waterville, paymaster; and Jede- kiah Belknap, Waterville, chaplain. One of the companies of Lieutenant Colonel vSherwin's regiment was raised at Waterville, of which Joseph Hitchings was captain; Samuel Webb, lieutenant; Thomas McFarland, ensign; Josiah Jacob, jun., Abraham Morrill, Solomon Berry, Calvin L. Gatchell, ser- geants; Abraham Butts, Pelatiah Soule, Simeon Tozier, 2d, William Watson, corporals; David Low, Lewis Tozier, musicians. The com- pany had twenty-nine enlisted privates. Another company from Waterville contained forty privates for Sherwin's regiment. The commissioned officers of this company were: William Pullen, captain; Joseph Warren, lieutenant, and Leon- ard Comfourth, ensign. Leonard Smith, Reuben Ricker, Isaiah Hal- lett and John Hallett were sergeants; Samuel Merry, James Gilbert, Wyman Shorey, and Thomas Stevens, corporals; Dexter Pullen, Isaac Gage and Asa Bates, musicians. Winthrop. — This town raised two companies for state defense. The one attached to Stone's regiment had for captain Asa Fairbanks; lieu- tenant, Solomon Easty; ensign, Jonathan Whiting. Benjamin Rich- ard, Wadsworth Foster, John Richards and Oliver Foster were ser- geants; Eliphalet Stevens, Thomas Stevens, Samuel Chandler and Columbus Fairbanks, corporals; Beser Snelland Nathan Bishop, musi- cians. The privates numbered thirty-four men. The other company was attached to Sweet's regiment. The cap- tain was Elijah Davenport; lieutenant, Samuel Benjamin; ensign, Herman Harris. Jabez Bacon, Levi Fairbanks, Joseph Heselton and Francis Perley were the sergeants; Stephen Sewall, Benjamin King, Daniel C. Heselton and Caleb Harris, corporals; Waterman Stanley, Josiah Bacon, jun., Stephen Abbot, Thomas Fuller and Simon Clough, musicians; and the company contained forty-nine privates. Windsor.— "Dix-a town raised a company of thirty-three privates for Colonel Cummings' regiment. The commissioned officers for this MILITARY HISTORY. lai company were: Gideon Barton, captain; George Marson, lieutenant; John Page, ensign. William Bowler, Jacob Jewett, Clement Moody and Micliael Lane were sergeants; Robert Hutchinson, Luther Pierce, Walter DockendorfE and Thomas Harriman, corporals; Lot Chadwick and Joseph Wright, musicians. IVins/ow. — Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Moore commanded the 3d Regiment, 2d Brigade, 8th Division of Maine militia in service in 1814,at Wiscassett. The officers from Kennebec county were; Herbert Moore, Winslow, lieutenant colonel; Nathan Stanley and Daniel Stevens, China, majors; Whiting Robinson, Clinton, surgeon's mate; Charles McFaddin, Vassalboro, paymaster; and Joseph Clark, Clinton, ad- jutant. Winslow had a company in Moore's regiment, and its commissioned officers were: James L. Child, captain; Washington Heald, lieutenant; William Getchell, ensign. The other officers were: William Harvey, James Heald, Joel Crosby, Abraham Bean, sergeants; Alvin Blackwell, Richard V. Hayden, Simeon Heald, Elisha Ellis, corporals. The privates numbered thirty-eight men. The adjutant general's office at Augusta also contains a manuscript record of enlistments in the regular army for 1812-14, carefully ar- ranged by companies and regiments; but the residences of the officers and men are not indicated. By the treaty of Ghent, December 24, 1814, the war ended, and the news was received in this country February 11, 1815, with great demonstrations of joy. CHAPTER VI. MILITARY HISTORY (Concluded.) The Civil War. — First Call for Troops. — Response by Kennebec County. — Early Enlistments. — Call of July 3, 1862. — Bounties. — Enlistments. — Equalization Bonds. — Peace.— General Seth Williams. — G. A. R. Posts. — Monuments. WHEN the angry mutterings of the storm that for years had been gathering over the institutions which held in check the aggressions of a despotic feudalism culminated, on that memorable 12th of April, in the crash which dismantled the walls of Fort Sumter and jarred the foundations of the nation, no section of the federal territory was more prompt and energetic in rallying to the protection of the loyal colors than Maine. In twenty-four hours from the time the despatches from Washington were bulletined, whole com- panies had reported to their officers, regiments were in readiness for the roll-call, and impatiently awaited orders to enter the service. Although 00,000 men were enrolled in the state militia, only 1,200 were, in the language of the adjutant general, "in a condition to re- spond to calls for ordinary duty within the state," while their uniforms, equipments and camp equipage were of a character totally unfitted for service in the field. Seven days from the issuing of the call from Washington for 75,000 men, the legislature, at a special session convoked by Governor Wash- burn, passed an act authorizing the organization of ten regiments of infantry, and the bonding of a loan of one million dollars for their equipment. Under this act six regiments were mustered into the ser- vice; and such was the celerity with which they were equipped and forwarded that we find it recorded that of all the loyal troops who were actually engaged in the first battle of Bull Run, one fourth, at least, were sons of the Pine Tree state, and of these as large a ratio were citizens of Kennebec county. The disastrous result of this en- gagement led to an immediate call for more troops, accompanying which aitthority was granted by the war department to organize, in the maximum, eight new regiments of light infantry. At the close of the year 1861 Maine had enlisted fifteen regiments of infantry, one regiment of cavalry, six batteries of light artillery, one company of sharpshooters and four companies of coast guards. For these various MILITARY HISTORY. 123 companies, Kennebec county furnished 1,535 enlisted men-, credited to the towns as follows: Albion. — James Austin, Albert Bessee, Atwood Crosby p at Rich- mond July 21 61, Augustine Crosby p at Richmond July 21 61, Rodney Crosby, Albert D. Foss p at Richmond, Martin Foss p at New Orleans July 21 61, Lieut. John vS. French 1^: at Rappahannock Station Nov. 7 63, William H. Gifford, Henry S. F. Gerald, Erastus H. Hamilton d at Ship Island Mar. 23 62, Amaziah F. T. Hussey, Timan N. Hamilton, James Jameson, Marshall Lawrence, Rufus F. Lancaster, Morrison Leonard w at Baton Rouge d Aug. 62, William Mayberry, Walter H. Morrison, James Murdough d at Yorktown 62, John Nade, Gilman S. Ouinn d Jan. 12 62, James A. Ridlon, John W. Ridlon, Rodolphus Rider, Daniel Rollins, William B. Robinson, William A. Stackpole, Warren B. Stinson, Charles Seekins, w July 10 63 and May 20 64, Lieut. Joseph H. Spencer w at Baton Rouge, William H. Tabor, C. B. Taber, Atwell M. Wixon w at Chantilly. Augusta. — Cyrus D. Albee, Lieut. James H. Albee, George Allen d in 63, James M. Allen, Judson Ames, George W. Annable, Lieut. Hol- man M. Anderson p at Gum Springs June 20 63, William R. Anderson, Edward H. Austin, Riley B. Avery, George F. Bachelder w June 1 64, George E. Bartlett, George M. Bean, Josiah W. Bangs, Algernon S. Bangs, Capt. Edwin A. Bachelder, C. M. Bachelder, Lieut. Silas C. Barker, Musician Fenelon G. Barker, Charles Berry, Chap. George W. Bartlett, Josiah L. Bennett w June 16 64 d May 10 65, Samuel Ben- nett, Gardiner Beal, C. F. Beal d Feb. 8 63, Homer S. Bean d Nov. 4 62, Samuel Berry, Charles S. Beverley, Sherebiah H. Billington w July 2 64, Thomas G. Billington, Josiah B. Blackman, Wingate W. Brad- bury, Sumner S. Brick, William H. Brooks, Jeremiah Buckley, George H. Brick, Eli A. Black d at Fernandina Aug. 14 63, Isaac P. Billington, William Bushea, John W. Boynton, John H. Breen w and p May 5 64, Samuel F. Bennett, George W. Bowman k May 12 64, William Bren- nan, Jacob Bolton, Sumner L. Brick, Isaac C. Brick, William H. Brick, William H. Brock d April 20 64, Adjt. Edwin Burt, George F. Burgess d at Fernandina Sept. 21 62, B. C. Bickford, W. A. Brown, Calvin H. Burden p at Bull Run k July 2 63, William Bolton, Byron Branch, Nathan H. Call w July 2 63, Francis M. Caswell, Horace Church, George L. Cromett w March 10 64, Charles Clark, John A. Clark, Augustus Chadwick, Edgar M. Churchill, Warren B. Chapman w and p April 8 64, Samuel Cunningham, John F. Chase w July 3 63, Henry A. Cummmgs, Lemuel A. Cummings, William Campbell, Lieut. George Cony, George Cowell, William Cahoon, Charles Cunningham, Surg. Albert S.Clark, Capt. Nathaniel W.Cole, John Code d 63, Henry *Names transcribed by Captain Thomas Clark, adjutant general's office. The following abbreviations are used in these lists; k killed, w wounded, d died, p prisoner. 124 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Clark w July 18 63, Daniel H. Cunningham, L. M.Conway, I. H. Cook, Charles Clark, Chap. Andrew J. Church, Daniel Chadwick, George H. Chadwick. Nathaniel G. Church. Leander M. Clark, Amasa L.Cook, William Clark, Richard Cunningham, Lieut. Rufus T. Crockett, Lieut. Warren Cox p at Manassas k May 3 63, George Cunningham, Capt. Robert F. Dyer, David Day, Sylvester Davis, John J. Delmage, Milton Dellings, Charles S. Delano, Joseph Devine, Henry Day, Caleb Den- nison, Thomas Dougherty, Sewell Dickinson, Adj. Charles C. Drew p at Bull Run, William H. Dunn, Alden S. Dudley, Reuel W. Dutton, Charles F. Emerson, Elisha S. Fargo w at x\ntietam, Edmond Fay, Charles A. Farnham w Aug. 9 64, Samuel S. Farnham, George L. Fel- lows p at Bull Run k at Gettysburg July 2 63, George H. Fisher, Ro- land R. Fletcher, Elias W. Folsom, John Fox, Andrew J. Getchell, Edwin A. Getchell, William T. Getchell, H. A. Griffith, G. H. Gordon d from wounds, Samuel Gowell, Edward Gilley, Serg. Frederick Gannett w July 2 63, Leonard J. Grant, Daniel W. Gage, Samuel H. Gage, Com. Serg. Lorenzo D. Grafton, William Gordon, Solomon Gordon, Dennis Getchell, Alonzo H. Getchell, Henry W. Getchell, George W. Gould d at Carrollton La. Sept. 4 62, Daniel Gordon, Robert Gilley, Marcellus Gale, Hartwell Hatch w, Elijah S. Horn k Dec. 13 63, Reuel Haskell, Samuel Hall, Andrew Herrin p at Gettysburg, Richard B. Hussey, Henry Hutcherson, John Hayes, Otis Haskell, Lieut. Lucius M. S. Haynes, Albert B. Hall, Hadley O. Hawesw, George Hawes, Elijah K. Hill, William H. Hersum, Isaac C. Hovey, Henry Hodsdon, George Ingraham, Horace Ingraham, Thomas F. Ingraham, Henry W. Jones, John W. Jones p at Bull Run June 1 62 k July 2 63, Thomas C. Jones, William H. Jones, John A. Keating, Edwin A. Keay, George A. Kim- ball, Levi W. Keen, Miles H. Keene, Orrin Keene w May 16 64, George H. Kimball, Capt. William H. Kimball, John H. Larrabee, Aaron Leighton, L. H. Livermore, William Leighton, Lyman E. Leach, Edwin Ladd, Col. M. B. Lakeman, John Leighton w at Cold Harbor June 3 64, Ira B. Lyon, Harvey N. Leighton w at Fair Oaks, William F. Locke k at Chancellorsville May 3 63, Martin Lord, Abijah S. Lord, Ira Lovejoy, Otis Ludwick, John McMaster, John McMaster jun. w July 8 63, Alexander McDavitt, Reuel Merrill, William McDavitt jun., William McDonald p at Bull Run, Hos. St. Joseph D. Moore, Ambrose Marriner, Lieut. Jo.seph H. Metcalf, J. A. Mann, Edward Murphy, Joseph W. Merchant, Horace A. Manley, Bradford Mc- Farland, John Mahoney, Jeremiah Murphy, John M.Mosher d Oct. 19 63, William C. Moore, Lieut. Fred A. Morton, Daniel B. Morey, Peter B. Merry, William E. Mariner d at Yorktown May 13 62, Henry C. Marston, Henry McMaster, John Morphy, Thomas Murphy d Dec. 13 62, John W. Murphy, James W. McGregor d in service, Charles P. Morton, William N. Murray, John B. Murray, R. S. McCurdy, F. S. Morton, Edward E. Myrick, William H. Nason w May 4 63, William MILITARY HISTORY. 125 Nason d in Maine, Capt. Joseph Noble, Frank Nutting, Amos B. Nichols, Andrew Nicholas. Augustus Nichols, Lyman C. Neal \v July 2 6B, James Orick, James M. Porter, John Parker w July 30 64, Henry Parker, John H. Packard, John O. Perry, Frank Perry, Eben Packard d Mar. 17 63, Allen Partridge, Thomas O. Pease, Henry E. Patterson d at Carrollton La. Aug. 17 62, Augustus Plummer, Lieut. Frank C. Peirce, George E. Pond, Horace P. Pike, Mansfield H. Pettingill, Capt. Edward C. Pierce, Daniel Pease jun., William Place, Stephen H. Prescott, Asa Piper, N. Byron Phillips, John W. Phinney, Asbury Pottle, Lieut. A. R. Quinby, Silas Reed, Peter Russell, John P. Ryan, William Ryan, Charles L. Ray, James Rideout, Serg. Asa C. Rowe k July 2 63, Emerson Remick d at Yorktown May 4 62, Capt. Thomas L. Reed, Benjamin A. Ray, Lieut. H. M. Rines, George N. Rice, Luther A. Robbins, Q. M. Ivory J Robinson, G. L. Rus.sell, Alfred Savage p July 8 63 and July 18 64, Charles Stilkey, W. M. Sabin, William Stover, Charles O. Stone, William H. Spofford, George W. Stone, Edward A. Smart, George E. Stickney, Stephen M. Scales, Lewis Selbing w and p at Manassas, J. H. Spauld- ing, E. A. Stewart, Thomas Sawtelle, James Sullivan, Thomas Stevens, Nathan W. Savage, James F. Snow, William A. Swan, William H. Stacey, Col. Henry G. Staples, Lieut. William T. Smith, Cyrus A. Sturdy, Major Greenlief T. Stevens w May 3 and July 2 63, Lieut. Henry Sewall, Jason Spear, John N. Scott d Nov. 25 63 in New Or- leans, Capt. Samuel G. Sewall, Enoch Sampson d in rebel prison Aug. 12 64, James Scott, Greenleaf Smart, Harrison R. Stone, Charles E. Smith, Charles A. Thoms, George H. Thompson p at Manassas w Aug. 81 62, Actor P. Thompson, W. S. Thoms, Caleb Trask, Alfred Trask, John A. Trufant w at Slaughter Mountain, Arnold P. Thompson, Lieut. James L. Thompson, Alan.son G. Taylor d at Carrollton La. Oct. 30 62, George Taylor, William H. Taylor, Aaron C. Varney w Aug. 2 and d Aug. 22 63, Peleg O. Vickery, Thomas H. Welch p at Bull Run d Dec. 23 62 from wounds received at Fair Oaks, Nathaniel Wentworth, Frank White, Edwin S. Witherell, Frank Whitney, Lewis Widge, Elbridge Warren, Randall S. Webb, G. P. Wentworth, C. H. Wagg, Charles Whittemore, Daniel Williams, Asa Wing, Charles H. White, Serg. Charles B. Whittemore, John O. Webster, Thaddeus S. Wmg, George Woods, Orison Wood k at Manassas Aug. 30 62, True Whit- tier, Capt. Edward P. Wyman, George M. Wyman, Charles O. Wyman, William A. Young. Belgrade. — James M. Rockwood, Charles M. Stevens, Albert Aus- tin, Samuel E. Frost w at Gettysburg July 2 63, Lieut. George S. Blake p June 20 63, Henry C. Kennison, Roscoe S. Farnham d at Hil- ton Head June 18 62, John M. Rockwood, Lorenzo H. Wallace, Wil- liam H. Lord, Charles L. Damrem, Sanford Bartlett k in R.R. collision June 1 62, Henry Frost, Henry Richard.son p at Cedar Mountain. 126 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Benton. — Reuel W. Brown, Rufus F. Brown, W. Scott Brown d Mar. 1 64, Sumner Emery, William H. Goodale, Lieut. Nathaniel Hanscom d at Fair Oaks June 16 62, Asher C. Hinds, Nathaniel P. Hudson, Charles H. Pratt, Charles H. Preston p at Bull Run July 21 61, Chand- ler Reynolds, George H. Robinson, Joel C. Smiley, John McClusky, Erastus McKenney, John A. McKinney, Alonzo Wyman, Lorenzo Wyman, Bowman Wood, Luke B. Williams. China. — John H. Babcock, Asst. Surg. George E. Brickett, William V. Cook, Jacob Emery, John Farris, Augustus P. Jackson, Charles H. Johnson, Ira S. Jones, Capt. James P. Jones, Daniel B. Hanson w May 6 64, Edward P. Hanscom p, Sylvester L. Hatch, Roscoe G. Hamlin, Western Hallowell, William Holmes d at Columbian Hospital Dec. 29 61, Samuel W. Howes p Mar. 2 d in prison 6.5, John M. Hussey, Al- vanah Libby, Augustus Libbey, Samuel R. McCurdy, Isaac Morrill w Aug. 30 62, Charles H. Plummer, George W. Rogers, Charles L. Rob- tins d at New Orleans May 26 62, G. L. Robinson, George Stewart, George L. Spaulding p, Charles G. Thwing, Edmund Thombs, Chap. James A. Varney, Francis P. Ward, Daniel Ward, Joseph F. Winslow p at Bull Run, George N. Wiggin p at Winchester, Capt. Everett M. Whitehouse, Capt. Eli H. Webber, George Weymouth, Ora C. Wyman. Chelsea. — Andrew J. Bailey w July 2 63, James W. Bailey, Robert Brawn, William H. Booker, Rinaldo Brown, John H. Cappers, Henry •Cappers w Oct. 19 64, Charles H. Caniston, Charles J. Dalton p, John F. Davis d at Baltimore May 26 62, Nathan Durgin, James S. Emerson, Joseph Irwin, G. H. Kimball, C. M. Kimball w, George W. Kenniston w at Fair Oaks, Benjamin F. Merrill, Daniel Moulton, John McPike, Franklin B. Neal, James Robbins, Henry Stevens, Harrison B. San- born, Joseph H. Stone d of wounds received May 12, Laratius Stevens d at Newport News Apr. 62, Austin Yelden. Clinton. — Franklin Bagley, Jonathan Bagley, Oliver Bagley, Wil- liam Bagley, Justin E. Brown, William Chandler, David Cole, Asbury Cole, Horace Cole, Patrick Connor, Gardiner L. Eastman, Alpheus R. Eastman, Sumner Flood, Almason Fly, Adam C. Goodwin w June 27 62, James Gerald, Increase F. Goodwin, John C. Flail, Harrison D. Hobbs d from wounds July 1 62, Lieut. Alvin S. Hall d of wounds re- ceived May 6, Philander Hunter p May 2 63, Albert M. Harriman, Cyrus Hunter, Horace Hunter w and p at Richmond July 21 61 d in prison from wounds, William Hunter, Melvin Hunter, John Kelley, Orren Kendall, Augustus Knox, Jesse Kimball w at Drury's Bluff May 16 64, John F. Lamb, Henry W. Livingston, George A. Lewis, Arthur F. Malcom, Ora M. Nason p at Gettysburg, Horatio N. Reed, Charles M. Reed, George Ricker, A. Riley Spaulding, James P. .Spaulding, George Sargent, David Spearin, Dustan Smith, Charles S. Thompson, MILITARY HISTORY. 127 James Thurston, John Winn, Warren Weymouth, Alonzo Weymouth, John Weymouth. Faruiiiigdalc. — Alvin Brann, Eugene D. Burns, Charles E. Carter, Eugene B. Carter, Joseph L. Colcord, Joseph B. Cannon, Albert J. Colcord, Edwin A. Colcord k Aug. 30 62, Henry C. Carter w at Manas- .sas, Benjamin F. Grover k at Chancellorsville May 3 63, Charles J. Higgins wat Middleburgh Ya. June 19 61, Alvin M. Johnson w at Mid- dleburgh Va. June 19 61, Franklin Lowell, Henry M. Neal, Reuben S. Neal p, George W. Rice, William J. Seavey d at Washington, Seth Sweetland p at Annapolis w at Chantilly, Frank Sweetland, Alonzo Sweetland, Frank W. Whitney, William A. Winter. Fayettc.~Q.2c^\. John E. Bryant, Charles E. Clough d July 14, 62, Edwin R. Crane d at Baton Rouge July 25 62, Otis Conant, Charles L. Crane w at Chancellorsville May 3 63, Capt. Lewis Chase, Arthur D. Chase, Stephen Fellov.'s, Stephen H. French, Allen Fisk, Charles H. K. French, Henry H. Folsom, Lewis C. Gordon, De Forrest M. Gille, Calvin S. Gordon, William H. Irish, Sylvester Jones, Daniel H. Mor- rill, Charles F. Palmer p at Winchester, James G. Palmer, George H. Palmer, Thaxter B. Safford, G. B. Sanborn, Sturdevant, Freeman C. Thurston d June 2 62, Calvin C. Woodworth. Gardiner.— ^\\\\2xa. A. Abbott, Peter Adlay, Lieut. George E. At- wood w, Lieut. George S. Andrews, Eben Andrews, Francis Anne, Ellis W. Ayer, Thomas O. Brian, Lieut. Thomas A. Brann, Daniel H. Backus, William C. A. Brown, Michael Burns, Roscoe G. Buck, Joshua H. Crane, John F. Crawford, Capt. James M. Colson, Lieut. Parlin Crawford w July 2 63, George B. Douglass, Roswell Dunton, Capt. Augustus P. Davis, Frederick W. Dahlman, We.stbrook Deane, Horace W Dale k July 2 63, John C. Dalton p at Fair Oaks w May 3 63, John S. Dennis w July 2 63, Alexander Fuller, Joseph M. Fuller, Sewell F. Frost p. Hamden A. Fall, Sylvester S. Fall w Aug. 30 62, Charles H. Foy w July 2 63. Lincoln Grover, William Garland, J. B. Grover, Lin- coln Grover, John H. Howe, Horace W. Hildreth, Charles A. Hildreth, Charles Hodges p, Osgood Hildreth d at Gaines Hill, Phineas B. Hammond, Lieut. Melvin S. Hutchinson, Leander C. Hinckley d at Alexandria Apr. 12 61, William Horn, George M. Houghton w, Albion T. Hutchinson, George H. Hutchinson, Horatio N. Jarvis k in action Aug. 30 62. Capt. William E. Jarvis, Orison D. Jaquith, Charles H. Jaquith, Augustus Jack, William Jordan, John S. Kelley, Capt. George S. Kimball k June 19 63, James W. Kimball, Samuel W. Kimball, Meltiah W. Lawrence, James M. Larrabee, William Libby, Lieut. Horatio S. Libby, Hiram L. Lawrence, Charles F. McLond, Joseph Lunt p June 9 63, Parker G. Lunt, Thomas Lunt, James W. McDonald, John C. Meader, Charles H. Merrill, William Maher, Capt. John S. Moore, Lieut. Gus- tavus Moore, Joseph C. Morrison p May 2 63, Michael Murray, Bargill S. Newell, Ingraham Nickerson, Lieut. Thomas L Noyes, Thaddeus 128 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Page, Surg. Gideon S. Palmer, Sidney Patten, James H. Pope, Benja- min F. Pincin, Almon J. Packard, Nathan E. Quint, Peter Reaves p May 3 63, John Redman, Luther Ridley, Edwin M. Reed d of wounds received at Manassas, Hiram H. Ricker, Mellen Ring, Ira Rollins, Thomas J. Robinson, William H. Robinson, Osgood M. Sampson, William C. Stewart, David Stevens, David M. Stevens, George H. Smith d Feb. 13 63, John Sawyer, George F. Spear k July 2 63, Charles H. Spear, Hiram B. Stevens, George W. Stevens, William H. Sturte- vant, Eugene A. Smith, Robert A. Stinchfield p at Fair Oaks, Robert Strickland, William M. Stone, David Strong, Dexter Taylor, William F. Taylor, Abijah W. Tripp, H. D. Tarbox, Emerson Turner jun., Col. Isaac N. Tucker, A. B. Wakefield, George Ware, Hiram Wakefield d Jan. 11 62, William H. Wakefield, James Witham, John Webber, Frank Williams, Moses S. Wadsworth, Fife Maj. Moses M. Wads- worth, Lieut. Denola Witham k May 3 63, G. C. Wentworth, James F. Williams, Nathan Willard, Charles B. Winslow, Capt. Henry P. Wor- cester, Stephen D. W^akefield, Nathan N. Walker k May 23 64, George M. Washburn, Orrin H. Weeks, Charles H. Welch, William Weight. //rr/Zimr//.— Horatio N. Atherton, Henry A. Albee, Henry A. Ar- thur, Jesse Austin, Elijah Bartes, Plummer Butler, Charles H. Bubier, Charles M. Bursley p at Manassas May 10 64, Ammi A. Burgess, Martin V. B. Benman, Sumner H. Bryant d Jan. 8 63, Charles Bancroft w July 2 63 k July 2 63, Albert S. Buswell, William F. Bragg, Hugh Burns, Erastus B. Burgess, John W. Bryant, Lorenzo Chamberlain, Horace E. Choate w Aug. 16 64, Daniel Calaghan, James S. Choate, George F. Chamberlain d Aug 21 63, Joseph D. Carr d at Harrison Landing July 4 62, Henry S. Currier, Joshua Cunningham, Sewell S. Douglass, Augustus L. Dunn, John Dunn, George F. Douglass, George H. Dear- born. Charles M. Dodge, Hazen H. Emerson p May 5 64, William J. Emerson, Nathaniel Ellery, David H. Ellery, Albert Fly, David Flavin, James Frank, George A. Francis, Lieut. George S. Fuller, John P. Greeley, Lieut. Franklin Glazier, Capt. George O. Getchell d May 30 64, William B. Oilman, Capt. C. W. Gardner, Harry W. Gardner, Edwin S. Goodwin p May 3 63 d at Annapolis 64, Charles C. Oilman k May 1 64, Orlando Gould, George W. Oilman, Sherburne E. George, Weston Oilman, James H. Haskell, Joseph S. Haskell, Frank B. Howe, William W. Heath, William H. Hodges, Reuel M. Heath, James T. Howard, George W. Hubbard, Joseph E. Howe jun,, Frank B. Howe, John F. Hobbs, Lieut. John B. Hubbard, Lieut. Hannibal A. Johnson p July 2, Capt. Gorham S. Johnson, Thomas Keenan, Major Kelley, James Leighton, William E. Laughton, John H. Lowell, O. jSI. Charles H. Lincoln, Jackson M. Libbey, Byron Lowell, William E. Mathews, George O. Morrill w at Chantilly, Charles C. Morrill, Capt. John M. Nash, George E. Nason, J. Edwin Nye, Capt. George A. Nye, Alonzo D. Pottle, John A. Paine w July 1 63, George W. Piper w Oct. 19 64, MILITARY HISTORY. ]29 Charles B. Rogers k July 2 63, Sanford E. Runnells d June 16 62, George S. Ricker, George O. Russell w at Manassas, Joshua Robinson, Frank B. Runnells, William F. Richards, Ferdinand S. Richards p Oct. 62, Lieut. John S. Snow, Joseph W. Swain, Frank E. Sager, Ben- jamin A. Smith, Lieut. John W. Sanborn, Charles Smith p, Spooner Simmons, Stephen Simmons, William B. Smith, Richard D. Smith, Henry A. Swanton, Stephen H. Simmons p at Richmond, Eben S. Stevens w at Malvern Hill, Charles Tobey, John Tommony, John Tomony, Thomas E. Wagoner, William White, Reuben A. Went- worth, Francis H. Weymouth, Noah F. Weeks, George S. Wood- bridge, William Wiley. Albert T. Wharton, Amos Webber jnn. d at Georgetown Jan. 14 62, William '\\'illis, Horace F. Woods, Charles H. Watson, George Webber w at Chancellorsville, Samuel Wannofsky p June 30 62, Edward Willis. Litchfield. — Surg. Enoch Adams, George Allen, George A. W. Bliss, William H. Bosworth, Lieut. James S. Burke, George S. Buker, R. Franklin Chase, Charles F. Campbell, Charles H. Chick, George H. Douglass, Edward H. Dunn w at Gaines Hill d Apr. 16 64, Watson Foster, Alphonso C. Gowell, Emery Gilbert, Frank Gilbert, Lewis E. Grant, Levi Gordon, w at Manassas, Page F. Grover, John C. Grover d at New Orleans Nov. 12 63, Charles M. Hattin, John H. Hayden, George A. Howard, Joseph E. Howard, Bradford T. Howard, William K. Huntington, G. H. Huntington, Edward L. Knowlton w at Chan- cellorsville May 3 63, Lieut. J. Edwin Libby d Sept. 16 63, Lieut. Joseph E. Latham, Benjamin Landers, Thomas H. Lombard p July 23 63, George M. Maxwell k at Fredericksburg May 4 63, Darius Meader, George Meader, Joseph Meader, John W. Neal k in action June 19 63, John Potter w May 5 64, Joseph E. Perry, John Perry d Jan. 15 64, Joseph J. Perry, Cyrus Perry, Warren D. Stuart, Orrin A. True, H. S. Vining, Jones M. Waire, Hutchinson E. Williams, Thomas S. Wedge wood. Manchester. — Isaac L. Brainard d June 29 62 at New Orleans, Her- bert T. N. Brainard d Mar. 22 62 at Ship Island, Xerxes O. Campbell, James G. Cummings, Augustus A. Caswell, Greenleaf D. Greely, Seth D. Gordon, John L. Hatch, Joseph T. Hewins, Elias Howard, Silas F. Leighton w July 2 63, William H. Lyon w at Manassas, Henry F. Lyon k at Shepherdstown July 16 62, L. W. Merrill d Nov. 6 62, Wel- lington Murray d at Fernandina Aug. 22 62, Wellington Murney, Ira Mason, George B. Safford, Joseph H. Spencer, Thomas Sun, Alton M. Stackpole, George E. Tums, John H. Varney. Monmouth. — Nathaniel Billington d at Point Lookout Sept 18 62, William A. Bowers d Dec. 25 62, Nathaniel Boynton, Lieut. William H Briggs k May 30 64, William H. H. Brown, John Chick. Capt. Gran- ville P. Cochrane, Lewis H. Cushman, Asa W. Cummings d at Wash- 9 130 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ington, Warren S. Folsom d 62, Andrew J. Fogg w May 4 63, Frank M. Follynsbee, Horace C. Frost, Adj. Henry O. Fox w at Fair Oaks, Otis H. Getchell, Charle.s F. Oilman, John O. A. Oilson, Nathaniel O. Gilson, Joshua Oray, Valentine R. Orey, Oeorge B. Hall p at Antie- tam, Francis Hall, Silas E: Hinkley d Oct. 30 63, Charles H. Hinkley, John B. Hodsdon, George H. Hutchins, John Ingersoll, William H. Jones, Thompson S. Keenan, Charles K. Keenan, Henry F. Leach, Harlow Z. Murch, W. Scott Norcross w June 27 62, Capt. Greenleaf K. Norris, John B. Parsons, Shepard Pease d Aug. 6 62, S. B. Plummet, Solomon O. Prescott, Josiah T. Smith, George Small, Nathaniel M. Smith, Joseph S. Taylor, Emeelus S. Tozier, Milburn S. Tozier, Frank Wardsworth, Edward P. White, Lieut. Spencer F. Wadsworth, Lieut. John F. Witherell, Elias H. Wadsworth. Mt. Vcrno)i. — Ansel H. Cram, Roscoe G. Cram, Capt. John P. Car- son, Samuel Davis, Benjamin F. Griffin, Calvin C. Griffin, George W. Griffin, F. M. Oilman, John H. Gordon w at Slaughter Mountain, De- lano Leighton, Otis McOaffey d at Frederick.sburg Nov. 30 62, George McOaffey, William B. Morse, Daniel S. Norris, George G. Potter, Jo- siah F\ Pearl d July 6 63, George M. Rollins, Edwin L. Robinson d at New Orleans June 23 62, Wesley Storer d Jan. 29 62, C. E. Scofield, Henry Sargent, Leroy H. Tuttle, John R. Teague, Oliver Trask d in hospital May 10 62, Everard Thing p at Winchester w, O. J. Wells, Parker Wyman. Coolidge Whitney, Verona AVhittier, T. J. Woods p at Bull Run, George Whittier, James M. Wright, Charles B. Williams, George W. Woods, Lorenzo W^eston, Cyrus M. W^illiams. Pittston. — Walter N. Boynton, Daniel Brookings, John G. Boynton, Harrison H. Blair d Oct. 16 62, Kendall Bickford, Hiram W. Colburn, W^illiam Connor, Levi Connor, William Denene, Lewis Gray d Feb. 20 63, vSeth Hunt, Capt. Eben D. Haley w Oct. 19 64, Simeon F. Hunt ■d June 3 62, Rodney C. Harriman, Alexander T. Katon d July 8 62, Robert A. Morton, Daniel M. Moody w July 2 63, Andrew Nelson, John L. Newhall, George W. Nichols, Alvin A. Potter, David Potter, Daniel Plummer, Millen Potter, Thomas A. Richardson, Joseph A. Shea, Joseph W. Stewart, Calvin R. Sears, Joseph A. Spea, George W. Thompson, Franklin Trask, Charles L. Ware, C. L. C. Wease. RcadfiAd.—]dWxi F. Brown d at Hilton Head Dec. 5 61, Charles C. Brown w July 18 63, Henry G. Blake, Lewis F. Brown d at Little Washington Va. Aug. 4 62, Lemuel S. Brown, William P. Caldwell k July 4 62, Benjamin J. Cram, James L. Craig, Lieut Hamlin F. Eaton, Elias H. Gove, Robert Gordon, Lieut. Dudley L. Haines, John M. Howes, William H. Howard, Abner Haskell d Jan. 2 63, Lieut. Charles B. Haskell w at Fair Oaks d June 12 62, Herbert Hunton, Emory L. Hunton, Samuel Hunton, George W. Handy, George H. Holden, Den- nis B. Jewett, Lieut. Noah Jewett, Charles R. Kitteridge, Franklin M. La Croix, George Lyons, Capt. Melville C. Linscott, William H. MILITARY HISTORY. 131 Linscott, Joseph S. Merrill, David A'. Merrill, Elijah A. Mace, Joseph S. Morrill, Auburn Merrill, Charles S. Morse. Jacob P. Morrill w at Fair Oaks, Michael Moran, Hugh S. Newall, Anson B. Perkins, Chris- topher C. Putnam, Thomas H. B. Pierce, Thomas A. Packard, Oscar E. Robbins, Bradbury N. Thomas, Zadoc H. Thomas, Henry C. Thomas, Alvaro S. Whittier, Charles H. Williams, Elbridge G. Wright, George W. Wright, Hebron M. Wentworth, Cyrus B. Whittier. Rome. — Arthur Mclntire, Wheelock Moshier, William H. Charles, Russell Clement, Lafayette Clement, Abram S. Brooks. Sidney.— Z\i2iX\Q& H. Arnold p at Gettysburg July 2 63, Perry Arnold. Calvin Bacon, William E. Brown w at Gettysburg, Joseph A. Clark d in prison June 22 64, Francis O. Dealing, Allen H. Drummond w Dec. 13 63, William Ellis, Charles T. Ellis, George A. Ellis k at Chantilly, Henry Field, Ausburn Hutchins, James H. Mathews, - George W. Nason p May 2 63. Hiram G. Robinson, Greenleaf W. Robinson p May 2 63, Joel F. Richardson, Charles H. Robinson, John E. Shaw d at New Orleans Aug. 17 62, Augustus M. Sawtelle, August- ine P. Smiley w at Bull Run, Henry AV. Sawtelle, John R. Sawtelle, •Charles W. Smiley, Charles Snell, Allen Smith, James A. Thomas, ■George F. Wixen, William Henry Young. Unity Plantation. — George Davis, Samuel A. Myrick. Vassalboro.—Q,\i2iX\&& F. Austin, Albert C. Ballard p at Richmond July 21 61, Llewellyn Ballard w and p at Richmond July 21 61, Lean- der Bean, Joab D. Bragg, Lewis Bragg, George E. Burgess, Jefferson Bragg, William H. Brown d Oct. 24 62, Daniel W. Buzzell, Edmund P. Buck, Frederick O. Chick. Eugene AV. Cross, Antone Cady, Benja- min B. Coombs, Alonzo P. Cortland, Daniel Eaton, Jeremiah A. Estes k Aug. 25 64, James R. Eaton, AVilliam Elliott, Lorenzo Farmington, George R. Freeman, George L. Freeman d at AVashington Dec. 19 61, James Farrell, H. P. Fairfield, Frank Forbes p at Bull Run July 21 61 k May 5 64, John E. Fossett w at Chantilly and Gettysburg July 2 63, Edwin P. Getchell, Edwin F. Getchell, A^an T. Gilbert, Alonzo Hinckley d Sept. 20 62, Thomas E. Home d Apr. 25 62, Orrick H. Hopkins, James W. Irving, AVilliam H. Irving, Asa AA^. Jaqueth, Ben- jamin Lamson, John W. Livermore, William AA''. Livermore w July 2 63, Samuel Lisherness, Henry Lyon k in action, Timothy Merrow, Horace S. Mills w in action, John McCommic, Capt. Richard AV. Mul- len w at Baton Rouge, George C. Morrow, AVilliam A. Merrill d Feb. 6 62, Cyrus M. Major d Dec. 9 63, Nathaniel Meigs d Nov. 13 62, John M. Mower, Allen W. Mills, John Morrow, Alamber H. Pray, Isaac C. Pratt, Benjamin Parker, Nathaniel P. Randall, George S. Rollins d of wounds received at Fredericksburg, William A. Robinson d Oct. 8 62, W. J. Rowe, AVilliam B. Shaw d Nov. 1862, George W. Sabins, Tim- othy Small jun., Edwin Small, Alonzo Stillings, George A. vStillings. Charles A. Smart w July 2 63, Lieut. Bradford AA^. Smart p at Manas- 132 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. sas, Charles H. Stone, G. W. Seward, Cyrus Southards, James H. Tay- lor, Nathan P. Taber p at Bull Run July 21 61, Albert Varney k in action, Orrison Warren, Hermon S. Webber w at Fair Oaks June 4 62 d Aug. 10 62, Elisha T. Weymouth, William Wentworth, Daniel Weeks, George A. Wills, James W. White, William Weiler, Charles H. Whitehouse, Eben W. Young p at Richmond. J"ic;nia.— H. G. Colby, Charles D. Hall, Daniel A. Lord, Jethro Brown, Marcellus Wells, Thomas Penn Rice, Warren Ladd d Dec. 24 61, Stephen P. Evans, Francis W. Ladd p at Annapolis, Orren B. Whittier d at New Orleans Nov. 20 62, Henry W. King, George Lord, Emulus F. Whittier. JVayue. — Stephen Allen, William H. Bean, Rufus N. Burgess, Francis Burgoine, James W. Boyle, Franklin Burrell, David Berry, Charles D. Crosby, Lieut. Archibald Clark w May 17 64, Hermon N. Dexter, Samuel T. Foss d at Ship Island 62, Darius Harriman, Lieut. Nelson H. Norris w. Greenwood Norris d July 30 62, William H. Prince d at Baton Rouge July 30 62, William R. Raymond w July 2 63, Ephraim D. Raymond d in New Orleans 62, George W. Ray- mond, Lyman E. Richardson w at Bull Run d at Manassas, Capt. Win- field Smith, John O. Sullivan, AVilliam Stevens. Waterville. — George T. Benson, George W. Bowman d May 13 62, James K. Bacon, George Bacon, David Bates w p at Richmond July 21 61 d of wounds, Charles Bacon d Nov. 3 of wounds received Oct. 27 64, Henry W. Barney, Levi Bushier, Thomas Butler, Daniel Black- stone, Horace Bow, John H. Bacon w July 2 63, William K. Barrett d at Richmond 62, William H. Bacon, Charles I. Corson, Andrew J. Cushman, Robert Cochran, Albert Corson d of wounds July 2 63, James M. Curtis, William H. Clapp, Henry Crowell, Baxter Crowell, George W. Davis w at Gettysburg, Henry Derocher p June 24 62, Charles W. Derocher, Lieut. John R. Day p June 20 63, James Dusty, Hadley P. D3'er, Luther N. Eames, Shepherd Eldridge w at Freder- icksburg, Charles A. Fenno, Henry N. Fairbanks, Hiram Fish d at Culpepper Oct. 4 63, Asst. Surg. Frank H. Getchell, John F. Goodwin, George Geyrough, Serg. Maj. Marshall P. Getchell, Cyrus C. Galusha, Henry Goulding p May 2 63, David B. Gibbs, David B. Gibbs jun. d Apr. 1 63, Lieut. Samuel Hamblen, Col. William S. Heath k at Gaines Hill June 27 62, Lieut. Col. Francis E. Heath, Lieut. Col. Frank S. Hesseltine, Capt. William A. Hatch, Charles A. Henrickson p at Rich- mond July 21 61, Adj. Frank W. Haskell, Algernon P. Herrick w at Chantilly, John S. Hodgdon, Albro Hubbard p, Isaiah H. James, Charles R. Kendall, George Lashers, George Littlefield, Albert G. Libbey, Solomon B. Lewis, Edward C. Low, Lieut. Charles AV. Lowe, Lieut. Edwin C. Lowe, Gott Lubier, Michael McFadden, Capt. George A. Mclntire, Watson Marston, John N. Messer, George M. Maxham, Hezekiah O. Nickerson, Sylvanus Nook, Paul Oeward, Lafayette Oli- MILITARY HISTORY. 133 ver, William Penney, Capt. James H. Plaisted, John H. Plummer, Nathaniel Parley, Henry P. Perley, Gott Pooler, George Perry w May 20 64, William D. Peavey, Joseph M. Penney d at Waterville Nov. 19 62, Joseph Perry k Aug. 80 62, Peltiah Penney, Peter Preo, Charles Perry, Edw. S. Percival, Frank D. Pullen, James Perry w at Gettys- burg July 2 63, Abram Ranco, Moses Renco, Lucius Rankins, James F. Ricker, Elisha M. Rowe, William Rowe, David Seavey, Charles R. Shorey, Jacob Shurburne, Major Abner R. Small, Jason K. Stevens, Frank O. Smiley, Charles W. Thing, Henry A. Thing, John Tallus, Welcome Thayer, Lieut. Henry E. Tozier w May 20 64, Albert Tozier d in Waterville, Asa L. Thompson d Dec. 26 62, Levi Vique, Hos. St. W. W. West, George L. Wheeler k at Chantilly, William W. Wyman w at Bull Run, Henry White d at Fredericksburg Oct. 20 62, Alvin B. Woodman, Eugene H. Young. IVest Gardiner. — Joseph Edwin Babb, Jeremiah C. Bailey, Amos J. Bachelder, George W. Bailey w July 2 63, Hiram Babb, Lieut. Alfred G. Brann, Lieut. Cyrus W. Brann, James S. Burns, Charles A. Cooke, William O. Davis, Stephen S. Emerson, Henry Fairbanks, George E. Grover, William F. Haines, Adams Johnston p at Bull Riin July 21 61, William H. Jewett, Seward Merrill. Charles J. McCausland, L. D. Mc- Kinney, Horace Morrill, Ferdinand A. Nudd, Dexter W. Page, Wil- liam H. Peacock, Cyrus S. Peacock, Hubbard C. Smith, Daniel S. Smith, Ari Thompson, Ebenezer Whitney. Windsor. — Samuel R. Cottle d in service 64, James O. Carroll p at Manassas, E. B. F. Colby, Albert A. Craig, Francisco Colburn .William Dockendorff, Byron H. Farrington d at Washington Aug. 22 62, Capt. John Goldthwait, George Gray, William H. Hewitt, Daniel Hallowell, S. C. Huntley, Francis J. Lacey, William Lisherness, William B. Mar- •son, George L. Marson, Melmouth M. Marson d Jan. 22 64, Oakman W. Marson, Daniel Melvin d at New Orleans Sept. 30 62, George A. Pollard, Nathan Peva, George H. Pevea, Freeman C. Pera, Harrison Reed, Seth Rhines, Edward W. Sanborn, Wentworth L. Sampson, Lu- cius S. vStarkey, David Stevens, Reuel W. Trask, Lieut. Marcellus Vin- ing w May 12 64. Winsloiv.—]. Holman Abbott, George A. Baker, Elisha S. Baker, Daniel Burgess, George H. Bassett, Rial M. Bryant w at Fair Oaks d June 7 62, George W. Boulter, Charles H. Burgess k June 20 64, Fran- cis E. Chadwick, Simon McCausland, George C. Drummond, Daniel H. Elliott, Serg. Maj. Andrew W. Fuller, James E. Fox, Edward F. Garland, Martin V. Guptill, John L. Hale, Llewellyn E. Hodges, Max- cey Hamlin. Charles W. Jackins, Assenius Littlefield, George L. Mor- rill, Isaac Morrill, George P. Morrell, Addison Morrill, Edward B. Merrill, Frank E. Nelson, Albion Osborn, Asa Pollard d at Yorktown June 62, Homer Proctor, Henry Pollard, Otis Pollard w July 22 63, Charles Pillsbury, William Pollard d Dec. 4 62, Hiram S. Pollard, 134 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Rufus Preble k at Antietam, George A. Pollard. George W. Pillsbury p at New Orleans July 21 61, William T. Prebble, Harri.s C. Quinby, Amasa Spaulding, Henry Spaulding, Charles E. Smiley, Sharon C. Taylor, William H. Taylor, Seward A. Wood, Hiram C. Webber d of wounds Aug. 18 63, Oliver W. Wilson d July 27 62. Wint/irop. — Andrew P. Bachelder d at Andersonville, Orrin G. Babb, William H. Burgess k July 2 63, John W. Bussell, George A. Butler p July 2 63 d Andersonville, Andrew C. Butler, William P. Bailey, Samuel Ballantine, Weston Burgess, John Bessee, Frank Beal w May 16 64, Rish worth A. Burgess, Franklin S. Briggs, George W. Chandler, Franklin Buyer, Thomas M. Daniels, Charles H. Dearborn p Ander- sonville, Stephen H. Day mortally w Sept. 20 63, John Dealy jun. k June 9 63, AVilliam Durham mortally w Sept. 62, Lieut. William Elder,. James M. Forsaith, Melville N. Freeman, Thomas R. Forsaith, David P. Freeman w at Fair Oaks, Warren A. Friend p near Richmond June 29 62, Albert H. Frost k at Gettysburg July 2 63, Calvin B. Green, David Grant d at New York June 13 62, Edwin Goldthwait, John F. Ga.slin w at Fair Oaks, Christopher Hammond, James M. Holmes, Ivory C. Hanson, Capt. Thomas S. Hutchins, Elijah T. Jacobs, Henry Judkins, Lieut. Bimsley S. Kelley, Lieut. Daniel Lothrop, Solomon A. Nelke, George Perkins, Daniel W. Philbrook p at Chancellorsville, Lieut. Henry Penniman w July 2 63, Elias Pullen, Orrin Quint, Capt. William L. Richmond, James C. Ricker p July 2 63, Sumner H. Stan- ley, Charles H. Smiley, Joseph H. Sterns, Charles J. Sterns, Patrick H. Snell, Charles D. Sleeper, Edward F. Towns, Edward K. Thomas k May 6 64, Stephen A. Thurston, George W. Upton d at Yorktown May 19 62, George W. Williams, A. G. H. Wood w at Gettysburg July 2 63, William G. Wilson k in action, Andrew Woodbury. The president's call of July 2, 1862, for 300,000 volunteers chilled the hearts of men like the clang of a death-knell. The youthful pas- sion for war that gave the first summons all the joyous peal of the ■wedding chimes had now subsided. The beautiful vista of valient achievements and brilliant victories which fancy painted had grad- ually faded away, and, like a dissolving view from the stereoscope, war, hideous in its vestments of blood and carnage, had taken its place on the screen. The days of filling state quotas by the impulse of chivalry were gone. Some inducement must be offered to exchange the then highly remunerative pursuits of civil life for the dangers of war. At the special session of the legislature called by Governor Washburn, to which the attention of the reader has already been called, a bounty equal to two months' pay was appropriated. As the novelty of war gradually wore off and men became more self-conservative, many of the towns offered an additional bounty. With this last call for volunteers the state promptly offered an increase of fifteen dollars for enlistments in new regiments, and twenty dol- MILITARY HISTORY. 135 lars to recruits for regiments already in the field. But even this and the liberal government bounty failed to arouse enthusiasm sufficient to insure the completion of some of the local quotas. To meet this emergency and counteract the effect of the exorbitant bounties offered by some of the wealthy municipalities in other New England states, many of the towns followed their example and appropriated sums reaching, in many instances, four hundred dollars per capita. The reader can readily apprehend the effect of this measure on some localities. The quota being based entirely on the population of the communities, those small towns which had not the accompani- ment of wealth with a large citizenship were unequally burdened. To meet and equalize this oppression of the less opulent localities the legislature of 1868 passed an act authorizing that each town, city and plantation should receive as a reimbursement from the state one hun- dred dollars for each man furnished for the military service for a term of three years, under the call of July 2, 1862, and all subsequent calls, and in the same proportion for any man furnished for any shorter period. A commission of three persons was appointed by the governor to audit the claims of towns. By this commission certificates were issued to the towns, duplicates of which were deposited with the state treas- urer. On presentation of a certificate to the latter functionary by the treasurers of the municipalities, bonds of the state were issued to the towns for the amount of their claims in even hundreds of dollars with a currency payment of all fractional excesses. A loan of $2,827,500 was procured on twenty year bonds of the state bearing six per cent, semi-annual interest. No town which furnished its quota without the payment of at least one hundred dollars per capita was entitled to reimbursement under this act, unless the town appropriated the amount thus received to the benefit of the soldiers who enlisted, or were drafted, or, if deceased, to their legal heirs. Thus it became the duty of the selectmen of the respective towns to file lists of their citizens' military service under enlistments after July 2, 1862. These original rolls, by towns, authenticated by the selectmen's signatures, are among the most reliable documents in the adjutant general's office. The 3,813 names of enlisted men in the succeeding list aire from those documents, transcribed for these pages, by Captain Thomas Clark, of the adjutant general's office. A/h'ofi.— Moses Atkinson, Lieut. Amos J. Billings d July 28 63, Howard S. Bessey, Selden E. Brann, David Brown, Albert B. Brown, Emery Bruce, George Bolton, Charles A. Coleman, James A. Craig, Luther W. Crosby, Lewis H. Cofran, Seth R. Clark, Persia B. Clifford, John F. Clifford. Samuel Charlton, James H. Coombs, Isaac N. Coombs, John E. Copeland, William T. Cressey, Luther Davis, Charles A. Douglass, William D. Doe, Robert Dingley, John Donnough, Had 136 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ley P. Doe, Martin V. Eldridge, Caleb F. E^tes, Josiah Edwards, George W. Flood, Charles L, Feldtman, Albert P. Farnham, Charles G. Fowler, Edward Fox, John M. Gaslin, Henry S. F. Gerald, Joseph C. Gilman, George W. Gilman, Henry A. Griffith, Charles P. Gove, George W. Griffith, Adj. Sanford Hanscom, James Hodgkins, Cyrus S. Hamilton d, Eben Hanely, George F. Hopkins w May 6 64, Lewis E. Hopkins, Lewis E. Hovey, John M. Hussey, vStafford B. Jones, Charles Keene,Wil- liam G. Kidder, Joshua Knights, William Leonard w May 6 64, Charles H. Libby, Rufus F. Lancaster, George W. Longfellow, Albert P. Leavitt, Isaac H. Libby d June 28 63, Herbert E. Lewis, Samuel Longley, Davis McDonald, Andrew G. Mudgett, George F. Martin, George Meader, John Mains, Jeptha C. Murch, Joseph L. Nado, Albert Nor- ton, Isaac Y. Pierce, George F. Pease, Ezra A. Pray, Allen Parmeter, Alphonso C. Pray, Lieut. Osborn J. Pierce, George Rutledge, Calvin Rollins, Benjamin F. Runnels, Daniel Rollins, Simon Spaulding, Lieut. Joseph H. Spencer, Andrew H. Smiley d in Albion Aug. 19 63, Erastus M. vShaw, Edwin Staples, Warren B. vStinson, Orrin F. Stinson d Dec. 15 64, John F. Stackpole, William G. Stratton, Charles Seekins, Josephus Simpson, Gardiner P. Smiley d Mar. 28 63, E. N. D. Small, James M. Tyler k near Petersburg Oct. 24 64, Lieut. William H. Tabor, Charles B. Tabor, A. S. Weed, Algernon Weymouth, Isaac W. Whit- taker, George M. Wiggin, Eugene Worthens, Orrin T. White, Nathan S. Winslow d in rebel prison Aug. 13 64, Samuel Wilder, Charles T. Whitten, Olney Worthens. Augusta. — Peter Adley, Louis Alexander, Leverett A. Albee, George Allen w, Judson Ames, Charles Annable w May 12 64, Edward Ander- son, George W. Andrews, Lieut. William R. Anderson, Lieut. Hol- man B. Anderson, Charles Arnold, Daniel Anderson, W. F. Applegate, Edgar Atkins, H. D. Austin, Charles \V. Allen, Charles H. Arnold, Charles S. Avery paroled p Dec. 7 64, Riley B. Avery, George E. Allen, Orlando R. Achorn, Roscoe G. Avery, John G. Abbott, John F. Arnold w Oct. 13 64, Edward Austin d June 13 65, Charles F. Applebee, George Arbo, Josiah S. Arey jun., Charles M. Batchelder, Byron Branch, Wil- liam M. Brick, Cyrus Bishop, William Burns, Charles Bushey, Benj. F. Barrows w and p 64, Amasa M. Bennett, Q. M. George W. Brown, William W. Bruce, S. H. Billington, Thomas G. Billington, John S. Brown d in Libby Prison Nov. 63, James D. Brooks w Dec. 13 62, James Britt, Samuel G. Brannan, Stephen B. Brannan, Joshua E. Black- well, John H. Babcock, Darius Brooks d of wounds June 18 64, Joseph Brooks, William A. Brown, William Bolton, George H. Brick, Lieut. George A. Barton w May 6 64, James E. Bell, Benjamin Backliff, Ed- ward K. Bacon, Lieut. Silas C. Barker p at Manassas, Isaac D. Billing- ton, Edward Brady, Chap. Horace L. Bray, Thomas Brennan, Surg. George E. Brickett, Jesse M. Black, John W. Blomvelt, Walter L. Boynton, John W. Boynton, Peter R. Breen, Charles L. Brann, John >riLITARy HISTORY. 137 H. Breene, Capt. Uriah W. Briggs, Col. Edwin Burt, Lieut. William H. Briggs, Jcseph L. Brown, Joseph Bushey, William Barber, William Bready, John Buderman, Jonas Bruce, Joseph Bunk, Frank Babbitt, Charles F. Berry, Samuel Berry, Charles H. Bradbury, William Buck- man, Hezekiah Bean, George H. Brackett, Isaac Bennett, Charles Clark, Augustus Chadwick, Charles C. Chagnon, Rodger Connelly d in rebel prison, Andrew Clark jun., Everett Colson, Richard Cunning- ham, Ezra G. Ca,swell jun., Thomas Cready, Thomas Clow, John Cun- ningham. John Canton, William Collins, James P. Capron, Alonzo Clark, Charles O. Cha.se, Thomas Cole, Anthony Conway, Morris Cogan, Rowland S. Clark d Feb. 27 63, Charles E. Caswell, David B. Cole, Albert Call, Lieut. William Campbell, William A. Campbell, Frank Carlin, Judah A. Chadwick. Elbridge G. Chick, George E. Cham- berlin d in rebel prison Nov. 11 64, Reuel Chamberlin, Horace Church, Leander M. Clark, Reuel Clark paroled p, .Stephen R. Clark, Theodore Clark d in rebel prison Nov. 1 64, George M. Clark, Clinton G. Clark, James H. Cook. John A. Clark, Llewellyn Clough, Joseph Cogan, John Connor, Lieut. George Cony, Lucius Cony, Robert A. Cony jun., Surg. Richard L. Cook, Eugene W. Cross, Robert Cochrane, Robert Crawford, Lieut. Warren Cox, Charles Cunningham, Maj. Nathan Cutler, Uriah Cunningham w June 26 64, D. H. Cunningham, Henry C. Daley, James Davis k May 8 64, David Day, Henry Day, William H. Day, Serg. Maj. John N. Dennen, George W. Dill d in hospital Feb. 4 6.^, William H. Dill, Benjamin R. Dingley, Lieut. Ed- ward P. Donnell, Benjamin Douglass w July 20 64, Thomas Doyle, John E. Dresden, Edmund M. Dunham, Dan forth Dunton, Capt. Robert T. Dyer, Sylvester Davis, James F. Doyle, George H. Devine, Thomas Doyle, John W. Dinsmore, Henry S. Donnell, George W. Dudley, Henry Dresser, Kneeland A. Darrow, Charles Dickson, William Dwyer, Peter Donnelly, George Donahoe, John F. Duggan, Frank Edgerty, Cyrus H. Elems w June 8 64, Charles F. Emerson, Sylvester S. Fall, Samuel S. P'arnham, Gustavus A. Farrington d Oct. 30 64, Edmund Fay, George E. Field, Dennis Finnegan, George H. Fisher, Roland R. Fletcher, Edward Fogler w Aug. 18 64, Henry G. Frizzell, D. FuUock, Eugen S. Fogg, Miles Frain, Francis J. Folsom, Augustine Fowler, John Fenney, John Feeny, John Fitzgerald, Patrick Flenning, William J. P'orbes, Andrew Fox, Alfred F. Gage, Marcellus Gale, Harvey R. Getchell, Artemus K. Gilley, P. P. Getchell, Lieut. Fred W. Gilbreth, Merritt Goodwin, Daniel Gordon, Charles H. Gordon d about June 15 64, Solomon Gordon, James R. Gordon, Josiah H. Gordon, William O. Grady, Leonard J. Grant d Mar. 6 64, Mark C. Grant, Calvin P.Green, John F. Greeley, Elbridge Gardiner, Edward Grover, John Greene, Lorenzo W. Hackett, Elisha Heath jun., Otis Haskell, William F. Hus- sey, Warren C. Harlow, Thomas A. Harvey, Abner Haskell, Hadley O. Hawes, Charles R. Haynes, John Hayes, Capt. Albion Hersey, Ed- 138 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ward H. Hicks, Charles E. Higgins, Henry Hodsdon, William H> Holmes, William Holmes, Charles P. Hubbard, George A. Hussey w July 3 63, Merrill Hussey, John F. Hussey, Capt. Charles K. Hutchins, Alonzo F. Hill. George H. Heath, Henry W. Hawes d Apr. 9 63, Simon Higgins, Amos A. Hansom, Greenfield P. Hall, Harvey A. Hovey^ Valentine Holt, Daniel W. Hume, Patrick Hynes, David Haggerty, James Higgins, Henry Hugh, John Howard, F. H. Hamilton, John Hogan. Harry Ingraham, Martin Ingraham w June 14 63, Thomas F. Ingraham, John Jenkins, James Jordan, Lieut. Hannibal A. Johnson, John Johnson, William J. Johnson, Frank Jones, Llewellyn Jones^ William Jung, William O. Kaherl, John Kavanagh, Stephen Keating, Edward B. Keene, Isaac Keene, John W. Kenney, Michael Kennedy, George Kelly, Thomas H. Kimball, William King, Henry G. Kimball w Aug. 16 64 d Dec. 12 64, Charles N. Kincaid w May 18 64, George W. Ladd, Frank H. Lailer, Col. Moses B. Lakeman, Nathaniel Lane k May 6 64, John Larrabee p June 29 64, Cyrus A. Langton, Hampton W. Leighton w at Gettysburg 63, Thomas Lilley d in rebel prison Nov. 16 64, Robert A. Lishness, Ruel Littlefield, Amasa Lord, Converse Lowell, Judson A. Lovejoy, Newman B. Lane, Robert Lishness, John Leighton, John Laughton, Daniel Lane, Martin Lynch, George C. Lawrence, Nelson G. Libby, Reuel Lambard, Timothy Lucey, Cor- nelius Lane, William H. Lyon, David S. Lyon, Henry A. Mann, Adj. Joseph H. Metcalf, Josiah M. Morse, William Morgridge, Hiram C. Moody, Daniel McGrath, James McGrath, John H. Moore, H. W. Mer- rill d of disease Mar. 27 65, Francis McBride, Patrick Maloney, Joseph Meek, Stephen S. Morse, Daniel B. Morey w May 20 64, John McMas- ter jun., John McMaster, Daniel Mahoney p Oct. 63, James W. Miller, Melville Merrill, Milford Mahoney, George E. Maloon, Charles J. Mar- den, Ambrose Marriner, Alfred J. Marston p June 22 d Sept. 12 64, Benjamin R. Marston, Charles L. Marston, Henry C. Marston, George T. Mason, Enoch Merrill, Amos Merrill, Florentus R. Merrill, Capt. Joseph H. Metcalf, Eben McFarland, John H. Miller, Stephen Miller, Charles Mile, Stephen McKenney, Henry A. McMaster, Wilder Mc- Mitchell, Charles F. Moore, James Moren, Edward Miner, James Mc- Grath, James McGann, John Murphy, William Murphy p, Capt. J. D. My rick, Timothy Mahoney, Thomas Mmton, Fred E. Marshall, Daniel Murry, Fred Morrison, James Malone, Hugh McKenna, John R. Meyer, William F. Moody, Capt. William C. Morgan, William N. Mur- ray d of wounds Apr. 2 65, Eugene Moraney, Oliver Marr, Isaac Moody w May 6 64, William G. Merrill d of disease 63, Thomas Mur- phy, Jeremiah Murphy k at Middletown Oct. 19 64, Thomas J. Nary, Albert H. Norcross, Patrick Naughton, Albert P. Nichols, Lieut. A. J. Nichols, Charles F. Nichols w June 63 p June 28 64, John W. Nicholas, Col. Joseph Noble, John B. Nutting, John O'Brien, John O'Neal, Pat- rick O'Gara, Whitman L. Orcutt, James Orrick, Samuel Orr, Dennis MILITARY HISTORY. Iciy O'Brien, Samuel A. Packard, Albert H. Packard, James E. Parker, Charles B. Patterson, Daniel Pease, Frank W. Peaslee dof disease Mar. 6 65, George Peva, John W. Phinney, Augustus W. Plummer, Charles M. Phillips d Feb. 19 64, Allen Partridge, Capt. Edward C. Pierce, Phillip Piper p Oct. 19 64, George E. Pond, Charles H. Powers, Michael Powers, Joseph Pluskey, Jones F. Pratt, Eben E. Pushor, Nathan E. Quint, John Rappel, Sewall R. Reeves, Moses Richards, Orlando W. Richardson w May 16 64, Albert Ricker, James Rideout, Thomas B. Rideout, Andrew J. Riley, Lieut. George E. Rines, George F. Ray, Charles C. Rideout d Apr. 13 65, John Rollins, James B. Robbins w May 19 64, Philander W. Rowell, Franklin Ruffin, William Reed, Jo- seph Ruggles, Silas H. Runnell, Michael Ryan, Hollis M. Sabine, Capt. James M. Safford, Omar F. Savage, George Scates, Stephen M. Scates, Adj. Henry Sewall, Capt. Samuel G. Sewell, Lorenzo D. Shaw, Thomas Singleton, William B. Small, Augustus C. Smith, Augustus L. Smith, Charles F. Smith, Corp. George W. Smith, Wilson C. Smith, Lieut. William T. Smith. William E. Smith d in rebel prison Nov. 64, Orrin P. Smart w June 6 64, Greenlief Smart, Richard N. Smart, Jo- seph Snow, James F. Snow, Bt. Maj. G. T. Stevens, Lorenzo D. Stev- ens, George Stewart, Edward P. Sargent, John F. Short, David W. Small, John Stewart w July 9 64, Charles O. Stone, George A. Snow, Edwin F. Stone, Joseph M. Springer, Abraham Stickney, George H. Smith d at Augusta Maine Aug. 15 63, Homer R. Stratton, Albert M. Scott, Fred A. Sullivan, Daniel B. Savage, David Stuart, Michael Sul- livan, Patrick Sullivan, Jacob Sleeper, John Smith, August Smith, George Taylor, Howard W. Taylor, Richard C. Taylor, William W. Taylor, Everett Temple, Augustus G. Thomas, Lieut. James L. Thompson d of wounds June 6 64, Actor P. Thompson, William O. Tibbetts d of wounds May 1 64, Lauriston G. Trask, Anson T. Tilson, James R. Tibbetts, Henry Towle, Charles F. Tibbetts, Joseph A. Tur- ner, Sumner W. Turner, Albion R. R. Twombley, Nicholas Vickolby, Charles Victor, Theodore C. Van Clasburg, Charles De Villenenoe, Charles H. Wade, George Wall, Lieut. William H. H. Ware, Jeremiah Watkins, John O. Webster, Col. James W. Welch, Thomas Welch, Benjamin Wells, John P. Wells d in rebel prison Jan. 12 65, Eben Wellman, Benjamin H. Wescott, Charles H. White, Caleb F. Wade, William A. R. Withee, Andrew P. Webber, William T. C. Wescott, Philander E. Worthley, Stephen Wing, Oliver P. Webber, Joseph Whitney, Henry A. Whitney, Eben B. Whitney, Michael Whalen, Charles Woodman, John L. Watson, George N. White, Frank White, Oliver Woodbury, Joshua R. Webber d May 28 63, William H. H. Ware, John Wentworth d at Barrancas Fla. Dec. 10 64, Nathaniel W. White, True Whittier, Fred A. Wilson, John Wil.son, Albert N. Wil- liams d July 3 63, Frederick A. Williams, Henry Williamson, Holmes B. Williamson, Reuel Williams, John Wills, Gilmore S. Wing, Atwell J4U HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNT V. M. Wixson p 63, John H. Woodbury, Capt. Edward F. Wyman, Charles O. Wyman, William C. Young p d Aug. 24 64, David H. Young, A. J. Zimmerman. Belgrade— ]ose])\\ A. Ackley, isaac Adams, Charles Allen, Bowman V. Ames, George E. Andrews, John W. Austin, Thomas J. Austin d of wounds Oct. 27 64, Theodore Ayer. Charles A. Bailey, Edwin L. Barker, William B. Bates, Charles M. Bickford, Milford Bickford, Thomas M. Bickford, William Bickford d Mar. 24 63, George F. Bliss, Franklin Brann, George H. Boston, George F. Breeden, William Brooks, Frederick C. Brookings, Franklin L. Bumpus, William Bushee, James Cavanaugh, Sylvanus W. Chamberlain, Nathaniel F. Clark d in hospital July 29 65, George Clark, Charles A. Clement, Thomas Crosby, Asa J. Cummings, Joseph S. Cummings, Charles C. Damren, James C. Damren, Willard H. Darmen, Charles A. Davis, George Dow, Charles F. Ellis, Freeman Ellis, George W. Emerson, Amasa T. Fall, Lorenzo Farnham, Otis B. Faulkingham, Samuel Fitzherbert, Thomas W. Flint, Daniel L. Folsom, William T. Foss, Sylvester W. Giles, William Garrett, George Guptill w Oct. 19 64, George Grant, Lieut. Henry W. Golder, Charles B. Goldsmith, George W. Grose, Henry Grover, Franklin Grant, John J. Gundlack. Guard Guard, George W. Glidden, John Hammond jun., John Harris, Rufus H. Hopkins, Ausburn Hutchins, Levi Higgins, William H. Huskins, Cyrus Huff, Rodna Flegwood, Charles A. Hinkley, Charles L. Hutchings, P. P. Hutchins, Henry L Hotchkiss, Henry Huff, Samuel Jobbot, William Joneas, Silas P. Leighton, James A. Lombard, Allen Leavitt, Charles H. Lit- tlefield d at Frederick Md. Apr. 25 65, Acel A. Littlefield k June 20 64, Manselus N. Libby, William H. Leighton, William Mathews, Harthorn Marston, Edward H. Merchant d in hospital July 18 65, Asal L. Mer- chant d in hospital July 25 65, Lyman Maxwell p, H. A. Mills, Alex- ander McDavitt, Michael McLaughlin, George McMullen, Edwin G. Minot d in hospital Sept. 17 64, Stephen C. Mills, Alphonzo W. Mc- Kay, George W. Morrill, Ambrose Merrow, Charles B. Moseley, Flor- ence McCarty, James R. Nickerson, Everet A. Penney, William A. Parker, Fred B. Philbrick, John Patridge, Greenwood C. Pray, John W. Pray, Reuben H. Pray, John Putman, Fred E. Patridge, Leonard H. Pratt, George F. Parks, Gideon Powers, Asst. Surg. Ingraham G. Richardson, Joel Richardson, Royal Richardson d Aug. 15 63, J. D. Rhoades, William Rankins, Henry Richardson, Peter W. Swan d Apr. 1 64,' Cathbert E. Stonehouse, Charles Simmons, Henry J. Spaulding, Edward L. Smith d Oct. 7 64, Aaron Simpson, George B. Stevens, Cy- rus Shaw, Elijah J. Stevens, Joel Spaulding, Jesse Spaulding, David Strong, George F. Smith, Arthur Stewart, Ezra W. Trask w May 5 d Sept. 14 64, William A. Tibbetts, Miles J. Temple, Thomas C. Wadley, John Worster w at Petersburg June 19 64, Hiram G. Wellman, John W. Weaver, Charles H. Webber, George Warren, William V. White- MILITARY HISTORY. 141 house k July 24 64, George D. Wyman, William E. Willey, John M. Williams, Ruel Williams, A. J. Woodbury, William Wilbur, Thomas S. Wyman, Alphonzo H. Wadley d of wounds July 2 64, Jotham D. Young. Benton.— Oliver Averill, Daniel R. Bartlett, Isaac S. Bicknell, Al- pheus Brown, James A. Brown, Charles S. Buken, Benjamin F. Buz- zell, Asbury Cole, Abijah Crosby, John Crowley, Daniel F. Davis, William L. Davis, Loren Dodge, John E. Dougla.ss, Leander H. Dow d from injuries May 19 65, George W. Flagg, Gershan Flagg, Stephen Flood, Daniel S. Foss, James H. Foster, Charles Gage, Alvin Gibson, Charles Giles, George W. Grace, John Gray, Albert Gray jun., Charles Goodale, David Goodale d of disease Apr. 28 6a, William H. Goodale, James Goodale, John M. Goodin, Joseph Conner, Freeman Hansworn, James F. Hern, Theodore V. Hill, James Henderson, Benjamin Hun- ter, John H. Hyer, Aaron Johnson, Henry Johnson, Isaac W. Kenner- son, John F. O. Malloy, Watson D. Marston, David Mason, John O. Dodge w Oct. 27 64, Frank McGray, S. F. McKenney, John A. McKinney, William H. Morrill, Richard McVinet, Charles Noble, Henry Noble, Thomas Pamphay, Noah S. Paul, Lyman Pettigrow, A. R. Preston, Frank Raneo, Charles B. Reed, Henry M. Reed, Albert Rideout, George A. Roundy, George F. Runnells, James Ryan, Cyrus Savage, C. W. Smith, John Smith, Charles H. Spaulding, Charles Spauldiug, Henry E. Spaulding, William Spaulding, John Spaulding, Hollis Spearing, Charles Spencer, Charles A. Speneer, Samuel Stacy, John H. Stephens, Alonzo Sylvester, Gershom F. Tarbell, Isaac Trask, Orrin S. Usher, Bowman Wood, Daniel Wood, Henry Wood, Ephraim Win.ship, Lorenzo Wyman. Chelsea.— Charles E. Ames, Charles M. Bailey k Apr. 6 64, William H. Bolton, George T. Blanchard, Samuel L. Blanchard, Cyrus Brann, Daniel C. Brown jun., Rinaldo Brown, Plummer H. Butler, Edwin Cappers, Rinaldo A. Carr, John M. Chase d Feb. 20 63, Stephen Cobb w May 27 63, Alfonzo C. Collins, Augustus H. Collins k July 30 64, Augustus Collins, Frank Condon, Albert Cooper, Frank Cooper, Uriah Cunningham, David P. Cornish, William A. Drake, James S. Emerson, George A. Evans, Charles F. French. Stephen H. French, Arnold L. Foye, William A. Foye, Joseph L. Haskell, James F. Has- kell, James Hogan, Joseph Irving, Ruel W. Keene. Wilbert W. Ken- iston, Otis W. Littlefield, Lorin N. Marston, Nathaniel H. Meader, Andrew Morang w May 12 64, William Morgan, Calvin Morang, Ce- phas Morang d July 17 63, Simon Morang, James G. Morang, Hiram Moulton, George H. Neal, Lyman C. Neal, Henry L. Patterson, Isaac L. Page, Reuben H. Page, John E. Page, George M. Perkins, Augus- tus H. Pinkham, Solomon H. Preble, Mark L. Rollins, Harrison B. Sanborn d 64. Charles M. Searls d June 8 63, Henry Stevens, Eben 142 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Tasker, James Wellman d July 7 64, Fred H.White, Henry E. White, Arad Woodbury d May 17 64, James M. Wright. China. — Edwin Alley, John L. Allen, John C. Andrews, Joseph E. Babb, F. S. Barnard, AVilliam Bell, Asst. Surg. David P. Bolster, •George A. Bosworth, Edmund Bragg, Everett H. Bridgham, John S. Briggs, Orpheus P. Brann, John Brown, Alonzo Burrill, John Burrill, Thomas E. Carpenter, Lendell S. Caswell, Gustavus B. Chadwick, -Charles F. Choate, Stillman Choate, Thomas F. Clark, Osgood Coffran, Ezekiel L. Cole p Aug. 19 61 d Feb. 2 65, William J. Cole, Elias Colla- tnore, Elisha Cooley, William B. Coombs. Joseph Coro w at Gettys- burg 63, Atwell J. Cross, Watson W. Cross, Greenlief P. Curtis, Philip W. Day, Aaron Davis jun., John D. Davis, Wallace A. E. De Beque, Addison G. Deering, Adolphus W. Doe, George L. Dow, John Doyle, James H. Ellis, Orren Emerson, Jacob Emery d Aug. 27 64, Jeremiah H. Estes, Isaac W. Fairbrother, William H. Fairbrother, Reuben M. Farrington d 64, John Farris, Alvanna V. Farris d July 24 64, Oscar M. Fernold, Abisha B. Fletcher, Capt. Alfred Fletcher, Charles B. Fletcher, Eben L. Fletcher, Edward A. Fletcher, Edwin A. Fletcher, Charles Fowler, Alden H. Frazier, Oscar S. Frost, James E. Fulton, Frederick G. Gage, Samuel S. Galligar, Joseph Gelcott jun., Samuel D. Giddings, F. C. Goodspeed, Charles B. Greeley, Alfred M. Hamlin, Thomas E. Har- rington, Joseph H. Haskell, Orrin A. Haskell, Oscar H. Haskell, George S. Hawes, Thomas E. Harrington, Myron C. Harrington, Am- brose B. Hanson, Quimby H. Hamilton d of disease Apr. 19 63, Ste- phen Harmon, Sylvester L. Hatch d of disease Sept. 23 65, Sumner Haskell, Joseph Hatch, J. W. Hall, Samuel C. Haskell, Edwin H. Hana, Andrew B. Hubbard, George K. Huntington w May 20 64, Fred E. Hutchinson, George H. Hussy, Charles H. Jackson, Willis J. James, Charles H. Johnson, Amos Jones, John Jordan, Edwin Kelley, Charles A. Ketchen d Jan 13 64, Charles Kellran, Amos Keller d Aug. 18 64 in Florida, J. Kempton, James Knichler d Sept. 18 64, Edwin D. Lee, Aaron Libby, Albanah H. Libby d in rebel prison, Llewellyn Libby, Moses Libby, Capt. Willard Lincoln, Charles F. Lord, Bartice vS. Luce, John C. Marston, Orville W. Malcolm, John S. Marsh, James H. Mathews, Edward A. Maxfield, Frederick Maxfield d at China 63, Henry W. Maxfield, Dustan McAllister, Charles McCavron jun., Gar- diner F. McDaniel, Burnam McKeene, Franklin Mitchell, Judson A. Mitchell d of di.sease Dec. 7 62, William W. Murphy, Winthrop Mur- ray, James E. Mosher, Charles H. Nelson, Erastus F. Nelson, John Norris, Thomas Norton, Henry B. Page, Laforest Parmater, James H. Peavey, George S. Percival, Avery Percival d of disease July 30 63, William Perham, Franklin A. Perry, Mark Porter, Abraham R. Pow- ers, Alden H. Priest, Charles Proctor, Lorin Proctor, George H. Ram- sell, Henry C. Rice, Franklin D. Robbins, John L. Robbins, William Robbins, Everett Robinson, H. G. Robinson, Timothy Robinson, MILITARY HISTORY. 143 'Henry A. Rogers, David Savage jun., Orrin L. Seco d Oct. 11 64, John H. Seekins, Eliab W. Shaw, Appleton W. Shorey p Aug. 19 64 d Feb. 64, Edwin Small, Herbert M. Starbird, Augu.stus H. Starkey d July 64, Samuel C. Starrett, William H. Squires, Benjamin F. Stetson, Charles F. Stevens, Charles B. Stuart, Alvin Sylvester, Henry H. Talbott, At- well A. Taylor, Samuel A. Taylor, Charles H. Temple, Charles E. Thomas, William L. Toby, William B. Toby, Ambrose E. Trask, James O. Trask, Charles W. Turner, Elias Tyler w July 2 63 d July 15 63. Charles F. Waite, Orren B. Ward d Aug. 10 64 in New Orleans, Wilbur N. Ward, George Wentworth, Abner D. Weeks, Albert R. Ward, Freeman C. Ward. Howard G. Ward, Uriah E. Ward, Thomas B. Washburn, Richard Welch, George Wentworth, Charles W. Wey- mouth, E. A. Whitney, John Q. A. Whitley, Andrew D. Wiggins, James M. Wright, Charles Worthing, William P. Worthing w May 12 64, James Wyman, Lorenzo York, Edwin F. Young. ;/;/rt.— Robert Baldwin, George AA^ Barker, Isaac A. Bent, James H. Bean, Leonard Bean, John Brown, Orlando Brown, Rice Brown, George W. Briggs, Charles S. Bunker, Jonathan Burgess, Nahum Cole, Jo.seph O. Colley, Valentine S. Cumner, Almon Cunningham, Edward E. Davis, Henry E. Dexter p July 1 68, Lendall C. Davis, Emulus M. Dearborn, Calvin H. C. Dearborn, Henry F. Dowst, John Alanson Dowst w May 19 64, Selden M. Dowst, vSewall Dolloff, Samuel D. Eaton, Frank Fairbanks, Josiah M. Fellows, Freeman C. Foss, Asst. Surg. Stillman P.Getchell, Dennis Grover d Nov. 20 62, Noah Hoyt, Upham MILITARY HISTORY. 155 A. Hoyt, Isaac M. Hutchins, George R. Ireland. John F.Johnson, Fred A. H. Jones, Silas R. Kidder, Samuel W. Kimball, Charles W. Kim- ball, Charles Ladd, Anthony W. Little, George Lord, Arno Little, Ethan Little, Eugene E. Mooers, John Augustus Morrill, John Morrill, Nathaniel B. Moulton, Charles L. Nichols, Charles E. Philbrick d in prison Dec. 28 64, James A. Pettengall, Augustus F. Smart, George A. Smith w May 6 64, Ephraim M. Tibbetts, Llewellyn Tozier, Daniel Tozier, Marcellus Wells, Alvah Whittier. Emulus F. Whittier, Fred M. Whittier, Henry Whittier, Howard Whittier, John Almon Whit- tier, Perley Whittier, Reuben D. Whittier, Charles H. Wight, Martin V. B. Williamson, Richard H. Wills, John R. Witham d in hospital July 3 65. IVaf^rviUf. —ChcLTles Abear, Manley Allen, George E. Alexander, Leroy Atkinson, John Avery, Col. Isaac S. Bangs, Charles Bacon, An- drew J. Basford, John H. Bacon, Alexander Bailey, John W. Barnes, John H. Bates, William Bates k at Gettysburg July 1 63, Nelson G. Bartlett, Portal M. Black, John Blair, Charles H. Blackstone, Daniel Black.stone, Capt. William E. Brooks, George C. Blackstone, William Blalentine w, Bennett Bickford, Cyrus Bickford, Hiram Billings, Asst. Surg. Frank Bodfish, Warren Boothby, Henry H.Bowden, Lieut. Mar- tin T. V. Bowman, Orrin Bracket, Elisha R. Branch, Milton H. Branch, James Brown, William W. Brown, John Bubier p, Levi Bushy, George H. Bryant, Charles M. Branch, John G. Calder, Joseph Cary, Henry A. Chandler, George Chase, Isaac Check, Albert M. Clark, Charles H. Clark, Selden I. CliiTord, Augustus Campbell, Moses W. Cook w at Gettysburg July 1 63, Andrew Cookran, Alonzo Copp, Lieut. William H. Copp, John H. Caruth, Prentice M. Cousins, Levi Coyonette, Carl- ton Cress, Charles E. Cross, Joseph Cross, Francis M. Cunningham, Walter L. Cummings, Arba S. Davis, Daniel B. Davis, Octavus A. Davis p Sept. 16 64 d in prison Nov. 14 64, George H. Dearborn, Thomas Dearborn, George Delaware, William H. Dewolfe, Henry A. Dore, Levi A. Dow, George H. Downs, Nelson Drake, Frank Dusty w May 12 64, Hadley P. Dyer w May 27 63, James A. Dyer, Luther Ellis w June 6 64, Paul Enwan w Apr. 23 64, Stephen Ellis, Sullivan Ellis, Francis H. Emery, Leander H. Evans, Nathaniel S. Emery, William H. Farnham, Lieut. C. A. Farrington d of wounds June 27 64, Dennis M. Foster, Dudley C. Frazier, George B. Frezzille, Henry W. Frost, Franklin Q. Fuller, Moses H. Gallefer p Sept. 16 64, John Garland w May 17 63, George Garney, Ezekiel Gerald, Lieut. George C. Getchell, J. F. Gibbs, George R. Gleason, Russell Gleason, Albert J. Gray, Jo- seph Greene, Lieut. Alonzo Goff, Daniel F. Goodwin, John F. Good- win, Lieut. Foster D. Goodrich, George Cormier, Charles W. Mc- Guyer. William H. Ham d Nov. 25 64, Fred C. Hatch, Joseph H. Hatch, Wilson Hawes, Thomas G. Herbert, Milford Hersom, Samuel T. Hersom, William H. Hersom, Albert H. Higgins, George Hill, 156 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Frank E. Hitchings, Hiram Horn w Oct. 10 64, Llewellyn Horn, David F. Houghton, Lieut. John H. Hubbard w in action May 27 63, Lieut George W. Hubbard, Henry C. James, Frank Jilcott, George J. Jones Sidney Keith, John King, John J. Kirby, Sylvanus Knox, William Knox, Chap. Henry C. Leonard, Capt. Addison W. Lewis, Lieut. Ed ward C. Leon 2d, David J. Lewis, Henry H. Libby, Charles W Louden, William Love, Charles W. Low w, William H. Low Frank B. Lowe, A. M. Lowell, Charles F. Lyford d Dec. 14 62 James M. Lyford p July 1 63, William Henry Macartney, Joseph Marshall, Daniel E. Martin. Hugh McDonald, Deugald McDonald Harrison Merchant, Charles W. Merrill, Daniel McNeal, John McGil vey, Timothy McLaughlin w Feb. 6 64, Daniel Magrath, John Morri son. Earnest Morton, Francis B. Mosher, Madison Mosher, George Mayers jun., Charles D. Murphy, Joseph Murrey, Lewis Murrey, George E. Muzzey, George E. Muzzey, William H. Newland, Frank H. Oliver, Ezekiel Page, Benjamin Parker, John H. Parker w July 27 64, Orlando I. Pattee, John M. Peave}', Charles H. Penney, Everett A. Penney, Ira D. Penney d in rebel prison Jan. 10 65, Williain H. Penney d at New Orleans Mar. 5 64, James L. Perkins, Howard Perkins, Richard Par- ley, Charles Perry, George Perry, George Pierce, Lieut. Andrew Pink- ham, Edwin Plummer, John H. Plummer, Ephraim Pooler, Joseph Pooler d July 14 64, Andrew H. Porter, John Porter, Edmon E. Pres- cott, Peter Preo, Alexander W. Pulcifer, Clement Ouimby, George Ranco, William Rankins, Lorenzo D. Ray, Robert Rey, Joseph Rich- ards, Moses Ring, John Roderick, David Rowan, Ervin J. Rogers, Ad- dison H. Rowe, Joseph Sands, Capt. George S. Scammon, Stephen D. Savage w May 6 64, James A. Sawyer, Edgar Scates w Sept. 30 64 d June 3 65, William J. Sharp, Resolve Shaw, Alfred .Shepherd, Elbridge Shepherd, Richard A. Shepherd k at battle of the Wilderness May 6 64, Lieut. Charles R. Shorey, Albert R. Smiley, Charles N. Smiley, Allen Smith, James T. Smith d Nov. 29 62, John M. Smart, Martin B. Soule w, Josiah Scule d June 6 65, Cyrus Southards, Nathan F. Spauldin, Edwin C. Stevens k Aug. 18 64, George E. Stevens, William H. Stev- ens, William D. Stevens, Capt. William A. Stevens, Charles H. Stew- art, Nathan M. Sturtevant, Reward A. Sturtevant, Martin Tallows k Oct. 8 64, Vedar Tashus, Got Teatlip, George Teatlip, Adin B. Thayer p 64, George S. Thing, David T. Thomas, John P. H. Thomas, James Thompson, James H. Thorn, Samuel J. Thayer, Albert F. Tozier, Henry M. Tozier, Capt. Henry E. Tozier k Dec. 10 64, Walter N. Tozier w Apr. 9 64 d in hands of enemy Apr. 14 64, George C. Tracy, Alexander Trask, Elbridge Trask, Thomas E. Treson, Levi Vique, James Wade, N. A. Ware, Andrew P. Watson, James H. Webb, James B. Welch, Moses A. Welch, David Woodbury, James O. West w May 12 64 d May 23 64, Howard W. Wells w at Fredericksburg, John C, Willey, George A. Wilson, Henry Wingate, Hiram C. Winslow, An- MILITARY HISTORY. 157 drew J. Williams, Albert B. Witham, William W. Wyman d of wounds June 1 63, Hiram Wyman, Hiram R. Wyman, Increase Wyman, Eugene H. Young. Wajnie.— Samuel W. Adams, Paschal B. Allen, Thomas J. Bartlett, Benjamin F. Berry, Square F. Bishop, Josiah M. Bishop d Nov. 2 64, James Boutin, David L. Boyle, Orison S. Brown, Freeman W. Bun- nell, James H. Carson, Martin Cassey, James Colkins, Thomas Clark, Charles M. Connor, Othna Crosby, Francis M. Cumner, Edmund F. Davis, James Davis, Patrick McDermott, Edward G. Dexter, George M. Dexter, Henry A. Dexter, Nathan P. Downing, Sidney F. Down- ing, Lieut. Henry N. Fairbanks w Apr. 28 64, 0. M. O. A. Fillebrown, John Forrester, Levi F. Foss d Jan. 12 65, William H. H. Foss, Albion B. Frost, Lieut. Clarence C. Frost, David G. Fro.st, Charles Hall, Lieut. George W. Hall, Edwin W. Harrington, Michael Hart, Chauncy Hig- gins, William H. House, F. A. Hutchinson d Dec. 24 64, Seth W. Jen- nings, William H. Johnson, William Jones, Cyrus Keller, James Kel- ley, Elijah Knapp, Davis E. Lane, Daniel Lothrop. Charles M. Love- joy w 64, George G. Luce, John Maguire, Andrew J. Maxim d Nov. 18 62, Benjamin F. Maxim, Daniel H. Maxim, Charles H. McNear, James Murphy, Solomon A. Nelke, Capt. Grafton Norris, George O. Norris, Augustus Parlin, Joseph A. Penley, Sewell Pettingill, Adelbert Pratt, William W. Pratt, Elias H. Raymond, John S. Raymond, John R. Raymond, Russell F. Reynolds, Charles V. Richards, E. K. Richard- son, Abington H. Ridley, John P. R. Sleeper, Elhanan Smith, Lieut. Joseph O. Smith, Orrin A. SnoM% John L. Spear d Dec. 29 64, James B. Stetson, George S^ Sturtevant, Valmore Sturtevant, William V. Sturte- vant, Cleveland Swift, Millard F. Thing, Henry W^ Towns, James O. Trask, John E. Welch, William Wilson, Charles E. Wing, Leonard L. Wing d in hospital at New Orleans, Llewellyn T. Wing, Lewis H. Wing k before Petersburg Sept. 11 64, William A. Young w June 2 64. IVfst Gardu/t-r.—Anhuv B. Andrews, Hiram Babb, Jonathan C. Bartlett, Charles H. Bailey, John Blanchard jun., Lieut. Alfred G. Brann, Calvin N. Brann, John E. Brann w May 6 64, David Campbell, F. A. Chesley, Daniel M. Cole d July 30 63, Charles O. Crosby d Aug. 12 64 at New Orleans, Allen T. C. Crowell, William H. Crosby, R. Cunningham, James A. Cunningham. Oliver L. Dennison, Charles E. Dillingham, Charles H. Dill, John Edgecomb, A. K. P. Edwards, Wil- liam W. Eslar, Benjamin F. Fairbanks, Edwin Fairbanks, William H. Fairbanks, George S. Fogg, W. Forrest, George W. Fuller, Gustavus Fuller, Gardiner H. Fuller, George W. Garland, Hannibal George, Alfred Grover w June 2 63, George E. Grover, Lester Guilford k Feb. 64, Charles E. Howard, David H. Haines, Hiram Haines, William F. Haines, Robert G. Hildreth d 63, John T. Hatch, William H. Jewett, Charles O. Knox, August Kuehew, James Marston, George E. McCaus- land d July 28 63, Charles H. Merrill, F. L. Merrill w 64, M. A. Morse,, 158 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. James A. Mosher, Joseph H. Neal, George W. Newell, George Newell, vSimon Nudd, William Parker, Dexter W. Page, Jacob Page w at Antietam, Charles W. Patterson, Solomon E. Peach w 64, Edward Peacock jun., Solomon Peacock, Thomas A. Pinkham, Augustus B. Plummer, Ansel L. Potter, Emerald M. Potter, Simeon Potter, John A. Potter, Rosco H. Potter, George F. Reed, James W. Robinson, James Robinson, Gardiner Roberts jun., George A. W. Rooker, George Ross, Alonzo Sampson, Elisha P. Seavey, Hubbard C. Smith, Charles Small, Lieut. Oliver R. Small, Alvin Spear, Charles A. Spear, Franklin Spear d Feb. 4 63, John A. Spear, John Spear 2d, John A. Spear, Joseph M. Spear, Joseph F. Spear w Feb. 6 64, Justin F. Spear, Milton C. Spear, Richard H. Spear k June 23 64, Gardiner Todd, Joseph Traf- ton, Edward W. Wakefield d of disease, Tene Wendenburg, A. W. Whittier, Elbridge E. Whittier, Nickolas Williams. Wmdsor.— Charles H. Ashford, Homer P. Barton, Charles H. Bar- ton, Eloin C. Barker d of disease at Alexandria Va., Reuben W. Brown, Abram Bryant, Frank U. Butler, Charles J. Carroll d July 10 63, Freeman Casey, Abram Choat, Henry B. Coombs, Warren H. Colby, Decator S. Chapman d May 28 63, Elbridge B. F. Colby, Joseph Carver, Thomas M. Clark, George G. Colby, George W. Craige, Albert N. Craige, George W. Chapman k May 6 64, A. C. Davis, William H. Dearborn d May 8 63, Moses J. Donnell, George F. Doe d of wounds received Aug. 25 64, Yeaton Dunton, James W. Dackendoff, Laforest Dunton d Feb. 26 63, George Duval, James M. Evens, Charles E. For- saith, Stephen L. French, Charles F. French, George H. French, James Garrity, Maddison T. Glidden, Granville Coding, John W. S. Gould, Alonzo E. Gove, Elias Gove, Elijah S. Grant, Nathaniel N. Gray, Capt. John Goldthwait, Daniel Hallowell, John Hallowell jun., William Hallowell, David D. Hanson, William H. Harriman w Aug. 23 64, William H. Hilton, Charles A. Hilton, John Hutcherson, Daniel W. Hutcherson, John B. Hunt, Ira B. Hyson, John F. Hyson, Jeremy D. Hyson, Daniel L. Jackson, John Johnson, Daniel H. Jones, Benja- min R. Jones, William G. Keen, James W. Kendall, William Laskey, Edward H. Leach, Franklin P. Lewis, Marcelous C. Lynn, John Lynch d Mar. 17 63„ Andrew K. Maguire, Erastus Marr, George L. Marson, John Martin, Charles H. Maxwell w May 20 64, George W. McDonnel, Leonard H. Merrill, Melvin A. Merrill, Enoch Merrill, George W. Merrill k in action May 6 64, Abram Merrill, James F. Merrill, Isaac N. Marsh, George R. Mitchell, Benjamin H. Moody, Appleton Mer- rill, John McPherson, Daniel McDickens, Andrew J. Murch, John B. Murray, James O'Brien, James O'Donnell, William H. Peva w Aug. 16 64, Nathan R. Peavey, Fred C. Perkins, Lieut. Warren H. Pierce, Al- phonzo Pierce d Nov. 64, Isaiah H. Pierce d of wounds received May 18 64, Everts P. Plummer, David Potter, William F. Proctor, Sumner B. Proctor, Samuel Reeves, Charles A. Reynolds, Timothy W. Rey- MILITARY HISTORY. 159 nolds, Roswell Richardson, Jasper Robinson, William Russell, David O. Sawtell, John Simmons, Rockwell Scribner, William H. Seekins k May 27 63, Frank Smith, John Smith, James Stanley. Nathaniel W. Stetson jun., Levi W. Sterns, Joseph A. Stewart, Samuel S. Thompson, James B. Tobin, Stephen Trask d Sept. 25 63, Ruel W. Trask, John Tye, Marcelous Vining, Granville B. Warren d Aug. 3 63, Charles Watson d Oct. 64, Charles O. Watson, L. H. Whitehouse, John Q. Wentworth, Andrew F. White, James S. Wingate, Lieut. Frederick D. Wight, Luther Witham, George P. Wyman, Reuben Vining. U'iHs/ou'.— Ashman Abbott d Apr. 16 63, Edward S. Abbott d Apr. 17 63, Stephen H. iVbbott, Daniel B. Abbott, Albert A. Abbott, Mel- ville C. Blackwell, Samuel M. Bragg, Joseph Brown, William Brown, Lemuel Bubier, Eben A. Brook, Daniel Burgess, Charles M. Bryant, Orin Burgess, Alfred H. Buchard, William Cohoon, Charles A. Cole- man, George W. Cushman, J. S. Dodge, Alfred T. Dunbar, Benjamin F. Dunbar d of wounds June 14 63, Capt. Joseph Eaton jun., Albert Ellis, Henry Ellis, Henry W. Ellis, John R. Flagg.William H. Flagg, D. French, Lieut. Charles P. Garland, Capt. Joseph P. Garland, Henry W. Getchell, Adelbert M. Gray, Leonard Goodrich, George E. Gullifer, Wil- liam Gullifer, Henry A. Hamlin, John Harris, Charles Hollis, Ira D. Hodges, George W. Hodges d May 3 63, Francis D. Hodges, Josiah D. Houston. William A. Keag, Albert S. Kelley, Frederick King, Edward Lynch, Charles E. Low, Sumner Merrill, James Moony, George P. Morrill, Albert A. Morrill, Isaac Morrill, Addi.son Morrill, Frank E. Nelson, Oscar W. Nichols d in pri.son, L. W. Packard, Ambro.se H. Palmer jun., John Palmer k Feb. 4 65, William T. Patridge, George W. Pillsbury, Hiram S. Pollard, Charles Pillsbury, Albert Plummer, John R. Pollard, Charles Pollard, George A. Pollard p Oct. 19 64, John R. Pollard, Homer Proctor, David O. Preast, William T. Preble, John T. Preble, Albert Plummer, Hanes C. Quimby, Ansel P. Rankin, Thomas G. Rice, Elmerin W. Richards, Seth M. Richard.son, Alex. A. Richardson, Edward B. Richardson, Francis E. Robinson d Sept. 16 64, Zenas M. vShaw, Winthrop Shurland w June 18 64. Winthrop Shurland, Hollis Simpson, Albert R. Smiley, Ellis Smiley, Charles E. Smiley, Isaac Sanborn, Albert Southard, Theodore M. Southard, George L. Spaulding. Henry Spaulding. John W. Storkey. Howard H. Taylor, AVilliam Taylor k at Gettysburg 63, Richard W. Underwood. John F. Walker, Charles E. Washborn, John B. Wheeler, Howard R. Wilson, John S. Wilson d of wounds Nov. 13 64, Albert Withee, Bradley B. Withee. John Withee. William F. Wood k May 6 64, John P. Wyman. lVi/i//{ro/>.— Ruel D. Allen, John L. Armstrong w May 6 64, Willard S. Axtelle w May 5 64, George A. Batchelder d July 20 65, Roswell D. Bates, Asst. Surg. John F. Bates, William H. Bates, Frank Beal, George W.Beal, Watson C. Beals. William H. Beny, Samuel D. Besse, William Bird, Darius Blanchard, Benjamin A. Bragdon, William Breckler, 160 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. Henry F. Bridgham, Franklin S. Briggs d Aug. 3 63 in hospital, James M. Brown, Sewall M. Bubier, Andrew J. Burgess, Benjamin F. Bur- gess, Roswell Burgess, Jacob T. Byron, Josiah B. Byron, Joseph H. Caulfield, Solomon B. Gates, Albert Chandler d of wounds July 1 64, Charles H. Chandler, Charles W. Chandler, Charles A. Chandler d of wounds July 2 64, Enoch S. Chase, Samuel G. Chandler w July 2 63, Edgar U. Churchill, Isaiah M. Cookson, Samuel B. Coombs, Eli N. Cookson, Josiah L. Cobb, Thomas Connor, Charles E. Cottle, Reuben H. Crosby w, John F. Cummings d of disease Aug. 4 63, Thomas M. Daniels, Calvin Dearborn, Charles H. Dearborn, Thomas Dealy, Harry Dickey, Frank S. Dwyer, John Dyer, Josiah N. Eastman, Lieut. William Elder, William H. Emery, Joseph W. Esty, David Farr, Mel- ville N. Freeman, William F. Frost, David P. Freeman, Lieut. John F. Gaslin, Bethuel P. Gould, Rufus H. Gould, John C. Gaslin, Samuel M. Gilley, Apollos Hammon d Sept. 29 64 at New Orleans, Samuel Hanson, William H. House, Joseph A. Hall, Stephen P. Hart, Charles W. Heaton, AVillard C. Hopkins. George Howard, Henry A. Howard, John L. Hutch, Samuel Jackson, David D. Jones, John A.Jones, John W. Jones, Lennan F. Jones, William H. Jones d of disease Apr. 1 64, Shepherd H. Joy, William DeForest Kelley, John O. Lawrence d, Henry S. Lane, Edward N. Leavitt, George W. Leavitt, James W. Leighton, Lewis R. Litchfield, S. W. Lovell, Edwin Ladd, Charles H.. Longfellow. Augustine R. Lord, John E. Lowell, Lieut. Daniel Lothrop, Nelson H. Martin, Albert Moore jun., George H. Morton, Alden F. Murch, Roy P. Moody, George W. Nash, Henry O. Nicker- son, James Nickerson, Owen St. C. O'Brien, Thomas A. Osborn, Ho- ratio M. Packard, Isaac N. Packard, Thomas M. Packard, Andrew P. Perkins, Benjamin C. Powers, George Perkins, William H. Pettengill w May 12 64, John Pettengill, Winfield S. Philbrick, Silas Perry d July 24 64, Elias Pullen, George F. Rankin, James M. Robinson, John Rob- bins, Jacob Savage, John Shea, Enoch H. Skillings, Benjamin B. Smith, George L. Smith d at Annapolis Oct. 28 64, Harrison N. Smith d July 16 65, Frank W. Stanley, Henry H.Stevens, J. Wesley Stevens, Lorenzo D. Stevens d July 26 6o, Daniel W. Stevens, Capt. E. Lewis Sturtevant, Hiram H. Stilkey, Newell Sturtevant, Josiah Snell, Aaron S. Thurston, Stephen A. Thurston, Charles A. Thompson, Gustavus A. Thompson, Frank B. Towle, Henry F. Tilton, Joseph A. Toby, Joel W. Toothaker, Charles L. Towle jun. d in service, Edwin F. Towns, William P. Varney, Isaac W. Wardwell, Dura Weston, Isaac Watts d Oct. 20 65, Sullivan R. Whitney, Edward P. Whiting, George W.Williams, George W. Wing, Henry O. Wing, Hubbard R. Wing d Sept. 1 64, Thomas F. Wing, Henry D. Winter. Elias Wood, Franklin Wood, George W.Wood, Amaziah Young d Aug. 14 64, John F. Young. Records had been kept showing the bounties paid by the respective towns to promote these later enlistments, to employ substitutes and. MILITARY HISTORY. 1 Cil to relieve their citizens who were drafted. The total disbursements for these purposes, and the amounts refunded to the several munici- palities from the state bonds were as follows: Albion paid, $21,265.00 received, $8,033.33 Augusta " 100,456.00 " 44,466.07 Belgrade " 43,080.00 " 9,041 .67 Benton " 26,575.72 " 5,775.00 Chelsea " 11,266.05 " 4,441.67 China " 47,735.34 " 12,708.33 Clinton " 40,625.00 " 10,175.00 Farmingdale " 14,966.19 " 3,641.67 Fayette " 16,920.00 " 4,966.67 Gardiner " 65,070.53 " 23,108.33 Hallowell " 16,421 .00 " 7,808.33 Litchfield " 24,860.00 '• 9,158.33 Manchester " 12,330.00 " 3,408.33 Monmouth " 32,950.00 " 9,216.67 Mt. Vernon " 27,650.00 " 9,258.33 Oakland " " Pittston " 33,939.14 " 11,208.33 Randolph " " Readfield " 40,003.00 " 8,008.33 Rome " 25,675.00 " 3,666.67 Sidney " 30,039.00 " 8,183.33 Vassalboro " 73,100.00 " 14,750.00 Vienna " 15,557.44 " 4,213.33 Waterville " 68,016.00 " 19,888.33 Wayne " 22,280.00 " 6,091.66 West Gardiner " 22,374.00 " 6,291.67 Windsor " 35,044.00 " 7,925.00 Winslow '• 25,658.00 " 7,375.00 Winthrop " 50,430.00 " 12,350.00 Unity Plantation " 1,850.00 " 291.67 From other sources than Captain Clark's preceding lists we find some records of soldiers claiming residence in Kennebec county. The brief record is appended: A ii^nsta.— Daniel D. Anderson July 18 63, Alden S. Baker w Oct. 19 64, William H. Berry d Aug. 28 64, John F. Brett d July 3 64. Jason R. Bartlett d in prison 64, Charles F. Bennett k Oct. 19 64, George W. Bemis d Aug. 63, Brad S. Bodge d of wounds May 8 64, John Bradley w, Thomas J. Bragg d May 28 64, Joseph Bushea k July 63. Phillips N. Byron k at Cedar Mt. 62, Henry C. Chandler d Mar. 1 65, Benjamin F. Colby p Aug. 19 64, Daniel C. Cunningham d Feb. 5 63, Elisha 162 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Cooley w Aug. 18 64, John Curtis d in prison, Lewis E. Clark w May 20 64, Eugene Cate d Oct. 9 64, William Dewall w June 17 64, Benjamin Douglas w July 63, Charles A. Davis w Apr. 4 65, Lieut. James Davidson, Leroy Farrar w June 64, Albert V. French w May 12 64, Seth B. Goodwin p 62, Charles Gannett p July 63, Artemas K. Gil- ley d July 64, Col. Thomas Hight, Antoine Harrogot w Sept. 64, Rod- ney C. Harriman d Sept. 64, William H. Hayward k May 16 64, James A. Jones p 62, Augustus Kachner p, Hiram Kincaid w Sept. 64, Sam- uel Lisherness d June 64, Virgil G. Lanelle d in pri.son 64, William H. Lowell d Feb. 65, Thomas B, Lambert p July 63, George ]\IcGraw w May 10 64, Henry Mullen d Apr. 65, George G. Mills d Nov. 64, Hiram B. Nichols w Aug. 64, William O. Nichols w Apr. 8 64, John B. Parker d of wounds May 64, Levi A. Philbrook w May 64, Charles K. Powers d of wounds July 64, Asa Plummer k May 64, Franklin Perry k May 64, Glenwood C. Pray d Apr. 65, Ezekiel Page w, Lieut. Nathaniel H. Ricker, William D. Randall w Sept. 64, John Riley k May 64, Charles W. Richards d Feb. 64, Morrill Rose w May 64, Charles F. Shaw d Jan. 65, Samuel Stevens w Oct. 64, Edward A. Stewart d May 63, Henry G. Smith w May 64, Henry Smith p 62, James Shortwell w May 64, William B. Small w June 64, Joseph H.vSpencer d at Andersonville 64, Thomas B. Tolman dof wounds July 64, Henry W. Towns w June 64, Warren D. Trask d 64, Joseph Weaver d Jan. 64, Charles H. War- ren w, Alonzo S. Weed d in Richmond prison Oct. 63, vStephen Wing k May 64, Baptiste Willett jun. w 64, Frank Williams w May 64, Capt. James M. Williams d of wounds June 64. Albion.— Yr&nV Brown d July 15 63, Chandler Drake d Mar. 62, Charles Gage w May 64, Lieut. Maxey Hamlin, Warren G. Johnson d Mar. 62, Edward L. Pray d Mar. 62, Oscar Rollins d Sept. 62, Allen Shorey d Mar. 63. Belgrade.— "^Ahridige Bickford w 62, Asa J. Cummings d Mar. 62, Thomas W. Damon d 64, Elias Freeman d Mar. 24 63, Owen Getchell d July 64, James A. Lombard w 62, Hiram A. Mills d Oct. 64, Lyman Maxwell d Nov. 64, William L. Rollins w Oct. 64. Be?!ton.^A\^)ionzo C. Brown d in hospital 62, Jefferson W. Brown d Sept. 62, Alvin Gibson p 63, Royale B. Rideout d Oct. 62, James M. Rideout d Nov. 62, Albert M. Spaulding d Mar. 62. Chelsea.— y[\\\s O. Chase d Dec. 22 63, Lieut. William O. Tibbetts. <:/«■««.— Charles W. Allen d Oct. 13 64, Asst. Surg. D. P. Bolster, Joseph Babin w May 64, John W. Chisam d June 64, William Doe w 65, Henry A. Hamlin d in prison Aug. 64, William Holmes d Dec. 6], Israel D. Jones d June 63, William F. Priest d Feb. 63, Benjamin C. Studley p 62, Charles E. Washburn w 64. Clinton. — George W. Emery d May 65, John Marco k at Fredericks- burg, John H. Stevens w July 63, Herman P. Sullivan mortally w Aug. 64, George A. Weymouth k near Richmond Mar. 64, Thomas MILITARY HISTORY. 163 E. Whitney w d in prison June 04, David H. Whitten d Feb. 65, Elisha Whitten w 64. Fartningdalc. — Byron Lowell \v Malvern Hill, William H. Mayo p Sep:. 64. Fayette.— ?xa.nQ.\s. J. Folsom w Oct. 64, Charles W. Judkins w 65, Charles F. Palmer d of wounds May 64. Gardiner. — George W. Austin w at Gettysburg 63, Arrington Brann d June 64, Calvin W. Brann d Sept. 64, Lieut. Calvin Boston d July 64 of wounds, George Clough d May 62, Charles A. Douglas w 64, Daniel Fitzpatrick k June 64, C. W. Gilpatrick d in prison 64, Frank Johnson w Aug. 64, Charles A. Jordan p 64, Danforth M. Maxcy d Aug. 63, Barney McGraw p 61, George H. Nason d Aug. 64, Joseph M. Ring d Dec. 63, Capt. George W. Smith, Capt. Oliver R. Smith, Franklin W. Swift w 64, John Smith w May 64, James W. Taylor k June 64, George F. Tyler w 64. /i^rt/^wr//.— Joseph L. Bailey w Oct. 64, Charles F. Campbell w 64, James S.Emerson k June 64, Edwin R.Gould k May 63, Lieut. Charles Glazier, Capt. Samuel L. Gilman, Henry D. Otis d Sept. 64, Joseph Pinkham d Aug. 64, Lieut. John A. A. Packard, John W. Rodgers d Jan. 65, Frank Sweetland d 65, George S. Sherborn w July 63,William F. Sherman d in prison 64. Litchfield.— Cc^^t. George W. Bartlett, Merton Maxwell d at Alex- andria Sept. 62, Asst. Surg. Silas C. Thomas. Manchester. — Josiah H. Mears w 64. Monmouth. — Loring P. Donnell d Oct. 62, Corp. Lot Sturtevant d of wounds Apr. 65, Thomas Keenan p Oct. 64. Mt. Vernon.— Krno Little w Oct. 64, David G. Morrell k May 64. Pittston.— George H. Blair d July 63, George F. Bliss d July 64, Jo- seph S. Call k May 64, Lorenzo Cookson w May 64, Reuel M. Heath d of wounds May 64, Xenophen Heath d Oct. 62, Moses King w May 64, Warren Maines d of wounds June 64, Warren H. Moores w 64, Lieut. James G. Rundlette w June 64, Aaron Tucker d April 64. Readfie/d.— Chap. George C. Crawford, Lewis E. Davis d May 62, Albert L. Deering w 63, Henry C. Kennison d June 62, Asst. Surg. Joseph D. Mitchell, Charles H. Robie w May 62, George W. Smith d Aug. 64. Rome. — Capt. Hiram AL Campbell, Russell Clement w 62, Frank Fairbanks d Nov. 62, Lieut. Stephen H. Mosher, Joseph Meader k Oct. 64. Sidnej'.—Asst. Surg. John S. Gushing, William H. Farnham Mar. 63, Thomas R. Holt mortally w July 64, William H. Hoxie p May 63. Vienna. — Joseph O. Colley w, Nathaniel F. Dow d July 62, Ben- jamin F. GrifSn w Aug. 64. Vassalboro. — Josiah S. Arey d Aug. 64, A.ndrew J. Burgess d Mar. 65, Jeremiah Estes k Sept. 63, Charles H. Gibson k Sept. 64, Edwin ibi HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. W. Gould w June (14, Joseph H. Header d of wounds July 64, Timothy Nicholas w May 64, George E. Pishon d 63, Benjamin Weeks k May 64, Osa C. Wyman p 64. IVtrvj/c. — Rufus Bessee d June 64, Edward P. Bussey d June 64, Valentine S. Cumner k June 64, Lieut. Clarence E. Frost, Robinson Sturtevant w and p 64, Thomas B. Wing d July 64. WaUrviV/c— Davis P. Arba w Sept. 64, Bickford Bennett d May 64, William Chapman k in battle 64, Hiram Cochrane d Dec. 63, John G. Gay d Dec. 64, Lieut. Daniel F. Goodrich, Joseph Jerow d in prison 64, Moses King p 64. Charles Love w 63, Lieut. Frederick Mason w Apr. 65, Euarde Paulette d of wounds July 64, James B. PoUon w and p '64, Henry Porter d July 64, Albert Quimby d 64, George Robinson k July 64, William A. Stevens k June 64, Joseph D. Simpson k July 68, Ellis Stephens k May 63. IVest Gardiner.— GsLTdiner H. Fuller d Sept. 64, George M. Garland d Sept. 64, Sanford L. Pinkham d June 64, James H. Peacock d Apr. 64, Michael T. Smith d June 63, George W. Tyler d May 63. Windsor.— Sylvenus T. Hatch p 64, Elias T. Libby w 64, John Scales p 64. PVins/ou'.— William F. Good d at Gettysburg 63, Christopher C. Sanborn d July 62, Hiram Wixon w Mar. 62, George L. Webber d Dec. 63. /r'V«///r«rj/ about 1816; and Rob- inson & Page, about 1823, built the ship Marshal Ney, 3.1 Pierce's yard, on the Chelsea side of the river. About 1811 Judge Dummer built the ship Halloi^'cll on the east side of the river. She was captured by the British, and her bones now lie at Bermuda. From 1816 to 1825, Captain Isaac Smith built a num- ber of coasters at Loudon hill, launching his vessels directly off the shore; and during the same period Abner Lowell, at his wharf in the lower end of Hallowell (then called Joppa), built a number of vessels for the West India trade. Prior to this. Captain Shubael West built two sloops, just south of Lowell's yard; and anterior even to that date. Captain Larson Butler built, in this neighborhood, a sloop for the Boston trade. In 1845, Mason Damon built a schooner at a point north of the Grant yard, in Farraingdale; and south of Grant's yard, Elbridge G. Pierce built several whalers and other vessels for New Bedford parties. At the Grant yard, between 1851 and 1858, clipper barks and ships were built for the Boston and Galveston line; and also two large ves- sels, of 1,090 and 1,190 tons, for the Calcutta trade. This yard, the largest in the county, ran two blacksmith shops for ship-fitting, and employed from twenty-five to seventy-five men the year round. Ice. — A staple export of the county is ice, the purity of the Kennebec being such that its ice has long been established as the standard of quality. Years before the opening of this now vast industry in Maine the consumption of ice was small. The first authoritative account of ice being shipped from the county as an article of merchandise was previous to 1826, when the brig Orion, of Gardiner, was loaded with floating ice during the spring, and sailed for Baltimore at the opening of navigation. This cargo was sold for $700. It is said that several cargoes were thus put on the market years previous to any attempt at housing for summer shipment. The Tudors, of Boston, who had had exclusive control of the ice trade with the British West Indies, built about that year, on Gardiner's wharf, Gardiner, the first ice house on the Kennebec. In 1826 Rufus K. Page, in company with a Mr. Getchell, of Hallo- well, erected, in Gardiner, a building of 1,500 tons capacity on Trott's point, now occupied by Captain Eben D. Haley. This house they filled during the winter, and in the following summer loaded it in vessels, on account of the Tudors. The speculation proved unprofit- able, however, and the business was abandoned. In 1831 the Tudors acquired the building and filled it. At the same time they erected a house on Long wharf, in Gardiner, which was then just where the bridge now stands, and in it some 3,000 tons of ice were stored. No other attempt at housing is recorded until 1848-9, when the Tudors INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 179 again began operations on the river; and W. A. Lawrence, Dr. C. \V. Wliitmore and Cliarles A. Wiiite, of Gardiner, cut and housed 2,000 tons at South Gardiner, and 2,000 tons at Pittston. Another house was also filled at Pittston, and one each at Bowman's point. Farming- dale, and Hallowell. In the aggregate some 10.,000 tons were cut here that year. The following summer it was loaded, fifty tons being consid- ered a good day's work. The largest cargo was three hundred tons. Consignments were made to New Bedford, New York, Washington and Baltimore, $2.50 per ton being received, but the cost of labor and slow progress in handling made the profits small. In 1860 the industry entered upon a new era and grew into a more permanent form. James L. Cheesman, a New York retailer, began stacking at Farmingdale, and the following year entered upon exten- sive operations. Until 1865 he flourished wonderfully. In 1868, how- ever, reverses compelled him to sell out the Farmingdale plant, and later, in 1872, the Pittston plant, to the Knickerbocker Ice Company of Philadelphia, which now exceeds all other companies here in the quantity of ice handled yearly. In 1867 the Kennebec Land & Lumber Company built the first modern ice house at Pittston; and in 1872 such solid corporations as the Great Falls and Independent Ice Companies, of Washington, D. C, located in Pittston. Under the firm name of Haynes & De Witt, J. Manchester Haynes, of Augusta — who has been prominently identi- fied with the ice industry since 1871— together with Henry A. De Witt and the late Ira D. Sturges, controlled a large business on the river; and in 1889, with others, formed a corporation known as the Haynes & De Witt Ice Company. Improvements in tools and ma- chinery had taken place gradually since the early beginning of ice harvesting, and in 1890 Messrs. Shepard and Ballard, of the Knicker- bocker Ice Company, added to the list an important invention — an automatic vessel-loading machine— which is now in general use. The following list, corrected to date, shows the location and storage capacity of the ice houses on the Kennebec and within the county. Those on the west side of the river are: Coney & White, 8,000 tons, Augusta; Kennebec Ice Company (two houses), 25,000 tons, and Knick- erbocker Ice Company, 12,000 tons, Hallowell; A. Rich Ice Company, 70,000 tons, and Knickerbocker Ice Company, 30,000 tons. Farming- dale; Morse & Haley, 5,000 tons. Great Falls Ice Company, 30,000, and Eben D. Haley, 32,000, Gardiner. The houses on the east side of the river are: Old Orchard (Knickerbocker), 20 000 tons, and Chelsea houses, 30,000 tons, Chelsea; Randolph (Knickerbocker), 25.000 tons, Haynes & Lawrence, 13,000, and Centennial Ice Company, 15,000, Ran- dolph; Morse & Haley, 20,000 tons, Smithtown (Knickerbocker), 65,- 000, Great Falls Ice Company, 30,000, Independent Ice Company, 60,- •000, Haynes & De Witt Ice Company, 12,000, Consumers' Ice Company 180 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. of New York, 35,000, and Clark & Chaplin Ice Company of Portland' 40,000, Pittston. The total capacity of the above houses is 567,000 tons. In the development of this great industry here, as well as on the Hudson river and Booth bay, Captain Eben D. Haley, of Gardiner, has borne a prominent part. His grandfather, Moses Haley, was a house carpenter of Bath, where he raised a family of four boys and two girls. Woodbridge, his oldest child, born in 1806, grew up in the same occu- pation as his father, and married in 1833, Jane Button, of Gray, Me., ■where, in 1833, their first child, Eben D., was born. The next year they came to Pittston, where four more children were born to them: Joseph M., who died when four years old; George T.; Thomas H., now in the dry goods business in Chicago; and William D. Shipbuilding was then very active on the Kennebec, at which Woodbridge Haley worked for several years, mostly on large vessels for Boston parties, some of them at Sheepscott Bridge. He died at his home in Pittston in 1863. where his wife still survives him in what is now Randolph. Here Eben D. passed his boyhood days to the age of fourteen, when he left home for school, first at Bath, and then at Gardiner Lyceum. When sixteen years old his school days were ex- changed for the beginning of a career of business and adventure that is still at its maximum activity. He first entered the dry goods store of Field & Reed at Bath, leaving there at the end of one year for a clerkship in the store of N. K. Chadwick in Gardiner, from whence he went to Rockland and worked in Wilson & Case's store till he was twenty-one. Resolved to see something of the great West, he went to Keokuk, Iowa, where, in 1857, the firm of Ricker & Haley engaged in the produce and commission business, which extended over a wide extent of country. Mr. Haley happened to be in Memphis when Fort Sumter was fired on, from whence he hastened to St. Louis to meet his partner, arriving there the night of the riot. They immediately dissolved partnership, settled their business, and Mr. Haley came home. The day after the battle of Bull Run he went to Augusta and tendered his services to his country. In conjunction with John B. Hubbard, son of ex-Gov- ernor Hubbard, he was active in raising the 1st Maine Battery of light artillery, which was mustered into service in December, with Edward W. Thompson captain, John B. Hubbard 1st lieutenant, and Eben D. Haley 2d lieutenant, with 151 men, five officers and six pieces of artillery. The first active work of the battery was under General Butler at New Orleans, where they did patrol service from Alarch till September, 1862. The 1st Maine then joined General Weitzel's brig- ade, and was in several sharp fights, one of which was an attack on the gunboat Cotton, where, by the bursting of a shell. Lieutenant Haley was severely injured. The battery was made very efficient, INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 181 and at the siege of Fort Hudson it had occasion to show its metal. It was the first to open fire on the right of the line, Maj' 27, 1863. Lieu- tenant Haley was in command, and held his advanced position during the siege with heavy losses of men and horses. The battery was next at Donaldsonville, where the fire became so hot that Lieutenant Haley had at one time but one man left out of thirteen, and himself helped to load and fire the guns. For this heroic conduct he was complimented by General Weitzel, also for difficult services rendered at the fight of May 27. The battery went on the second Red River expedition, but Lieu- tenant Haley was not with it again till after it had been ordered to the Shenandoah, where he was promoted to its captaincy. Here he was in the famous Cedar Creek fight, October 19, 1864, in which the confederates were victors in the morning, and the Union forces, after being rallied by General Sheridan, were victors in the afternoon. Cap- tain Haley was in command of his battery from shortly after three in the morning till about six, when he received a bullet in his left thigh that he carries yet. After lying on the field till three o'clock in the afternoon, he was taken to a room in a house in the corner of which Colonel, afterward President, Hayes was lying on a wood box, suffer-' ing from a wound. During the grand review in Shenandoah valley General Hancock complimented the 1st Maine on its fine appearance and splendid records. When General Sheridan was in Maine he said to Governor Cony at Augusta, in the presence of General Chamberlin, that he remembered with pride the services of the 1st Maine Battery under its gallant commander. Captain Haley. In September, 1865, two months after being mustered out of the service, Captain Haley formed a partnership with Alonzo P. Parsons and bought the dry goods business of N. K. Chadwick in Gardiner — the same store he had entered as a clerk in 1852. In 1870 he took the business alone, and in 1878 he sold it to his brother, George T. Haley. The same year, in company with Peter Grant and Daniel Glidden, he put up on Stevens' wharf 2,500 tons of ice — his first move in the busi- ness that has since taken his entire attention. In 1873 he put up ice with Johnson Brothers and Captain John Landerkin at South Gardiner. In 1876 he bought his partners' interest and joined with the Great Falls Ice Company, of Washington, he owning a half interest. He also located for them their houses at Green's ledges, two miles from Gardiner. For some years he had attended to the local business on the Kennebec of the Independent Ice Company of Washington. In 1879 John Van Raiswick, president of the Great Falls Company, J. H. Johnson of Washington, C. B. Church, and the Independent Ice Com- pany, joined with Captain Haley and formed the Maine Ice Company. The growing necessity for a water shipment, where vessels could load from the ice houses at any time of the year, demanded immediate at- 182 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tention. Captain Haley had long foreseen this want, and to meet it had matured a design which he carried at once to a triumphant com- pletion. It was no less a plan than to cut off an arm of the sea with a dam, and then compel the salt water to leave the cove and return to the sea. By act of the legislature of 1879 permission was given to build a dam across Campbell's cove in Booth Bay harbor. To make this separat- ing wall impervious to water, he built two complete dams of timber cribs filled with stone, one sloping toward the ocean, the other toward the cove. The faces of each were made of spruce plank fitted water tight, with their ends driven to the i-ock bottom. When this was done these dams presented two parallel partition walls of plank eleven feet apart, and from ten to thirty feet high, according to the depth of water. Into this sort of water tight compartment gravel was dumped till the water was all forced out, making a perfect road bed, for the use of which the town has paid §200 each year for ten years. We have now arrived at the point where Captain Haley's genius beguiled the law of gravitation into the pleasing task of compelling the salt water in the cove to return to its old home. Near the point of low tide he had put a spout twenty-eight inches square through both dams and the road way, with an elbow on the cove side, can-ying that end to the bottom of the cove pond. By the mere device of opening a gate in the spout at low tide the water from the pond sought its level on the sea side of the dam, and it could enter the pipe only at its opening at the bottom of the deepest water. The result surprised the captain himself, for in fifty-four days the pipe was discharging only fresh water, with which the streams from the land had entirely replaced the ocean brine. For original conception and effectual accomplishment of a work of such intrinsic value, hitherto unattempted. Captain Haley has exhibited the same kind of masterful ability by which Captain Eads, in the construction of the. wonderful jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi river, removed a constant inter- ruption to navigation. Ice was cut in Campbell's cove in the winter of 1881-2 and every winter since, the quality being next to river ice. In 1886 Captain Haley and the Independent Ice Company became the exclusive owners of the Maine Ice Company. In 1885 he sold his half interest in the South Gardiner ice houses to the Great Falls Company and erected new ones there, known as the Haley houses, of which he is sole owner. He has been for years extending the area of the ice trade. In 1883 he established a retail trade in Richmond, Va., still very prosperous. In 1892 Morse & Co., of New York, joined him in the purchase of large interests in the retail ice trade of New York city and of storage capacity on the Hudson river, and in the erection of more .storage room in Pittston, so that they are now able to supply any shortage of ice in any of the great ice markets. INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 183 Captain Haley has always been an active republican in politics, go. ing twice as a delegate to presidential conventions. He is one of the directors of the Gardiner National Bank and of the Kennebec Steam Towage Company. In 1870 he married Sophie J., daughter of Daniel Johnson, of South Gardiner. The names of their four children are: Marion W., Ethel A., Eben R. and John H. This family group make an unusually happy home, the hospitalities of which are enjoyed by a large circle of friends. Granite. — Just when or how the utilization of the granite ledges in the county was begun cannot be definitely ascertained, for it is a sin- gular fact that there is no industry of any importance that has re- ceived so little attention from historical and statistical experts as the granite industry. It is quite certain, however, that it was not until the beginning of the present century that an attempt was made to quarry the mineral that was afterward destined to figure so promi- ently in the industrial resources of the county. When, in 1797, the Kennebec bridge was built, stones split from boulders were used for the piers and abutments; and when, in 1801. Captain William Robin- son, of Augusta, erected his house, he procured the underpinning in Massachusetts at great expense. The first recorded attempt to quarry granite in the county was that made in 1808 at the Rowell ledge, in Augusta. The venture met with indifferent success. Some of the top strata were broken off with " rising wedges " driven under the edge of the sheet until it parted; but this was a slow and laborious process. The first successful effort to open and work a ledge in the township was made by Jonathan Matthews, on the Thwing ledge, in 1825, when he laid the cellar walls of Arch Row; but he also worked with rising wedges. Powder was not used for blasting upon ledges until the erection of the state house was begun, in 1829, and then, at first, with but one hole, by which large irregular masses were blown out. Afterward two holes, a short distance apart, were charged, and fired simultaneously, thus opening long, straight seams, sometimes to the depth of six feet. Since the introduction of dynamite as a partitive agent in quarry- ing, better results have been obtained, with less exposure of the men to accident. With this exception, however, but little improvement has been made upon the early methods of obtaining granite. Ma- chinery has been tried in all forms, but, aside from the steam drill, a valuable time and labor saving invention, nothing has been found that will adequately perform the work now done by hand. It is true that, used as a lathe, machinery works somewhat satisfactorily in turn- ing out columns, but even this does not finish the surface, except when it is to be polished. In this connection it may be noted that the first derrick used at any stone works m Augusta was erected east of Church hill at a quarry then operated by William B. Pierce. 184 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. In 1836 three granite companies were incorporated at Augusta. One, called the Augusta & New York Granite Company, worked the Hamlen ledge, situated about two miles from the river b}' way of Western avenue; another, named the Augusta & Philadelphia Granite Company, owned the Ballard ledge, a mile and a half from Kennebec bridge by way of Northern avenue, and of which the Rowell and Thwing ledges are a continuation; and the third, known as the Au- gusta Blue Ledge Company, purchased Hall's ledge, two and a half miles from the bridge, over the North Belfast road. In 1871 the Hallowell Granite Company was organized, with its chief stockholder, Governor Joseph Bodwell, as president. The busi- ness gradually assumed huge proportions, and in 1885 the Hallowell Granite Works, another stock company, was formed, its executive being also Governor Bodwell. It is not known how long before these periods granite was taken from the ledges owned by the companies mentioned, but it is said that the New Orleans custom house was built, seventy years ago, of stone quarried from the ledge now oper- ated by the Hallowell Granite Works. The extensive quarries of the latter company are two and a half miles from the city of Hallowell, near the Manchester line. The granite is white, free working and soft, and can be almost as delicately chiselled as marble. It is said to be the finest grade of white granite in the state. Aside from their extensive building operations, the Hallowell Granite Works is the largest producer of monumental, statuary and ornamental work in Maine. In almost every city of the country can be seen the handi- work of its artisans. The New York state capitol at Albany; Equit- able Life Insurance Building, New York; the monument at Plymouth, Mass.; soldiers' monument, Boston Common; memorial monuments at Getty.sburg; and the Augusta soldiers' monument, etc., are from their works. The works employ, in its numerous departments, from 300 to 400 men; the annual shipment of stone averages 100,000 cubic feet, and the gross product annually averages over $250,000. Intellectually, the granite cutters of Kennebec county are on a level with any other class of mechanics. Instead of the saloon, they patronize the public library, and they take an active interest in state and national affairs. The foreign element among the granite cutters consists chiefly of vScotch, Italian and English. Ninety per cent, of the other labor is American born. In 1884 Joseph Archie opened a granite quarry near the Hallowell works, but just over the Manchester line. He took a partner for a brief period, the firm being known as the Central Granite Company. In 1891 Mr. Archie bought out his partner, and since that time has successfully continued the business alone, employing forty men. The stone produced is very fine, and is mostly used for statuary and monu- mental work. The granite is furnished to dealers on order, and is INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 185 shipped to St. Louis, Omaha and many other distant points. The ex- tension of the .state house at Augusta, in 1891-2, was built of stone from this quarry. Ample supplies of granite for building purposes occur in many of the towns. Ledges have been worked in Fayette and Wayne for ■other purpo-ses. S. B. Norris operated a quarry in Wayne twenty years ago, which had been formerly worked for building material, and from which J. Frank Gorden is now obtaining monument ma- terial. The name of Governor Joseph Robinson Bod well is indissolubly linked with the history of Kennebec county as that of the " granite man " — the man who had larger individual interests in granite quar- ries than any other man in the L'''nited States, and whose foresight, energy and shrewd business instinct were the means of building up the granite business at Hallowell. He was born at Methuen, Mass., in 1818 — the tenth in a family of eleven children. He was a lineal descendant of Henry Bodwell, his first known American ancestor, who bore a brave and con.spicuous part in the war with the Indian chief, King Philip. The governor's father, Joseph Bodwell, was among the most worthy and respected citizens in his community, and his mother, Mary (How) Bodwell, came of the best New England stock, and was a superior and cultured woman. His father having, through unavoidable misfortune, lost his property, Joseph R., to re- lieve the family of some of its burden, was sent when eight years old to live with his brother-in-law, Patrick Fleming. When he had at- tained his sixteenth year his brother-in-law died and Joseph R. was to a certain degree thrown upon his own resources. The school of manual labor (farming) in which he had pas.sed the formative years of his life was precisely the one best calculated to qualify him for the peculiar successes in business he afterward achieved. In 1835 he began to learn the shoemaker's trade, and for three years followed this calling, attending school during the day and spending the evening and early morning in the making of shoes. In 1838 he purchased jointly with his father a farm in West Methuen, and aided in its cultivation until the death of the elder Bodwell, in 1848. In October of this year he married his first wife, Eunice Fox, of Dracut, Mass. She died December 14, 1857, leaving one daughter, Persis Mary, born August 26, 1849. On July 25, 1859, Governor Bod- well married Hannah C, sister of Eunice, the fruit of this union being Joseph Fox Bodwell, born July 11, 1862. While cultivating his farm in West Methuen, Governor Bodwell took the first steps in that special career in which he afterward be- came so proficient, for while hauling granite from Pelham, N. H., to Lawrence, Mass., while the Lawrence mills were in course of con 183 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. struction, he became acquainted with all the processes involved in- quarrying and working granite. In 1852, in company with Hon. Moses Webster, Governor Bodwell came to Maine and began to work the granite quarries on Fox island, at the mouth of Penobscot bay. He began operations with one yoke of oxen, which he drove himself and shod with his own hands. From this humble beginning sprang: results of such magnitude that a company was formed, known as the Bodwell Granite Company, with the hardy pioneer as its president. In 1866 Governor Bodwell removed his family from Methuen to Hal- lowell, and from that period to his death, December 15, 1887, the main record of his business career was the history of the Hallowell Granite Works. He never altogether lost his early love for agricultural pursuits, and soon after he came to Hallowell he purchased in the neighbor- hood two farms, which he successfully cultivated, one of them, indeed, becoming one of the best stock farms in New England. He also car- ried on lumber operations at the head of the Kennebec, was president of the Bodwell Water Power Company, at Oldtown, Me., and was a stockholder in several important railroad enterprises. Governor Bodwell was not a politician in the ordinary meaning of the term, but he always took a deep interest in public affairs. He never sought official distinction, but office was sometimes thrust upon him. Twice he represented his adopted city in the lower branch of the legislature; for two terms he served as mayor of Hallowell, and after twice refusing the governorship of Maine he was prevailed upon in 1886 to take the nomination, and was elected by a very large ma- jority. His administration, which he did not live to complete, was honest and efficient. Governor Bodwell, however, was best known as a business man of great force of character, unquestioned integrity and untiring industry^ He was possessed of fine social gifts, and endeared himself to all wha had dealings with him. He was a philanthropist in the true sense of the word. His heart went out toward his fellow-men, and melted at the sight of suffering. He was always giving something for the needy, his Christianity knew no creed, he was every inch a man. The highest tribute to his worth was the grief at his death, of the men who knew him best — the men in his employ, who so often profited by his kindness, and whose fortunes he was always ready and often eager to advance. CHAPTER VIII. AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. Bv Samuel L. Bo.\rdm.\x. Pre-historic Agriculture. — Primitive Farming. — Natural Advantages.— Soil. — General Farm Methods.— Historic Agriculture.— Early Leaders.— Associa- tions.—Farm Machinery.— Agricultural Schools.— Cattle Breeding.— Short- horns. — Heref ords. —Jerseys. —Dairying. —Sheep. —Horses. —Stock Farms. —Driving Associations.— Race Tracks.— Trotters. — Orchards.— Retrospect. THE agricultural hi,story of the county of Kennebec is one of inci- dent, importance and influence. Of incident, because of that romance which attaches to the occupation of a new country by sturdy pioneers who hew out farms and build homes in the primitive wilderness; importance, when viewed in the light of modern achieve- ments and the position of its agriculture to day in one of the best ag- ricultural states in the Union; and influence, when is taken into ac- count the part which the historic agriculture of Kennebec has had in the larger history of the agricultural development and progress of the nation. There has been a pre-historic agriculture in the county as there has been a pre-historic age in htiman achievement of all kinds — a time before events of marked importance had been established, and before anything of interest or significance had taken place in its agricultural development. This was when farms were being made from the for- ests, the first rude homes established in the openings upon the hills, when wild animals roamed in their native woods, when fish of the lakes and rivers contributed to support, when saw mills were being established, and the occupations of the people had reference mainly to the support of existence. It was a time of self-dependence: when the farmers were obliged to look to their farms and the labor of their hands for everything that contributed to material welfare. The land supplied everything, and the farm was a small empire. Little was had by the rural people that the farm did not furnish; oxen for work, cows for the dairy, sheep for clothing. The first settlers needed a hardy race of cattle to endure the rugged winters: used to work, for the labor of clearing land was heavy; and that would also give a fair amount of milk. The maple furnished molasses and sugar. Butter 188 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and cheese for the family were produced at the farm. The wool which the sheep furnished for clothing was supplemented by the tow and linen from the cultivated flax — and the domestic manufacture of cloth was an art understood in every farm hou.se. Beef, pork, lambs, and hens were kept as the standard supplies of the family for the long, cold winters. As the farms became more improved the orchard formed a part of all the hill farms and its fruit contributed to the luxury of living: while the cider mill was soon established in every neighborhood. The large, framed house, of which there are many fine examples yet standing, .superseded the log dwelling, and the domestic life of the early farmers, although books were few and there were no news- papers, was full of a quiet contentment, a high self-independence, little idleness and a large amount of dornestic thrift. As the years sped on changes came. Carding mills and power looms took the place of hand carding and home weaving. More sup- plies were purchased for the farms as the market became better fur- nished. Improved tools and implements made finer and more pro- ductive culture possible. Farm stock was improved. The conven- iences and even luxuries of living reached out to all farm homes of any pretension. The mowing machine upon the farm, the sewing machine and organ in the house, the diffusion of special intelligence for farmers through the agricultural press, wrought a complete revo- lution. Roads were improved; the impetus of visiting and receiving visits from distant points had its influence upon the farm life. Edu- cation was esteemed a thing of chief importance. The culture of the farm, the embellishment of the farm home, the higher social position of the farmer's family, marked a new era. Old things had passed away; all things had become new. This picture of the transitions of the agricultural life from the earliest period of settlement to the pres- ent, is a mere outline, the shadings and details of which must be filled in as the more historic structure is completed. Too far from the sea to have its vegetation retarded by the saline winds and fogs of an ocean atmosphere, and sufficiently distant from the mountain ranges to prevent suffering from their cold summits, this county, most favorably situated in an agricultural point of view, is one of the best watered sections of Maine. Its beautiful and diver- sified water surfaces assist in furnishing moisture to the soil and purity to the atmosphere, while they contribute in no small degree to the wealth of the county by adding to the charm and beauty of the landscape — the latter a consideration of no small weight with those who are attached to the country and have a love for the beauties of nature. The'soils of the county present a considerable diversity of char- acteristics. In the main they may be regarded as of granitic origin, AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 189 Strong rather than deep, productive, retentive of fertilizing elements, in many sections ledgy, in some very rocky, in a few light or porous. The county as a whole is a rich grazing section, excellent for the pro- duction of grass, the hill farms among the best orchard lands in the state, the lands in the river valleys and in the lower portions between the hills and ridges, splendid for cultivation. The towns of Rome, Vienna, Fayette and Mt. Vernon are broken, their strong, rocky soils comprising excellent grazing lands. In Winslow the lands near the Kennebec and Sebasticook are of fine, deep, rich, productive loam. Eastward, part of the town is ledgy. Wayne, West Gardiner and Litchfield have tracts of light plains, the former having hundreds of acres of wind-shifted surface. There are, however, some fine farms, and agricirlture is constantly improving. Clinton, Benton, Albion, Windsor and Pittston are excellent grazing towns. China and Vassalboro, east of the Kennebec, and vSidney, Manchester, Winthrop, Readfield and Monmouth, west of the Kenne- bec, are without question the garden towns of the county. The county has less waste, unproductive and unimproved land than any other section of equal extent in the state. Upon almost every farm of the usual extent of 150 to 200 acres there is much diversity of soil. Orcharding has reached a high degree of perfection and is conducted on a good business system. The pastures are unstirpassed in Maine; herbage is choice, abundant and nutritious, and cool springs and pure brooks conduce to the healthfulness of farm animals. The county is abundantly wooded with large tracts of old forest growth, while in localities where the original growth has long since been cut off, young trees have taken their place and have become the most valuable land in the county. Nearly every farm has its quota of wood land, trees crown many of our highest hills, fringe the river banks and clothe the rough and waste places of the farm, affording a beautiful object in the landscape, furnishing .shelter and protection from cold winds to stock, growing crops and homesteads, adding wealth to the county, materially lessening the rigors of winter and contributing to the uni- formity and healthfulness of the climate. While in general the agricultural methods of the county may be regarded as a mixed sy.stem of husbandry, they are less so at the present time than formerly. In the earlier days each farmer raised some of all the farm crops and kept all kinds of stock, as each made it a point to be independent of every other. Now the tendency is toward the more perfect growing of crops best adapted fur particular locations, or the raising of certain special lines of stock. Farmers who have large orchards, or make dairying a specialty, or having a good grass farm sell hay and purchase commercial fertilizers, or breed a particular kind of cattle, or fine colts of a fashionable family— give special effort and attention to these branches. The orchard farmer 190 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. lets another make his butter, and the dairyman purchases his apples and often his hay of his neighbor. In many locations raising " truck crops" for our growing cities is becoming a specialty, changing the character of much of the farming. A farmer obtains more ready cash now for a few acres of early potatoes put into our manufacturing towns on the first of July than he obtained twenty years ago from the marketed crops of his entire farm. Thus the manufacturing towns and cities have done much to develop the present farm methods of the county and bring about those specialties in farming which have everywhere and always been the source of the highest profits and most successful conditions. In no section of Maine, and in but few portions of the Eastern states, has agriculture reached a higher general condition than in Kennebec county. The farm houses are commodious, often large, frequently elegant; while the barns are well and properly built, in many cases clapboarded and painted. The best and most approved implements and machines are employed; in every town are model farms of the highest rank, while neatness about the farm houses, the presence of flowers, shade trees and cultural beadty characterize the rural districts. There is a larger proportion of thoroughbred and Jiigh grade stock on our farms than in any other county in Maine, while in the best bred horses Kennebec county leads all New Eng- land. Historic agriculture in Maine had its commencement in the county of Kennebec. The records of all first things pertaining to its im- proved agriculture, the importation of thoroughbred stock, improve- ment of seeds and fruits, organization of agricultural societies, diffu- sion of information by means of books and journals, invention and manufacture of improved farm tools and implements, plans for the industrial and agricultural education of the people — all had their origin in this county. The early farmers of Kennebec — themselves from the best families of the Old Colony — were men of intelligence, anxious for improvement. The soil and natural advantages of the county were of the best, and the settlers took up their farms that they might make homes for themselves. They came into the new terri- tory of the District of Maine for this purpose; they came to stay; hence whatever promised development of agriculture was eagerly sought. But in agriculture as in everything else it was the few lead- ers who, carrying forward plans for improvement, stimulated others to higher endeavors and organized forces for the development of the county's resources. Early Leadek.s. — Foremost among those to whom the agriculture of Kennebec county owes so much for its early improvement were Benjamin Vaughan, M.D., LL.D.; his brother, Charles Vaughan; Dr. . Ezekiel Holmes, Sanford Howard, and the brothers Samuel and Eli- AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 191 jah Wood. Doctor Vaughan was born in England April 30, 1751, studied at Cambridge and received his medical degree at Edinburgh. During the American revolution he was a member of parliament, but on account of his friendship for the American colonies he left his ■country and resided in France. In 1796 he settled in Hallowell upon a family property derived from his maternal grandfather, Benjamin Hallowell. His brother, Charles Vaughan, followed him to America in a few years and also settled upon the same tract of land, which ex- tended along the river one mile and westward to Cobbosseecontee ■lake — a distance of five miles. This land they improved and kept in a high state of cultivation, employing a large number of workmen upon it throughout the year. They had extensive gardens, estab- lished nurseries, planted orchards, imported stock, seeds, plants, cut- tings and implements from England, and carried on model farming on a large scale. They built miles of faced and bank wall upon their farms, laid out and built roads for the public use, and while they sold trees and plants from their nurseries, often to the value of a thousand dollars in a single year, they also freely gave to all who were unable to buy; sent stock, plants and seeds to leading farmers in the several new towns for them to propagate or test, and carried on correspond- -ence with prominent farmers. The apple was not then so highly esteemed for fruit as it is now, but cider was made in large quanti- ties. The Vaughans built the largest and most perfect cider mill and press in New England, employing a skilled mechanic from England to set up the machinery. In their gardens and orchards were apples, pears, peaches, cherries, and many kinds of nut-bearing trees. Doctor Vaughan passed much of his time in studies and investigations, while his brother Charles had the more immediate care of their large farms, which, later, were managed by Colonel William O. Vaughan, the doc- tor's eldest son. Doctor Vaughan was one of the most distinguished members of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, es- tablished in 1792— the second society of its kind formed in the United States. He wrote extensively and learnedly upon all agricultural sub- jects, many of his treatises being published in the transactions of this society, usually with the signature, " A Kennebec Farmer." Charles Vaughan was born in London June 30, 1759. He was one of the original corporators and for several years a trustee of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. He was more practical, .so to speak, than his distinguished brother, taking the immediate care of their large estates and the carrying out of their experiments and farming operations. These were very extensive, were performed at great cost of care and money, and had for their object the improvement of the agriculture of the state as much as they did the business of their owners. No breed of stock or variety of fruit, vegetable or seed was disseminated until it had been care- 192 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. fully tested and found to be valuable and well adapted to this country. Benjamin Vaughan died in Hallowell December 8, 1885, and Charles, on May 15, 1839. Succeeding the Vaughans, the name of Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, of Winthrop, must ever occupy a high position. He was born in Kings- ton, Ma.ss., in 1801, graduated from Brown University in 1821, and from the Maine Medical School in 1824. His health being inadequate to the hard service of a country physician's life, he became a teacher for the next five years in the Gardiner Lyceum. In 1828 he edited for a single year the Neiv England Farmers and Mechanics Journal. He was professor of natural science in Waterville College from 1838 to 1837. From its establishment, in 1833, Doctor Holmes ably edited ilie Maine Fanner until his death — a period of thirty-two years. Before 1840 he advocated the establishment of a board of agriculture, which was finally done in 1852, he being its first .secretary for three years. A State Agricultural Society was also incorporated by the legislature in 1855, largely through the efforts of Doctor Holmes, who drafted its constitution and was its secretary until his death. In 1838 he made a survey of Aroostook county for the state board of internal improve- ment; and in 1861-2 was chief and naturalist of the scientific survey of Maine, authorized by the legislature. These leading dates in the active and useful life of Doctor Holmes give but a very imperfect idea of the great work he accomplished for the agriculture of Maine — the influence of which is still potent and fruitful. As editor of the Maine Farmer for more than thirty years, the work of Doctor Holmes was such that had he done nothing more for Maine agriculture his memory would forever be held in grateful remembrance. Doctor Holmes was the fir.st person in Maine to introduce Shorthorns into the state: the first Southdown and Cotswold sheep, and the first of the Jersey breed of cattle. The last public act of his life was that of securing from the legislature in February, 1865 — but a week before his death — an ac which established the State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. The Holmes' Cabinet of Natural History in that college but inadequately expresses the debt of gratitude which it owes to its illus- trious benefactor. Samuel and Elijah Wood, sons of Henry Wood, of Middleboro, Mass., were among the first settlers of Winthrop— vSamuel settling in 1784, and Elijah a few years afterward. They were among the founders and incorporators of the Winthrop Agricultural Society — Samuel being elected its first president. Fie was among the first contributors to the Maine Farmer, and his articles — always practical, suggestive and use- ful— were continued for many years. When he first came to Win- throp Elijah Wood engaged in the manufacture of nails, but afterward was largely and profitably engaged in farming. He was "chairman and principal agent " of a committee chosen in 1831-2 by the Win- A(^.RICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 193 throp Agricultural Society to petition the legislature for funds in car- rying on its work. He established himself in Augusta during that winter and entered upon the work of his mission among the legisla- tors with a zeal becoming the importance of the end sought. The re- sult was the passage of an act, one provision of which was "the payment by the treasurer of state to the treasurer of any agricultural or horticultural society, whenever the treasurer shall apply for the same, a sum equal to that which said society may have raised and actually received by subscription or otherwise within the next preced- ing year" — which, with slight modification, is the substance of the present statute under which all the agricultural societies in Maine are beneficiaries of the state. Sanford Howard came to Hallowell as superintendent of the Vaughan farms in 1830. He was born in Easton, Mass., in 1805, and, having been acquainted in Massachusetts with Colonel Samuel Jaques and the Hon. John Welles — two of the most noted breeders of their times — he brought with him several individuals of the Shorthorn breed of cattle from their herds. Having seen, in Massachusetts, the benefits of agricultural societies to a farming community, Mr. Howard became anxious that Kennebec county should enjoy like advantages; and he at once joined efforts with other progressive farmers in the establish- ment of the Kennebec Agricultural Society, and after removing from the county in 1837 had an honorable and useful career until his death, in 1871. For the good he exerted upon the agriculture of Kennebec county by his residence and work here for a period of seven years, he will ever be regarded as one of the noble worthies in our earlier agri- cultural period. Dr. Sylvester Gardiner has not been mentioned before because his distinguished efforts in the settlement and development of the Ken- nebec valley embraced other interests than that of agriculture, which in a new country must always be given attention, like the building of mills and bridges, the making of roads and the establishment of trading houses. He was one of the proprietors of the Kennebec Pur- chase, and was largely instrumental in shaping its policy and promot- ing its prosperity. Obtaining thus large tracts of land in Gardiner, Pittston, Winslow, Pownalborough and other places, he built houses, cleared farms, erected dams and mills, introduced settlers and often ad- vanced them means for stocking their farms and becoming established. In these ways he greatly aided the early farmers and general agri- culture of the county, and deserves to be regarded as one of its most eminent benefactors. Other prominent names are connected with the early agricultural annals of the county. One of the most distinguished is that of Henry Dearborn, who was born in North Hampton, N. H., February 23, 1751, 13 194 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and died at Roxbury, Mass., June 6, 1829. General Dearborn was a representative to the Third and Fourth congresses in 1801-1808, major general of Maine in 1795, and secretary of war under President Jef- ferson, 1801-1809. He had extensive farms in Monmouth, where he lived between 1784 and 1797, and was deeply interested in the im- provement of agriculture. After he removed to Roxbury, Mass., in 1824, he continued to make annual visits to his farm in this county as long as health permitted. R. H. Greene, of Winslow; Jesse Robin- son, of Waterville; Payne Wingate, of Hallowell; Robert Page, of Readfield; Rev. W. A. P. Dillingham, of Sidney; Nathan Foster, of Gardiner; Joseph A. Metcalf, of Monmouth, and Steward Foster, Ne- hemia Pierce, Peleg Benson, David Foster, Samuel Benjamin, Colum- bus Fairbanks, Samuel P. Benson and John May, of Winthrop, are names that deserve honorable mention in the agricultural annals of Kennebec county for their eminent services in the earlier years of its development. Associations.— One of the first agencies for carrying on the work of agricultural improvement which the educated and progressive farmers of this county made use of, was that of association and organi- zation. The few leading minds who were foremost in this work de- sired to extend it, that the benefits resulting from investigation, study and experiments might be shared by others. To accomplish this it was necessary to organize and cooperate. The Pennsylvania Society for Promoting Agriculture was the first agricultural society estab- lished in the United States; while the first in New England and the second in all North America, was the Kennebec Agricultural Society, established through the efforts of the Messrs. Vaughan and other pro- gressive farmers in 1787, five years previous to the incorporation of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. The objects of this society were " mutual improvement in agricultural knowledge, and mutual aid, by the importation of trees, seeds, tools, books, etc." It was incorporated in 1807, and although it held no exhibitions, it had frequent meetings for the reading of papers contributed by members, and for consultation and discussion. This society subsequently dis- banded, as on February 21, 1818, the Maine Agricultural Society was incorporated. In 1820 and 1821 the society held cattle shows at Hal- lowell—the former the first cattle show ever held in the county or state. This society must also have disbanded, as on February 28, 1829, the Winthrop Agricultural Society was incorporated, which was reor- ganized so as to embrace the whole county, April 23, 1832, from which the present Kennebec County Agricultural Society dates its legal 'ex- istence. These early societies at once put themselves into correspondence with similar organizations in other states, offered prizes for crops, as- signed " tasks " to its members, and in a variety of ways worked " to AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 195 improve the art of husbandry and to elevate the calling of the hus- bandman." Some idea of what was accomplished may be obtained by a few extracts from their records and votes: In 1818 — " that the trus- tees inquire into the utility of Hotchkins' threshing; machine and pur- chase one for the use of the society if they think expedient; 1819— that members make a written statement at the annual meetings re- specting- the manner of managing their favorite source of profit and the net gain received from it; that a committee ascertain the number of barrels of whole and watered cider made m Winthrop the present year (the first recorded instance of the collection of agricultural sta- tistics); 1821 — that premiums be given to the farmer raising the most and best quality of • high red-top ' grass seed; 1822— that $30 be sent to Malaga or Gibraltar in Spain, to purchase the best quality of bearded summer wheat for .seed, one peck only to be allowed each member; that the society subscribe for two copies of the 'publick paper," published in Boston, called the Nau England Farmer; that the necessary expense be incurred of a committee in procuring informa- tion on the relative advantage of Maine compared with other states and countries in raising fine wool; 1825 — that the secretary obtain in- formation respecting the quality and usefulness of a kind of sheep ■called ' Smith Island Sheep,' and if deemed expedient that the society purchase a pair; that .some person make experiments on raising hemp •on a small scale at the expense of the society; 1830 — that the society obtain one barrel of winter wheat for seed, from Virginia; that a pre- mium be offered for the farmer raising the best and largest crop of •corn, wheat or potatoes at the smallest expense; 1832— that a com- mittee collect information upon the diseases of sheep in this climate, with the preventive and cure, the best breeds of sheep and the mode •of improving them, with such other matter as would be useful in a treatise on sheep generally; 1834— that a committee report upon the merits of the Pitts' horse power, just invented; that a premium be offered to the farmer who may bring into the county twenty of the best Merino sheep; that ten volumes of the Maine Farmer be offered in premiums; that this society decidedly disapprove the sale of ardent spirits on the grounds on the days of their cattle show; 1835 — that ■copies of Davy's Agricultural Chemistry and Farmer's Register be procured for the use of the society; 1837— that the secretary obtain information relative to the Gordon drill plow." When it is remembered that at the early period at which many of these votes were passed the Kennebec Agricultural Society was the only one of its kind in Maine, and that there were but very few in the United States, it shows the far-seeing character and progressive spirit •of its members in a most favorable and worthy light. Its modern history is as interesting and full of commendable deeds as the earlier period. The society has encouraged by liberal premiums the best kind of farming and the judicious improvement of the live stock of the county. Early devoted to the large beef breeds of cattle, it was persistent in its opposition to the Jerseys when first introduced, and for some years refused to place the breed in its premium schedule. At its fair in 1863 the report of the committee on this breed said: 196 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. " Your committee deem it a source of gratification to find the exhibi- tion of Jerseys the present year made up of more individual speci- mens of high excellence than of any other kind of farm stock upon the ground." Having held cattle shows in different towns in the county, frequently to much inconvenience on account of the want of proper buildings, the society leased grounds at Readfield Corner in 1856, where its fairs have ever since been held. It has good buildings, including a new grand stand, a half mile track, and maintains the best county agricultural fairs of any society in Maine. It .still keeps up the old custom of having an annual address delivered at each fair and has numbered among its orators some of the most distinguished men in the state. The North Kennebec Agricultural Society was incorporated July 31, 1847, and its first exhibition was held in Waterville in October of that year, its limits extending into Somerset and Waldo counties. The society purchased fair grounds in 1854, located about a mile below the city of Waterville, upon which it built a good half mile track. Between 1855 and 1875 the fairs of this society were largely attended and among the best of their class in the state. Some of the best cat- tle and horses in Maine have been owned within its limits, and at many of its exhibitions the stock upon its show ground has ranked among the best in New England, notably the J'erseys shown by the late Dr. N. R. Boutelle, of Waterville, the Holsteins. by Thomas S. Lang, the Shorthorns of the late Warren Percival and Levi A. Dow, and the Herefords of Burleigh & Shores. Among other noted breed- ers and farmers who have contributed largely to the success of the fairs of this society have been: John D. Lang, Moses Taber, Hall C. Burleigh, H. G. Abbott, W. H. Pearson, Moses A. Getchell and J. S. Hawes, of Vassalboro; George E. Shores, H. Percival, R. R. Drum- mond, Joseph Percival, Samuel Doolittle, Henry Taylor, N. R. Bou- telle, Ephraim Maxham and J. F. Hallett, Waterville; Rev. W. A. P. Dillingham, Sidney; A. J. Libby and W. P. Blake, Oakland; B. C. Paine, Clark Drummond and Ira E. Getchell, Winslow; G. G. Hans- comb, Albion; and Joseph Taylor, Belgrade. Annual exhibitions are still held by the society. On March 26, 1853, an act of incorporation was granted the South Kennebec Agricultural Society, with headquarters at Gardiner, the late Nathan Foster being its first president. Fairs were held by this society for seven years, when its charter was surrendered, and on March 17, 1860, an act of incorporation was given the Kennebec Union Agricultural and Horticultural Society, which embraced the same ter- ritory as that of the former society. Having held its fairs at Oakland Park, Gardiner, and Meadow Park, West Gardiner, with varying suc- cess till the year 1877, its active career as a society ceased. ' In its earlier years among its most staunch supporters and largest exhibi- AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 197 tors were: Daniel Lancaster, William S. Grant and Alden Rice, Farm- ingdale; J. M. Carpenter, Pittston; S. G. Otis and Samuel Currier, Hallowell; Joseph Wharff, Litchfield; and Nathan Foster, R. H. Gar- diner and Henry Butman, Gardiner. The Eastern Kennebec Agricultural Society was incorporated March 24 and organized April 4, 1868. The society at once purchased a lot of sixteen acres of land in China, upon which a half mile track was built, and its first exhibition was held October 20-22 of that year. In 1869 the society built an exhibition hall, 40 by 60 feet, upon its park: one exhibitor showed twenty head of cattle, there were forty horses on the grounds, and an address was delivered by Thomas S. Lang. In 1873 the secretary reported a great improvement in the stock and general farming in the towns of China, Windsor, Vassal- boro and Albion, through the influence of its fairs. The society held seven fairs, the last in 1874, when in consequence of insufficient re- ceipts, due to unfavorable weather at the date of its fairs, the pre- miums could not be paid in full, and unpaid expenses accumulating, it was deemed prudent to close up its affairs. The final meeting was held December 27, 1877, and the real estate and other property of the society were sold. Its largest exhibitors were: W^arren Percival, J. S. Hawes and Thomas S. Lang, Vassalboro; C. B. Wellington, Albion; Horace Colburn, Windsor, and J. R. Grossman and Alfred H. Jones, China. Its successive presidents were Isaac Hamilton, Ambrose H. Abbott and H. B. Williams. The South Kennebec Agricultural Association, consisting of the towns of Chelsea, Windsor, Pittston and Whitefield, was organized March 24, 1888. In June of that year, having leased land for exhibi- tion grounds and raised money for the purpose by subscription, it built a half mile track at South Windsor Corner. Its first fair was held October 3-4, 1888. Officers and friends of this society secured the incorporation of the South Kennebec Agricultural Society by the legislature February 15, 1889, and the society was organized April 20, 1889, George Brown being the first president. Its limits, as de- fined by the act of incorporation, were: " The southern part of Ken- nebec county and the towns of Whitefield, Jefferson and Somerville in Lincoln county." On the day of the organization of this society the local, unincorporated society transferred to the new society all its leases and property. An exhibition hall was built upon the grounds in the summer of 1889, and its annual fairs have been successful in the highest degree. Other societies which have been more than local in their influence and usefulness are the Kennebec Farmers' and Stockbreeders' Asso- ciation, which has held fairs at Meadow Park, West Gardiner, organ- ized in 1889; and the Pittston Agricultural and Trotting Park Associa- tion, which was also organized in 1889. The former holds its fairs at 198 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Meadow Park (MerriU's), and the latter owns a park of 17i acres at East Pittston, in the beautiful valley of Eastern river. Upon both are good half mile tracks. The exhibitions of these societies have been well supported. The Pittston and Chelsea Farmers' Union was organized Decem- ber 2, 1882, and held annual fairs at Chelsea Grange Hall till merged into the South Kennebec Agricultural Society, March 2, 1889. It also held meetings for the discussion of farm subjects. In many towns local agricultural societies holding town fairs have existed for many years. One of the oldest of these town societies is that at Litchfield, which was organized in 1859, and held its first fair in that year. About 1870 Harvey Springer built a half mile track on his land at Litchfield Plains, and offered the use of track and adjoin- ing grounds for fair purposes to the society, free, on condition that they erect an exhibition hall on the grounds for fair purposes. By special act of the legislature the town appropriated $500 for this pur- pose, and fairs have been held there uninterruptedly from 1859 to 1890, inclusive. For a few years after occupying the new grounds there were races in connection with the fairs, but for several years past there has been no trotting at the exhibition. The Litchfield town fairs have been among the most celebrated local fairs in the state. One of the next oldest local organizations is the Monmouth Farmers' and Mechahics' Club, organized in the winter of 1871-2, which has held annual fairs that have been among the best in the state. Other towns that have maintained annual fairs are: Sidney, Belgrade, Pitts- ton, Chelsea, Albion, China and Vassalboro. The following named Granges have also held excellent Grange fairs: Capital, Augusta; Cushnoc, Riverside; Oak Grove, Vassalboro. All these societies have exerted an important influence upon the improvement and develop- ment of the agricultural operations and practices of the Kennebec valley. The State Agricultural Society, incorporated in 1855, was in reality a product of Kennebec county, and held fairs at Gardiner in 1855, and in Augusta in 1858, 1859 and 1872. The state board of agriculture, organized in 1852, has always held its annual meetings at Augusta; and in recent years farmers' institutes have been held at leading points in the county two or three times each year. From the meetings of the Maine Pomological and Horticultural Society, organized in 1847, the farmers and orchardists of Kennebec county derived great benefit; as well as from the meetings for discussion and annual exhibitions of the State Pomological Society, organized at Winthrop, in 1873. The Maine Dairymen's Association, organized in Augusta in 1874, had for its earliest and most earnest advocates the leading dairymen in the county, and its headquarters were here for many years. Farmers of AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 199 Kennebec county have had a great share in the organization and management of these bodies. In 1869 the state board of agriculture recommended to the county societies that a portion of the state bounty be expended in the work of forming farmers' clubs in the several towns within their jurisdic- tion. Under this recommendation many such clubs were organized in the rural communities throughout the county, which held meetings for discussion, local fairs and farmers' festivals. They were produc- tive of great good, but have given place to the Granges of Patrons of Husbandry. This order was introduced into the county in 1874, Mon- mouth Grange, the thirty-ninth Grange formed in the state, having been organized October 3, 1874, with eighteen charter members, as the first Grange instituted in the county; Mark Getchell, master; M. H. Butler, secretary. This Grange now has a membership of fifty. There are now twenty Granges in the county, with a total membership in 1891 of 1,492. Eight of these Granges own their own halls. The Pomona Grange of Kennebec County was organized at Winthrop, January, 1879, and holds monthly meetings at the halls of the different subordinate Granges in the county. This order, admitting women to all the privileges of membership, has been productive of a good work in elevating the social position of the farmer's family, and carrying to a higher standard the practical, educational and business methods of the farmers themselves. Farm Machinery. — The spirit of inquiry, investigation and desire for improvement manifested by the early farmers of the county in those lines of farm work relating to stock, grains, fruits and better methods of husbandry, led equally to early efforts for obtaining better tools and machines with which to perform the work of the farm in a more rapid and less laborious manner. Threshing grain by the hand flail being one of the hardest parts of farm work, the threshing machine was one of the first things to be studied out. Mr. Jacob Pope, of Hallowell. was the first person to introduce such a machine to the notice of farmers, his efforts in the way of invention having been commenced in 1826. The Pope ma- chine went by hand, and by turning a crank a series of mallets or swingles came over upon a table on which the heads of the grain had been placed by the man tending it, and thus the grain was pounded out. It threshed the grain well, but it was found to be harder work to turn the crank than to swing the flail. Mr. Balon, of Livermore, soon after the Pope machine was made, got up an improvement upon it, which consisted of a cylinder, operated by horse power, which was attached to an old cider mill sweep, the gearing being very simple and the horse going round in a circle. This was abandoned, and Samuel Lane, of Leeds, probably acting upon Mr. Balon's idea, set about making an endless chain one-horse power with a cylinder hav- 200 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. ing high gearing. This was regarded as verv successful when com- pleted, in 1833. The Lane machine had no sooner become successful than the brothers, Hiram and John A. Pitts, of Winthrop, conceived the idea of making a wider endless chain of wood and mounting two horses upon it, thus doubling the power and the speed. At the same time that the Messrs. Pitts were at work upon their machine, Mr. Luther Whitman, of Winthrop, was also experimenting in the same direction. Each of these parties got several patents, and much litiga- tion followed as to the priority of their inventions. Mr.Whitman com- menced working upon his idea of a thresher in 1832, and completed it in 1834, essentially similar to the Pitts machine. The brothers Pitts and Mr. Whitman also worked upon the idea of combining the horse power thresher with the separator and winnower, and both accomplished the results sought. While it has been generally conceded that the Pitts combined machine was the original machine, it has also been admitted that Mr. Whitman was the first to use the uninterrupted rod as in use at the present day, with slight changes, and Mr. Whitman also in- vented in 1838 the reversible tooth for threshing machines, the same tooth that is in use to this day. It is also claimed that the first per- fect thresher, with a straw-carrier attachment and winnowing machine combined ever made in the world, was made by Luther Whitman, at Winthrop, in the year 1834. Mr. Whitman was born in Bridgewater, Mass., in 1802, and after his success in inventing the threshing ma- chine established a factory for their construction at Winthrop, where he was in business till his death, January 26, 1881. The horse power thresher and separator of to-day is virtually the Pitts- Whitman ma- chine, and from Kennebec county it has gone into almost every state in the Union. In 1827 Mr. Moses B. Bliss, of Pittston, invented a " movable hay press," and in 1828 Mr. Samuel Lane, of Hallowell, invented a corn- sheller, which consisted of a cog or spur-wheeled cylinder, from which all the standard hand-power corn-shellers now in use have descended. Previous to 1840 the hand tools of the farm, of iron or steel, like forks, scythes, sickles, axes and hoes, were made by hand by the vil- lage blacksmith, but were heavy, bungling affairs. In 1841 Mr. Jacob Pope, of Hallowell, commenced the manufacture of the first polished spring steel hay and manure forks ever made in Maine, continuing the busine.ss down to about 1870, his goods having a high reputation. Elias Plimpton commenced the manufacture of hoes by machinery at Litchfield in 1820, coming from Walpole, Mass., being the first person to make hoes by machinery in this state. In 1845 Plimpton & Sons began the manufacture of manure and hay forks in connection with hoes, which his sons still continue. The manufacture of scythes AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 201 by machinery was first commenced in this county at North Wayne, in 1840, by the late R. B. Dunn. Agricultural Schools. — To Kennebec county belongs the honor of having- established the first institution in North America devoted to technical agricultural and industrial education, the personal honor of which is due to the first Robert Hallowell Gardiner, of Gardiner. In a petition to the legislature of Maine in 1821, asking for a grant of one thousand dollars for aid in establishing an institution " to give mechanics and farmers such a scientific education as would enable them to become skilled in their professions," this distinguished and far-seeing philanthropist said: " It is an object of very great impor- tance to any state * * * that its artisans should possess an edu- cation adapted to make them skillful and able to improve the ad- vantages which nature has .so lavishly bestowed upon them. ■■ * * The recent improvements in chemistry which give the knowledge of the nature of fertile and barren soils and the best mode of improving them, render the importance of a scientific education' to her farmers much greater than at any other period." This, copied from the peti- tion written by Mr. Gardiner, shows the idea which he had of the class of college or school so much needed in his time for giving a " liberal " education to farmers, and foreshadows exactly the colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts now existing in all the states, under the endowment of the Morrill Land Grant bill of 1862; and Mr. Gardiner in pleading with the state to establish such a school, was actually a whole generation in advance of his time, as it was not till more than forty years later that these colleges were established under the patronage of the general government. Mr. Gardiner succeeded in obtaining a yearly grant of $1,000 from the state, and the " Gardiner Lyceum " was incorporated in 1821. A stone building for its use was erected in 1822, and on January 1, 182B, the Lyceum was formally opened to pupils. Rev. Benjamin Hale, born in Newbury, Mass., November 23, 1797, and once a tutor in Bow- doin College, being president of the Lyceum from 1823 to 1827. After leaving Gardiner, Mr. Hale was professor of chemistry in Dartmouth College from 1827 to 1835, and from 1836 to 1858 president of Geneva College, New York. He died July 15, 1863. The course of study at the Lyceum was arranged for two years, and there were twenty stu- dents the first year. The courses may be generally described as a chemical, and a mechanical one. The former comprised lectures on the principles of chemical science, on agricultural chemistry, on dye- ing, bleaching, pottery, porcelain, cements and tanning. The latter ■course embraced lectures on mechanical principles, dynamics, hydro- statics, hydraulics and carpentry. Later a course in mineralogy was included. In 1824 Dr. Ezekiel Holmes was engaged as " permanent professor in agriculture," and in connection with this professorship the trustees undertook the management of a practical farm in connec- 202 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tion with the Lyceum, where experiments in agriculture were tried. where the students were allowed to work to diminish the expense of board, and "to give the future agriculturist the knowledge of those principles of science upon which his future success depends, and an opportunity to see them reduced to practice." In order to accommo- date those students whose business during the summer months made it impossible for them to join the regular cla.sses, winter classes were established in surveying, navigation, chemistry, carpentry and civil architecture. These "winter classes" corresponded to the "short courses " in special branches now given at some of our agricultural colleges. This outline shows the general scope and character of the institu- tion. After Mr. Hale's resignation of the office of president the Ly- ceum was severally in charge of Edmund L. Gushing, Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, Mr. Whitman and Jason Winnett, as presidents or principals. Its classes were well kept up for many years, at one time the scholars numbering fifty-three. The Lyceum had a good library and creditable collections, and the students were encouraged to make collections of specimens illustrating the geology and flora of the section, which were deposited in the museum. Finally the .state withdrew its yearly ap- propriations, and for two or three years subsequently it was main- tained almost entirely at the expense of Mr. Gardiner himself. The property of the Lyceum, after having remained unused in the hands of the trustees for several years, was sold to the city of Gardiner in 1857, and the building occupied as a high school. The proceeds were divided pro rata among the original stockholders, and the first agri- cultural and industrial college in the United States ceased to exist. Cattle.— As cattle are the real basis of successful agriculture, the farmers of the province of Maine had their cows and oxen as soon as they had homes. The so-called " natives " or " old red cattle of New England "—about which so much has been written in agricultural lit- erature— were a mixture of the Devons, brought over by the Pilgrims of Plymouth; some "black cattle" brought by trading ship-masters from the West Indies or the Spanish Main; the Danish cattle brought to Piscataqua by Captain John Mason in 1631, " for the purpose of furnishing milk to the fishermen," and the importation made by Dr. Benjamin Vaughan and his brother, Charles, of Hallowell, in 1791-2. This importation marks the commencement of improved stock breed- ing in this county, and consisted of two bulls and two cows, which ar- rived in Hallowell in November, 1791. These cattle were selected with great care, the bulls — from the celebrated Smithfield market, were of the Longhorn or Bakewell breed; the cows from the London dairies,, which were supplied mostly from animals of the Holderness or York- shire breed. The instructions given their London agent by the Messrs. Vaughan are interesting, and show how particular they were- AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 203' to obtain animals specially adapted to a new country. Points were to be observed which would fit the draft stock for a hilly country, and they were also to select animals well fitted for the dairy, and were " to- look to the quality rather than the quantity of the milk." Great stress was laid on their having full hindquarters for the ascent of hills, and full forequarters and prominent briskets for the descent. How well the breed proved for draft purposes was shown at the first cattle show held in Hallowell in 1821, where their descendants were on exhibition. A yoke of oxen, girting an inch or two over seven feet, drew with ease a cart loaded with stone weighing 7,200 pounds; and a yoke of bulls, girting six feet and two inches, drew for ten rods " with perfect ease " a drag loaded with stone which weighed 3,800 pounds. A calf of one of these cows was presented to Hon. Christopher Gore, of Massachusetts, and became the progenitor of the celebrated "Gore breed " of cattle so famous for years in that state.. These Longhorn and Holderness cattle of the Vaughan importation were very long-lived, and their descendants were hardy and vigorous. Many of the cows continued to breed till eighteen years old, and the oxen proved great workers. The Vaughans used the males of their herds in a way to benefit the early settlers in this county and the ad- jacent territory as much as possible. Hence they were not only kept on their extensive farms at Hallowell, but were sent to prominent farmers in other Kennebec county towns, in the Sandy river valley and other parts, and were frequently changed. By this course their progeny soon became numerous. The Vaughans continued to breed from descendants of their first importation until about 1820. In Coggeshall's Americmi Privateers and Letters of Marque (page 47), it is said that the brig "Peter Waldo, irora. Newcastle, England, for Halifax, with a full cargo of Briti.sh manufactures, clearing the captors $100,000, was sent into Portland in August, 1812, by the Teaser of New York." In this vessel was a Methodist minister and his fam- ily bringing their effects to the British Provinces, and they had among them a bull and cow of the Holderness breed. As all the goods cap- tured were sold, these cattle were among them, and descendants of them, known as the " Prize " stock, soon found their way to Sidney and Va.ssalboro. The late John D. Lang, of Vassalboro, some years- since, gave the writer a very interesting account of this breed, which, may be found in the Agriculture of Maine for 1874, p. 247. Durhams or Shorthorns. — The earlier importations of cattle into- this country, after systematic efforts had been undertaken in their breeding by leading farmers of Massachusetts, were of the Durham, afterward more popularly called the Shorthorn breed. The first in- dividual of this breed ever brought into Kennebec county was a bull known as " Young Coelebs "—said to have been a half blood— bred by Colonel Samuel Jaques, of Charlestown, Mass., and brought to Hal- 204 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. lowell in 1825 by General Jesse Robinson — a gentleman very active in the promotion of Agriculture and the improvement of stock in his day. After a few years this bull was sold to John Kezar, of Win- throp, and acquired much celebrity in the western part of the county as the " Kezar bull." Splendid stock descended from him, both in oxen and cows, but as he was pure white many farmers objected, as white has never been a popular color for cattle. In 1826 the white bull •" Hercules," bred by Samuel Lee, of Massachusetts, was brought by General Henry Dearborn to Pittston, where he was kept for several years and afterward was taken to Winthrop. This same year a bull called " Jupiter," also bred by Colonel Jaques, was brought to Hal- lowell by John Davis. He was kept in that town, also in Readfield, Winthrop and Wayne, and left choice stock in each, the good influ- ence of which was apparent for nearly half a century. What is believed to have been the first thoroughbred Durham brought into the state was the imported bull " Denton," presented by Stephen Williams, Esq., of Northboro, Alass., to the late Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, then of Gardiner, where he arrived in November, 1827. The animals introduced before " Denton " were half-bloods. He was im- ported by Mr. Williams, through the agency of his brother, then residing in London, and arrived in Boston November 5, 1817. Mr. Williams kept " Denton " until the fall of 1827, when he was pre- sented to his friend, Doctor Holmes, of Gardiner. He was kept in 1828 in Gardiner, and in 1829 was carried to Doctor Holmes' farm in Starks, where he died from old age in 1830. The change made in the character of the neat cattle of Kennebec county by the introduction of this animal was remarkable. Writing of him in 1855, Doctor Holmes said he might justly be regarded as one of the patriarchs of the New England Shorthorns, and the chief source of this improved blood found in so large a proportion in the early herds of Kennebec county, and, in fact, of the whole state — for his calves were widely dissemi- nated throughout Maine and have done a great deal to give this county the high reputation it has had for its choice herds of Short- horns. In 1828 Colonel R. H. Greene, of Winslow, introduced into that town two bulls known as " Tasso " and " Banquo," imported from England by John Hare Powell, of Virginia. These finely bred ani- mals were kept in Winslow three years, and subsequently one of them in Winthrop one year, and one in Augusta one year, leaving fine stock in each town. Colonel Greene, between 1828 and 1834, also brought several animals of the Shorthorn breed from New York, some of which were imported, among them the bull " Young Fitz Favorite," an animal of mttch good reputation; an imported animal having been brought to New York by Robert B. Minturn from the herd of Mr. Ashcroft, one of the leading cattle breeders of the West of England; AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 205 the bull " Young Comet." by the celebrated bull " Wye Comet," and also the bull " Fairfield," purchased of E. P. Prentice, of Albany, N. Y. Robert Cornforth and Thomas Pierce, of Readfield — farmers who were foremost in Western Kennebec in the improvement of the breeds of cattle— each introduced Shorthorns into that town in 1829 and 1830. Mr. Cornforth introduced the bull " Turk." and Mr. Pierce kept the bulls " Uranus '" and " Gold-finder," both by " Young Denton." Their history is recorded in glowing language in our early agricultural an- nals, and they deserve mention in any history of the live stock industry of Kennebec county. They gave an impress to the high character of the early herds of the county, traces of which are very plainly evi- dent down to the present day. " Denton," " Young Coelebs," " Fitz Favorite," " Banquo," " Comet," " Foljambe " and " Wye Comet " were all recorded in the early vol- umes of the English Shorthorn Herd Book, establishing beyond all question the purity of the thoroughblood of these early animals, the progeny of which formed the basis of the neat cattle of Kennebec county. Moreover, at this early date the cattle of this county had ac- quired so high a reputation that animals had been sent to Massachu- setts and even as far west as Ohio; nearly every town in this county pos- sessed thoroughbred animals, and they had also been widely dissemi- nated in Somerset, Waldo, Penobscot, Franklin and York counties. With the breeding of Shorthorns, as well as others, there was a period between 1835 and 1850 when interest seemed to lessen. The earlier breeders had died or given up active efforts through advanc- ing age, and the younger farmers had not then felt that impetus in the business which was developed later. The character of the stock had been kept up to a high standard, there were good cross-breeds all over the county, and it was not till deterioration became evident in the leading herds that younger farmers took up the responsibility of obtaining high priced registered stock from abroad, or improving the best of that which remained. Prominent farmers who gave much effort to stock improvement between 1835 and 1853 were: Oakes How- ard, Winthrop; R. H. Greene and Isaac W. Britton, Winslow; Sulli- van Kilbreth and Samuel Currier, Hallowell; Allen Lambard, Au- gusta; Joseph H. Underwood, Sewall N. Watson and Francis Hub- bard, Fayette; Josiah N. Fogg, S. H. Richard.son and Colonel D. Craig, Readfield; Amos Rollins, Belgrade; John F. Hunnewell, China; Har- rison Jaquith, Albion; Josiah Morrill and Isaiah Marston, Waterville, and Luther and Bradford Sawtell-, Sidney. In 1859 Warren Percival of Cross' Hill, Vassalboro, commenced the building up of a herd of thoroughbred Shorthorns by purchasing animals of William S. Grant, of Farmingdale. Subsequently Mr. Per- cival, at different dates, purchased animals of Paoli Lathrop, Augustus Whitman'and other breeders in Massachusetts, George Butts, of Man- ■206 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. lius, N. Y., and others. In breeding he aimed at great perfection in symmetry, hardy constitution 'and high milking qualities, and for many years was the foremost breeder of this class of stock in Maine. At one time his herd consisted of 125 animals, although sixty head was about the average number kept while he was engaged in his largest farming operations. His yearly sales extended throughout New England and the Provinces. His first appearance in the Ameri- can Shortliorn Herd Book as a registered breeder, was in volume V, for 1860, and for the next seventeen volumes Mr. Percival's name appears among those of the great American breeders of this class of stock, with the pedigrees of a large number of finely bred animals — in vol- ume IX, for 1870, twenty-seven being recorded, his herd then being at the height of its popularity. Mr. Percival was an important figure in Maine agriculture for many years. His death occurred July 17, 1877, upon the homestead where he was born March 27, 1819. John D. Lang, of Vassalboro, was one of the earlier breeders of Shorthorns, having bred from the old stock. But in 1860, in connec- tion with his son, Thomas S. Lang, they imported animals into that town from the herds of Paoli Lathrop, of Massachusetts, and Samuel Thorne, of New York, and bred with a good deal of spirit. In 1864 they exhibited a herd of thirty-two head of thoroughbred Shorthorns at the fair of the North Kennebec Agricultural Society, but soon after disposed of their animals to give attention to another class of stock. Henry Taylor, a Boston business man, who established a stock farm in Waterville in 1866, bred Shorthorns for five or six years, bringing to that town animals from the celebrated herd of R. A. Alexander, of Lexington, Ky. His operations were discontinued about 1870. Levi A. Dow, of Waterville, commenced breeding Shorthorns in 1868, his name appearing in nearly every volume of the American Herd Book as a leading breeder of this stock from that year to the year 1882. His first purchases were from the herds of Paoli Lathrop and H. G. White, of Massachusetts, and later from those of home breeders. Samuel G. Otis, of Hallowell, was quite extensively engaged in breed- ing Shorthorns between the years 1872 and 1881. His foundation ani- mals were obtained of Jonathan Talcott, Rome. N. Y., and others from Warren Percival and breeders in Massachusetts. At one time Mr. Otis' herd numbered fully twenty individuals. The great herds of this breed formerly kept in the county have been greatly reduced or entirely broken up— the Jerseys having superseded them as dairy animals and the Herefords taken their places for work and beef. Herefords. — One of the first animals of this breed introduced into Kennebec county was the bull "Young Sir Isaac," brought to Hallo- well in 1880 bv Sanford Howard, superintendent of the Vaughan farms. He was by imported " Admiral," sent with other stock as a pre.sent to the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, by AGRICILTURF. AND LIVE STOCK. 207 Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, of the British Navy — his dam being by the Hereford bull, "Sir Isaac." also presented to the same society by Ad- miral Coffin. In 1844, J. Wingate Haines of Hallowell, brought into that town the bull " Albany," purchased of Erastus Corning and Wil- liam H. Sotham, of Albany, N. Y., from their noted importation of English Herefords brought to this country in 1841. This beautiful bull laid the foundation for the magnificent working oxen for which the towns of Hallowell, Winthrop, Fayette and Wayne were formerly noted. Joseph H. Underwood, one of the most prominent farmers and breeders this county has ever had, was born in Amherst, N. H., in 1783, and when he became of age settled in Fayette. He gave early attention to the improvement of neat cattle, and obtained descendants of the first Herefords brought into the county, but about 1852 pur- chased of Captain E. Pendleton, an old shipmaster of Searsport, a bull and cow of this breed brought over in one of his ships from England. In 1859 he purchased the celebrated bull " Cronkhill 2d," of the Messrs. Clarke, of Springfield, Mass., and in 1865 introduced into his herd a celebrated bull, " Wellington Hero," from the herd of Freder- ick William Stone, of Guelph, Ontario, and subsequently other ani- mals were purchased of Mr. Stone. After the death of Mr. Under- wood, November 8, 1867, his sons, G. & G. Underwood, continued to carry on the farming and breeding operations of their father jointly till 1875, when they dis.solved. During these years the herd was kept up by purchases from Mr. vStone, Hall C. Burleigh of Vassalboro, H. A. Holmes of Oxford, and Mr. Gibb of Compton, P. Q. When they dissolved Gilbert Underwood retained the herd of cattle, and now has a choice family of thirty fine animals. Another son of J. H. Under- wood—Albert G. Underwood of Fayette— has a herd of fourteen thor- oughbred and registered animals. The Underwood Herefords are now the oldest herds of this breed in the county. In 1869 G. E. Shores, of Waterville, and Hall C. Burleigh, then of Fairfield, purchased the entire herd of thoroughbred Herefords be- longing to Hon. M. H. Cochrane, of Hillhurst, Compton, P. 0., then and for a long time previous regarded as the most famous herd of Herefords on the continent. It was a bold purchase, and gave the county high fame as the home of the best Herefords at that time in the United States. The celebrated individuals of this purchase were the bull " Compton Lad," and the Verbena family of cows and heifers. After three years' breeding the herd bad so much increased that a di- vision was made and for years formed two distinguished herds under the separate management of each owner. Mr. Shores sold his entire herd to William P. Blake of West Waterville, in 1875, who continued :to breed for many years, finally disposing of his interest to his son, 208 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Fred E. Blake, of Fairview Farm, Sidney, who now has a small herd of this breed. Important as have been the importations of animals of this breed into the county in the past, and valuable as they have been as indi- viduals and as herds, all efforts of breeders are comparatively limited beside the great operations in cattle importing by the firm of Burleigh & Bod well, the members of which were Hall C. Burleigh of Vassalboro, and Joseph R. Bodwell, of Hallowell. This partnership was formed in 1879, and was dissolved by the death of ex-Governor Bodwell, De- cember lii, 1887. During the continuance of this firm Mr. Burleigh made five visits to England for the purpose of selecting breeding animals, bringing home large consignments each time; in addition to which he made eight different importations from Great Britain, aside from importations made from Canada. In 1879 seventy-seven head were imported: in 1880-81. eighty-five head; in 1882 two consignments were made, one of eighty and one of fifty head; in 1883 Mr. Burleigh chartered the steamship Texas and brought over for his firm the largest lot of Hereford .stock ever brought to this country by one firm, numbering two hundred head, and in 1884 another importation of sev- enty animals was made. The total number brought to Maine by this firm was over 800, and while a considerable number were retained in their own home herds at Vassalboro and Hallowell, and some in other towns in the county and state, by far the larger part were shipped West and South. In 1881 Mr. Burleigh made the tour of the grand Western circuit of the great inter-state fairs, taking with him a herd of magnificent animals from his Vassalboro farm, which won everywhere m all clas.ses in which they were shown. Again, in 1883, Mr. Burleigh exhibited at the great fairs at Kansas City, Chicago and New Orleans. At these fairs Mr. Burleigh won first prizes and sweepstakes on animals of his own breeding; and also the champion gold shield for the best animal of any sex, breed or age, exhibited by the breeder, on the heifer " Burleigh's Pride," a cross-bred Hereford and Polled Angus, two years old, weighing 1,820 pounds. The exhibition of these cattle at the great fairs of the West in 1881 and 1883 brought Maine into high prominence as a cattle raising state, and gave this county a reputation which has been a great aid to our agriculture. Mr. Burleigh's herd is still kept up to a high point, both in numbers and excellence, and in 1891 he won fifteen first prizes, eleven second prizes and one third prize at the Maine State Fair. His son, Thomas G. Burleigh, is also interested in breeding on his own account. About 1876 Mr. J. S. Hawes, of South Vassalboro, started in the breeding of thoroughbred and grade Herefords and built up a large herd, sending a considerable number of breeding animals West. His operations were continued till 1879, when he removed to Kansas, tak- AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 209 ing many of his best animals with him, where he engaged in ranche cattle breeding on a very large scale. Other leading breeders of this class of stock in the county are: M. M. Bailey, Winthrop; Edgar E. Robinson, Mt. Vernon; and G. W. Billings, E. H. Kent and the Me.ssrs. Gile, Fayette. These gentlemen all have thoroughbred and registered animals, while high grades and cross-breds are widely disseminated, especially in towns in the western part of the county. /erscjfs.— The date of the introduction and systematic breeding of this breed of cattle in Kennebec county, marks the first step toward special lines of farming and breeding, upon which all subsequent im- provement has been based. Previous to this the agriculture of the county was general. Farmers endeavored to make their farms self- maintaining, grew those crops that were largely needed and consumed upon the farm, and bred cattle adapted to general purposes. Work was the one chief object m keeping cattle — hence to raise good work- ing oxen was the first requisite. A cow that brought a good calf and gave sufficient milk for family use was the one that was kept. There had been little thought up to this date of breeding a special cow adapted to dairy production, and making prime butter to sell. But with the introduction of the Jersey breed of cattle a complete trans- formation in Kennebec agriculture took place. It was the beginning of specialties in farming, and specialties in farming mark the modern from the old style methods, introduce new ideas, create diversity and insure larger returns. This date was the year 1855. In that year Dr. Ezekiel Holmes brought the bull " Butter Boy," and in 1856 the cow " Pansy 3d," into Winthrop. Both animals were purchased of Samuel Henshaw, of Bos- ton— the latter imported by ^Ir. Henshaw, the former from imported stock. It is probable that two or three years earlier than this William S. Grant, of Farmingdale, had brought to that town the bull "Old Duke," also obtained from Mr. Henshaw, but this animal acquired nothing like the reputation accorded to those brought to the county by Doctor Holmes. The amount of ridicule which this patient phi- lanthropist endured for having brought these animals into this county and for championing their merits through the columns of the Maine Farmer, was something enormous. Believing in their adaptability to the new agriculture of the county, he had the courage to bring these small, delicate Jerseys into the very heart of that county which for fifty years had prided itself upon its magnificent Durhams and Here- fords, and farmers generally looked upon him as the visionary advo- cate of a breed of cattle unsuited to the county and destined to ruin its stock interests. But despite this opposition Doctor Holmes con- stantly urged their merits and value to our farmers. Their recogni- tion, however, was very slow, and it was several years after their first 14 210 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. introduction before the trustees of the State Agricultural Societj' could be induced to otfer premiums for them, as it did for other breeds of cattle. When this action had been taken their success appeared as- sured, and they became rapidly disseminated. The fame of many cows among the " foundation " animals of this breed in the county was very great, among them being the celebrated cows "Pansy 3d," "Jessie Pansy," "Buttercup," owned by W. H. Chisam of Augusta, " Lilly," " Fancy 2d," " Victoria Pansy," owned by the late C. S. Robbins of Winthrop, " Lucy," owned by P. H. Snell of Winthrop, and many others. The famous cows made from 11 to 17^ pounds of butter per week, established the reputation of the Jer- seys as the great butter yielding breed, opened a new' era for the agri- culture of the county and state, and made their owners independent. The celebrity of " AA'inthrop Jerseys " rapidly increased, and the animals became widely disseminated. The Jersey breeders of Win- throp organized the Winthrop Jersey Cattle Association, March 7, 1870, and the breed had attained such large numbers in Waterville that a Jensey Stock Club was formed in that town in 1868, and at a town show of this class exclusively, held that year, over forty splendid cows were shown. In fifteen years after the first Jerseys were intro- duced they had spread all over Maine, large numbers had been sent to Massachusetts, Vermont and New Hampshire, and in 1872 a car load of fifteen Winthrop Jerseys was sent to Denver, Colorado. The town association of Winthrop breeders became the Maine vState Jersey Cat- tle Association, and was incorporated by the legislature in 1875. Its present membership is believed to be larger than that of any other Jersey cattle association in the country. It has published five volumes of its Herd i-W/-— 1876, 1880, 1883, 1886 and 1889. These volumes re- cord a total of 724 bulls and 2,008 cows and heifers. Among the early herds of the Winthrop or Maine State Jerseys were those of Lloyd H. Snell, E. Holmes & Son, N. R. Pike & Son, and P. H. Snell, Winthrop; Samuel Guild and W. H. Chisam, Augusta; and William Dyer and Jo- seph Percival, Waterville. Mr. Percival introduced the first Jerseys into Waterville in 1863, and for many years his herd was the best in town and bred with great purity. L. H. vSnell, of AVinthrop, owned at one time a famous but not large herd of this breed, one of the foundation animals being the cel- ebrated cow " Victoria Pansy" (No. 12, Maine Herd Book), which was afterward sold to Mr. Cyrus S. Robbins, of Winthrop, who founded the Robbinsdale herd in 1858, which, since Mr. Robbins' death. May 14, 1880, has been maintained by his widow, and is now one of the most celebrated herds of this strain of Jerseys in Maine. It numbers four- teen animals and has been a high prize winning herd at our state fairs for many years. Silas T. Floyd, of Winthrop, has a choice herd of ten Maine Jerseys, having a private butter dairy which has a high AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 211 reputation. He started with the Holmes stock, and his herd has at different times embraced some of the best animals of that celebrated importation. A. C. & E. P. True, Litchfield, have an old and fine herd, which embraces both Maine State and American Cattle Club Jerseys. The Trues have bred with care, and their animals have won high prizes at our state fairs. Other breeders of Maine Jerseys are: Willis Cobb, Samuel Greeley, F. M. Woodward and M. B. Hewett, Winthrop; C. B. Preble, Litchfield; J. Henry Moore, West Winthrop, and E. H. Leavitt, East Winthrop. Dr. J. W. North, Nordheim farm, Augusta, formerly was largely engaged in breeding American Cattle Club Jerseys. While the Maine registered Jerseys have been more widely dis- seminated throughout the county than those of the American Cattle Club Registry, valuable and extensive herds of the last named have been kept in the county. In 1SG5 the late Dr. N. R. Boutelle, of Waterville, commenced to breed Jerseys of the Holmes-Henshaw im- portation, but in 1867 changed to American registered animals. His first purchases of this family were made of C. Wellington, Lexington, Mass., in 1867. In 1869 he purchased breeding animals of Colonel G. E. Waring, jun., of Newport, R. I., and F. E. Bowditch, of Framingham, and in 1870 made a choice purchase from the noted herd of Thomas Motley, of Jamacia Plains, Mass. In 1871 Doctor Boutelle purchased a fine band of six breeding animals from the great herd of S. Sheldon Stevens, of Montreal. From the foundation thus laid Doctor Boutelle bred animals of great value and beauty, and by maintaining the in- troduction of new blood in later years, from the best sources, built up the finest herd of American registered Jerseys ever owned in the state for their time. In 1872, the late General W. S. Tilton, then governor of the National Soldiers' Home, started a herd of Jerseys of the Ameri- can registry by the purchase of foundation animals from Benjamin E. Bates and Thomas Motley, of Massachusetts, subsequently purchasing a reinforcement of new blood from such noted herds as those of R. L. Maitland and John S. Barstow, of New York. In 1874 and 1875 Gen- eral Tilton imported animals direct from the Isle of Jersey, and the Togus herd at that date consisted of twenty animals, and was one of the finest in New England. At present the largest breeder of American Jerseys in the county, as well as the state, is Chandler F. Cobb, of Mt. Pleasant Farm, South Vassalboro, whose herd consists of sixty choice, fashionably bred ani- mals. The leading animals in the herd are " Sir Florian," 11,578, im- ported by T. S. Cooper, Chambersburg, Penn.. and " Fancy's Harry 7th," 24,386. His herd embraces noted individuals of the celebrated Regina, Nobie and Pogis families, and aside from his own breeding Mr. Cobb is making constant additions of new blood. His animals .are among the great prize winners of Maine, and the product of his 212 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. celebrated dairy has a high reputation. His stock farm is the old Hawes property, on a commanding- elevation in one of the most sightly and picturesque spots in Kennebec county. Other breeds of cattle have at different dates been imported into the county. The Devons were first brought in 1859 by Allen Lam- bard, of Augusta, by the purchase of four individuals from the herd of Joseph Burnett, of Southboro, Mass. In 1860 he also purchased from the herd of S. C. Wainwright, of Rhinebeck, N. Y., then the most famous herd of this breed in America, a pair of animals, and with this foundation built up a large and fine herd. Sewell B. Page, of Winthrop, bred the Devons extensively between 1865 and 1880. In 1855 and 1866 John D. Lang, of Vassalboro, Timothy Boutelle and Joseph Percival, of Waterville, and Hiram Pope, of West Gardiner, each brought in individuals of the Ayrshire breed from the herd of John P. Gushing, Watertown, Mass. There are many full blood and grade Ayrshires now scattered through the larger dairy herds of the county. The first specimens of Dutch cattle, afterward called the Holstein, and now known as the Holstein-Friesian, were brought into the county by Thomas S. Lang, of Vassalboro, in 1864, being imported animals from the very celebrated herd of Winthrop W. Ghenery, of Belmont, Mass. General W. S. Tilton, while governor of the National Soldiers' Home, Togus, obtained a bull of this breed of Mr. Ghenery, and in 1871 made an extensive importation himself from East Fries- land. During General Tilton's governorship of the Home it had a very extensive herd of imported and thoroughbred HoLsteins, which herd has been kept up to the present time, and is now the largest and finest of this breed in the county. Grades are to be found in many towns, and some thoroughbred animals are also kept by a few of the leading farmers, Reuben Russell, of Readfield, being one of the best known breeders of this class of stock at present. In 1880-81 ten Polled Aberdeen-Angus cattle were imported by Burleigh & Bodwell, the second importation of this breed ever made into the United States. In 1882, and again in 1883-4, other importations were made. The animals were mostly sold to go west for bi^eeding purposes. In 1883 this firm imported a herd of thoroughbred Sussex cattle, the second largest importation of this breed ever made into the United States, and another lot was iinported in 1886. Mr. Burleigh has continued to breed this class of cattle to the present time; and both he and his son, Thomas G. Burleigh, have herds of Sussex cattle. They have also been disseminated into other towns in the county to a limited extent. Dairying. — Naturally following the change in the cattle husbandry of the county, which took place when the general dissemination of the Jerseys had displaced the breeds of cattle formerly raised for working oxen and beef animals, and the increased attention paid to dairying, AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 213 came the introduction of associated effort or cooperation in dairy- practice. It did not come, however, until a period of twenty years had passed since the introduction of the Jerseys, during which time those keeping large herds of this choice breed had established a high reputation for private dairy butter, which commanded the best markets and the fancy prices. But handling the milk of large herds of cows in the old way made very heavy work in the household, and the day of the cheese factory was hailed with joy, as emancipating the women of the farm home from the drudgery of the milk pan and churn. Farmers were slow to change, however, from the private methods to the factory system of handling milk. The Winthrop Dairy Associa- tion was not organized till April, 1874, and the China Cheese Factory Company in March, 1874, these being the first associations of the kind in the county. In 1875 the "Winthrop factory made 47,000 pounds of cheese, and in 1878. 60,000 pounds. In 1881 the Winthrop company put in butter making apparatusintotlieir factory, and have since made both butter and cheese, although there have been some years when it did not operate. For one or two winters the cream obtained was sent to the Forest City Creamery, Portland. W^hen the average at the cheese factories of the county required a fraction above ten pounds of milk for a pound of cheese, the Winthrop factory averaged for a season of one hundred days a pound of cheese from eight pounds and seven ounces of milk. In the seasons of 1890 and 1891 many farmers in Winthrop, Fayette and Mt. A'ernon sent their cream to the cream- ery at Livermore Falls. In the summer of 1892 the Aroostook Con- densed Milk Company erected a very elaborate "plant at Winthrop. The first cheese factory in Monmouth was established in 1881 by the Monmouth Dairying Association. This factory was burned with all the machinery in February, 1889; but a new building was imme- diately erected and operated in June following by the Monmouth Dairying Company, which manufactures both butter and cheese. The average make for the season of 1891 was 2,800 pounds of cheese, and 1,400 pounds of butter per week. The Fayette Cooperative Creamery was organized in 1889 and built a factory at North Fayette. During the season of 1891 it made an average of 1,000 pounds of butter a week. Although owned by a stock company, this factory is leased by Mr. J. H. True, who buys the cream of farmers and m,anufactures butter on his own account. The product has a high reputation, and the factory has given its patrons great satisfaction. The East Pittston Creamery Association was formed in 1890, and a factory built costing $2,000, now leased by E. E. Hanley, who used the cream of 120 cows in 1891, making 600 pounds of butter per week. The price paid farmers for the year was 7i cents per inch of cream between April and September, and Si cents per inch between Septem- 914 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ber and April. This factory is well fitted for handling the cream of five hundred cows. A creamery association was organized at Waterville in November, 1891, for the purpose of making creamery butter, the enterprise hav- ing been started largely through the efforts of E. L. Bradford, of Turner, and R. W. Dunn, of Waterville. A creamery was erected at Vassalboro in 1892 and began operations in June. Instead of five there should be in the county a score of successful creameries. The cows, the pasture, the skill, the capital and the markets are all awaiting the complete development of this great in- dustry. Sheep. — Kennebec county has never been so distinctively devoted to sheep husbandry as the counties of Somerset and Franklin. Farm- ers have always made cattle and horses the specialties in stock lines rather than sheep, while the number of cities and large towns in the county, with their vast number of predatory dogs, has rendered it a matter of great risk to keep large flocks of sheep unless in pastures very near the homestead. In hillside pastures remote from the dwell- ing, the losses to flocks from roving dogs have always been great and have actually driven many farmers out of the business of sheep hus- bandry. Yet English sheep were imported into the county as early as 1828, and the old Kennebec Agricultural Society early gave atten- tion to the importance of the subject and urged it systematically upon the notice of farmers. In June, 1832, the society voted to " choose a committee to collect information upon the diseases to which sheep are subject in this climate, with the prevention and cure; the best breeds of sheep and the mode of improving them, with such matter as would be useful in a treatise upon sheep generally, should the society deem it expedient to publish a work upon this subject." The result of this action was the publication, in 1835, of The Northern Shepherd, written by Dr. E. Holmes. It is a small 12mo. volume of 131 pages, printed at Winthrop, by William Noyes, and is the first distinctively agricultural treatise ever published in Maine. Doctor Holmes had introduced individuals of the Dishleys or Bake- well breed into Winthrop in 1828, from the celebrated flock of Ste- phen Williams, of Northboro, Mass., who had himself imported them from England. In 1830 others of the same breed were brought into Hallowell by Charles Vaughan and Sanford Howard, and also in 1835 by Reuben H. Green, of Winslow. Charles Vaughan brought some pure bred Southdowns into Hallowejl in 1834, being the first of this breed ever introduced into the state. In 1844 Doctor Holmes brought into Winthrop a Cotswold buck — the first specimen of this breed ever brought into Maine. About 1842 several farmers m towns in the western part of the county united in purchasing in Vermont a num- ber of the Vermont Merinos from the flock of the eminent breeder. AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 215 S. W. Jewett, crossing them upon their own flocks to much advantage. The Langs, of Yassalboro. were early and continuous importers and improvers of sheep, having always the best flocks of Southdowns and Cotswolds. In 1853 Moses Taber, of Vassalboro, obtained individuals of the Spanish Merino breed from G. S. Marsh and Eben Bridge, of Pomfret, Vt., eminent breeders in that state; from whom Ephraim Maxham, of Waterville, al.so obtained the celebrated buck " Green Mountain Boy " the same year. In ISoS Rev. W. A. P. Dillingham introduced the Oxford Downs and Southdowns upon his farm in Sid- ney; H. C. Burleigh introduced into Waterville fine specimens of Southdowns the same year, and a few years later specimens of the same breed were introduced into Wayne by W. B. Frost; into Au- gusta by Allen Lambard; into Readfield by Samuel G. Fogg, and into Vienna by Obadiah Whittier. At about the same date the Cotswolds were introduced in Vassalboro by Hon. Warren Percival, and into Waterville by his brother, Joseph Percival. One of the finest, if, indeed, it may not rightfully be called the very finest, flocks of Southdowns ever kept in the county was that of the late Dr. N. R. Boutelle, of Waterville, who for many years de- voted a great deal of attention to the breeding of this class of sheep. He was a leading exhibitor and high prize winner at state and New England fairs from 1865 to the time of his death, his interest in the breeding of stock never having left him, and it was carried on with a great deal of intelligence and enthusiasm throughout all these years. Other leading farmers who have made a specialty of sheep husbandry have been: N. R. Gates and H. G. Abbott, of Vassalboro; the late Ira D. Sturgis, of Augusta; C. B. Wellington and O. O. Crosby, of Albion, and C. K. Sawtelle, of Sidney. Horses. — The first historic mention of efforts at improving the breeds of horses of Maine was m March, 1819, when the Kennebec Agricultural Society voted to raise a committee to confer with the trustees of the Maine Agricultural Society to offer a liberal premium for bringing " a good stock " horse into the county; "for," says the resolution, " it is with deep concern we can but notice the almost total silence and neglect in relation to a noble race of animals— the horse." From that day Kennebec county has been the home of some of the most distinguished performers upon the American turf, and held for one year the crown of the world's record for the fastest stallion time. The foundation of the magnificent horses of Kennebec county rests in the blood of " Imported Messenger," of whom so great an authority as John H. Wallace says: " He founded a race of trotters that have no superiors in'the Union; a race that all the world recognizes as among the fastest and best that this country has ever produced." " AVin- throp " or " Maine ^Messenger " was purchased in Paris, Oneida county 216 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. N. Y., and brought to Winthrop by Alvin Ilayward— probably after the premium provided for in 1819. The testimony is clear that " Win- throp Messenger " was a son of '• Imported Messenger," brought from England to New York in 1791. Those who saw " Winthrop Messen- ger " say he was " a large, white, muscular horse, with a clumsy head, but well proportioned body and legs." His colts were superior road- sters, very many of them exceedingly fast trotters, posse.ssing great endurance. " Winthrop Messenger " was kept in Kennebec and Som- erset counties, and died at Anson in 1834. Between 1820 and 1850 his descendants became famous and were sought after from all parts of the country. Farmers sold their best colts, which were carried to other states, where they were trained to the early trotting courses. Sanford Howard, who was better informed on the horses of America than most writers of his time, said in 1852: " Maine has, un- til within a few years, furnished nearly all the trotting stock of any note in the country." And Maine, for thirty years preceding that date, meant Kennebec county, so far as its horse breeding and agricultural interests were in question. Among the famous descendants of old " Messenger " which gave renown to Maine and to the breed, are many whose names are famous in the annals of the American turf. The famous mare, " Fanny Pullen," was bred by Sullivan Pullen, Au- gusta, about 1825, and at Harlem, in 1835, made the unparalleled time of 2.33. She was the dam of the incomparable " Trustee," the first horse in America to trot twenty miles inside of one hour (Long Island, October 20, 1848). A celebrated horse, " Quicksilver," was brought to Winthrop in lS18^by James Pullen, and there was for a time much rivalry between the Messenger and Quicksilver stock. The Quicksilvers were hand- some, good moving, spirited horses, but lacked endurance. " To Winthrop Messenger," says Thompson in his History of Maine Horses, " Maine is more largely indebted for whatever speed she may possess than to any other source." The Drew family was founded in 1842, but the Drews have never been so prominent in Kennebec county as have other families. " General McClellan," one of the most famous stallions of this family, was owned by George M. Robinson, of Augusta, between 1 861 and 1865. He got a record of 2.26, was sold to Boston parties and finally went to California. The original Eaton horse, founder of the Eaton stock, was owned by William Beale, of Winthrop, from 1854 to 1859, and the breed has always been in good repute throughout Maine. One of the most celebrated of his descendants was " vShepherd F. Knapp," who was taken to France, where he trotted famous races at the Bois de Boulogne. Another celebrated Eaton horse was "Shepherd Knapp, Jr.," purchased m 1866 by George M. Delaney, of Augusta, for $3,250, AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 217 deemed at the time a ver}^ high price. He was sold afterward to go to Boston, where he made his best record, 2.27|, June 17, 1880. " Winthrop Morrill " (formerly called "Slasher" and " Winthrop Boy"), the founder of the celebrated Morrill family of horses, was brought to Waterville by Asher Savage in 1862, and in 1863 bought by Jackson & Rounds, of Winthrop. In 1871 he was sold and taken to Boston. In 1866 Obadiah Whittier, of Vienna, brought to that town the stallion " Cadmus," bred by Daniel McMillan, of Xenia, Ohio. He was afterward owned by Means & Butler, of Augusta. The thorough- bred stallion " Annfield " was brought to Vassalboro, in 1868, by Thomas S. Lang, who purchased him of the Nova Scotia government. Three years later he was sold and taken to Oxford county. The Fear- naughts were introduced into this county by E. L. Norcross, of Man- chester, who formed a partnership with B. S. Wright, of Boston, and established a horse breeding farm in Manchester in 1866. Among the noted members of this family were " Carenaught," "Manchester," "Emery Fearnaught," "Young Fearnaught," and " Fearnaught, Jr." In 1859 Thomas S. Lang, of Vassalboro, began a breeding stud which soon took high rank among the most noted in the country. This was maintained for many years and brought Kennebec county into great prominence. The first purchase by Mr. Lang consisted of the stallions "General Knox," "Bucephalus," "Black Hawk Tele- graph," " Grey Fox " and the finely bred brood mare " Priscilla." Within a year or two after this first purchase Mr. Lang bought the stallions "Sharon," "Ned Davis" and "Trenton." Subsequently he purchased the stallions known as the " Palmer Horse " and " Gideon," 145, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian, 10. Mr. Lang sold " General Knox" in 1871 for $10,000. He was one of the most remarkable horses ever owned in Maine, and has done more toward improving our stock of horses, bringing the state into prominence as a horse breeding state and causing more money to come to Maine from other states for the purchase of fine horses than any other single horse ever owned here. Mr. Lang deserves remembrance as one who builded better than he knew when his breeding operations were being carried on. Sunnyside Farm, Waterville, home of the stallion " Nelson," was established by Charles Horace Nelson, in 1882. Mr. Nelson's stud consists of eight leading horses, including " Nelson," 2.10; " Dictator Chief," 2.2U: " Red Hawk," 8,508; "Wilkes," 8,571; " Jedwood," 5,166; and finely bred trotting stock to the number of seventy-five individ- uals. The stallion " NeLson " is now ten years old. His records are; Two 3'ear old, 2.50; three year old, 2.26f ; five year old, 2.21^; Bangor, Maine, September 10, 1890, 2.15^; Kankakee, 111., September 27, 1890, 2.12; Kankakee, 111., September 29, 1890, 2.11i; Terre Haut, Ind., Oc- tober 9, 1890, 2.11i; Cambridge City, Ind., October 21, 1890, 2.10|. This last, the champion trotting stallion record of the world, he held 218 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. until his performance at Grand Rapids, Mich., September, 1891, when he lowered his record to 2.10. In 1890 Mountain Farm, devoted to the breeding of trotting stock, was established at Waterville by Appleton Webb, and for the brief time it has been under Mr. Webb's management has won high repu- tation. Mr. Webb has now about thirty fancy bred trotters, the lead- ing individuals being " Pickering," by Rysdyk's Hambletonian; "Resolute" (record at five years, 2.26i); "Mountaineer," "Judge Rolfe," and "Appleton," by "Nelson;" and mares by "Nelson," " Young Rolfe," "Rockefeller" and "Gideon." Many single individuals of great speed or high value to the im- provement of the horse stock of the county have been bred or owned at different periods in the various towns in the county, among the most prominent of which have been the following: Emperor, bred by Lemuel Pullen,AVaterville, about 1827; Young Warrior, bred by James Pullen, Hallowell, in 1828; James G. Blaine, bred by James Blanch- ard, Pittston, in 1866; Col. Lakeman, bred by George M. Robinson, Augusta, in 1861; Independence, bred by Captain Joshua Wing, Win- throp, in 1832; Pelham, owned by B. Esmond, Gardiner, in 1837; Phil Sheridan, bred by Daniel Fawsett, Windsor, in 1860; Whirlpool, bred by Moses Stacy, Benton, in 1867; Troublesome, bred by William Pen- niman, Readfield, in 18i")9; Young Ethan Allen, bred by Eliab L. Eaton, Manchester, in 1860; Carlotta, bred by W. A. P. Dillingham, Sidney, in 1857: Sultan, a thoroughbred stallion, brought to Augusta by Gen- eral William S. Tilton,in 1875; Lancaster, brought to Augusta in 1873, by Allen Lambard; Black Pilot, owned by Major John T. Richards, of Gardiner, in 1875; Beacon, owned by Wright & Norcross, Manchester, in 1873; Victor, bred by Dr. F. A. Roberts, Vassalboro; Zac Tajdor, bred by Doctor Saflford, West Gardiner, in 1841; Susie Owen, bred by C. H. Nelson, Waterville, in 1877; Pilot Knox, owned by John H. May, Augusta, in 1883; Independence, bred by Frank Taylor, South Vassal- boro, and owned by W. E. Potter, Augusta, in 1871; Constellation, brought from Lexington, Ky,, in 1878, by General W. S. Tilton, Augusta; Glenarm, bred by General W. S. Tilton, Augusta; Gilbreth Knox, bred by Samuel Guild, Augusta, in 1862; Echo, bred by Andrew H. Rice, Oakland, about 1872: Captain Pulley, 2,985, an imported Per- cheron, brought to Waterville in 1883, by Blaisdell & Folsom; and Arrival, 2.24-J-, brought to Gardiner in 1889, by A. J. Libby. The leading horse breeding farms now in the county besides those already mentioned in detail are: Highmoor Farm, Monmouth; Enter- prise Farm, Augusta; Elmwood Farm, Augusta; Randolph Stock Farm, Randolph; Pine Grove Farm, Hallowell; and Pine Tree Stock Farm, Farmingdale. Kennebec Tzvo-T/nrty List. — The list below embraces the name, breeder's name, and time of each horse bred in Kennebec county that AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 219 had a record of 2.30 or better to the close of the season of 1891. Horses not bred here, and about whose pedigree there is any question, are not included: NAME. BREEDER. TIME. Arthur John Judkins, Waterville 2.28^ Arthur T Mr. Palmer, South China 2.30 Artist C. H. Nelson, Waterville 2.29 Aubine C. H. Nelson, Waterville 2.19^ Baby Boy Emmons Williams, Readfield 2.30 Bay Chas. B. Oilman, Waterville 2.27^ Ben Morrill Harrison Ames, Winthrop 2.27 Centurion F. G. Richards. Gardiner 2.27^ Ed. Getchell A. J. Crowell, AVinthrop .2.27" Gilbreth ;Knox Samuel Guild, Augusta 2.26f Glenarm W. S. Tilton , Togus, Augusta 2.23* Glengarry Isaac Downing, East Monmouth 2.27 Honest Harry Mr. Wood, Winthrop 2.22^ Hudson Elijah Brimmer, Clinton 2.29 Independence Joshua Wing, Winthrop 2.28 Independence [Potter's]. Frank Taylor, South Vassalboro 2.21^ lolanthe John C. Mullen, North A^assalboro 2.30 James G. Blaine James Blanchard, Pittston 2.28f John S. Heald John Libby, Gardiner 2.27i J. G. Morrill John F. Young, Winthrop 2.29 Knox Boy I. J. Carr, Gardiner 2.23* Lady Maud Thomas S. Lang, Vassalboro 2.18^ Medora C. H. Nelson, Waterville 2.20i Molly Mitchell J. S. Cooper, Pittston 2.26^ Nellie M Foster Brown, Waterville 2.28i Nelson C. H. Nelson, Waterville 2.10 Pelham ■ B. Esmond, Gardiner 2.28 Pemberton E. L. Norcross, Manchester 2.29^ Sam Curtis Newton Packard, Winthrop 2.28 Startle A. C. Marston, Waterville 2.26^ Susie Owen... C. H. NeLson, Waterville 2.26 Tinnie B John Libby, Gardiner 2.27i Tom Rolfe Wright & Norcross, Manchester 2.22i Victor F. A. Roberts, Vassalboro 2.23 The great interest in horse breeding in this county has led to the formation of several local trotting associations and the building of many private and society tracks. Agricultural societies in Readfield, Waterville, Windsor, Pittston and West Gardiner, maintain public tracks. Tracks were built at Monmouth in 1871; at Litchfield in 1870; at China in 1868; and at Gardiner, Oakland Park, in 1855. These tracks have since been abandoned. The track at Augusta, now under 220 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. control of the Capital Driving Park Association, dates back to 1858, and has been maintained to the present time with but few intermis- sions, although under management of different individuals and asso- ciations. Six private tracks have been built in the county at different times, four of which are now maintained, viz.: H. C. Nelson, Water- ville; Appleton Webb, Waterville; A. J. Libby, Farmingdale: W. H. Merrill, Meadow Park, West Gardiner. The abandoned private tracks are those built by the late George M. Robinson, Augusta, in 1872; and by the late Allen Lambard, Augusta, about 1873. An act, framed by General William S. Tilton, and approved Feb- ruary 26, 1873, " for the better preservation of horse records," required the registry of stallions and their pedigrees to be recorded at the registry of deeds, and a certificate of such registry issued to the owner of the horse recorded. Orchards. — Kennebec county— the natural home of the apple tree — is pre-eminently the fruit-growing section of Maine. While other counties located contiguously have similar natural advantages, Kenne- bec exceeds all other counties in the state in the number and size of its apple orchards, the good methods given to the business of growing and handling the fruit by farmers and the high results obtained. The natural drainage is excellent on most farms, or at least on those por- tions set with orchards. The climate produces a highly colored, good sized, firm fleshed apple that will bear trans-Atlantic shipment.* For the first systematic improvement of the fruits of Kennebec county we must go back to 1797, when Mr. John Hesketh came over to this country as the head gardener of the Vaughan farms and to have charge of their extensive gardens, nurseries and hot-houses. To his skill more, perhaps, than to the knowledge of Doctor Vaughan himself, are the farmers of Kennebec county indebted for the choice varieties of fruits that were disseminated from the Vaughan gardens, some of which are esteemed varieties in cultivation at the present day. The fruit propagated at the Vaughan farms was largely dissemi- nated in the leading agricultural towns in the county at that time — Hallowell, Winthrop, Monmouth, Readfield, Pittston and Vassalboro. The early settlers of these towns brought apple seeds with them from the Old Colony, whence they came, or had them sent after they had provided a place to plant them. Writing in 1847, Major Elijah Wood says that when he came to Winthrop in 1788, there were a number of farmers who had "beginnings of orchards," and upon the farm of Squire Bishop was an orchard in a " bearing state," the trees of which came from apple seed obtained from " Rehoboth, Mass.," and planted in a nursery in that town. Ichabod How brought choice seeds from ♦Notwithstanding the recent ravages of the new orchard pest, trxpcta potnon- alis, new orchards are continually being set. AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 221 Ipswich, Mass., planted out the first orchard and made the first cider ever made in Winthrop, by pounding the apples and pressing them in a cheese press. The fir.st grafting in Winthrop was done by Elijah Wood, who brought the Rhode Island Greening and High-top Sweet- ing from the Old Colony and grafted them into trees in David Foster's orchard about 1792. " Winthrop became celebrated for its cider of good quality," says Major Wood, " and the first owners of orchards had a ready sale for all their apples at about 67 cents per bushel." Isaac Smith, who settled in Monmouth in 1795, coming from Middle- borough, Mass., brought with him seed selected from the hardiest and best fruit, and planted a nursery in that town. Among the varieties of apples known to have been introduced from England by the Vaughans were the Ribston Pippin and King Sweeting; while Hallo- well is to-day famous for its magnificent cherries, the direct product of those imported by the A^aughans, and so famous in their own time. The Pearmain was the principal winter apple, all the others being manufactured into cider. The late Alfred Smith, of Monmouth, writing in 1877. said: " The pioneer farmers of Winthrop were very little versed in the art of grafting or budding trees, and it was thought to require as much skill to set a scion and have it grow as to amputate an arm or leg." The farmers who raised large quantities of apples made them into cider, which was a universal beverage, " put in " with a winter's supply of necessaries by the well-to-do people, as much as was pork or home made butter and cheese. Mr. Smith said that cider sold at from " six to eight dollars per barrel," a market for it being found in the newer towns in Franklin and Somerset counties. When cider was the most profitable product of the orchard there was no inducement to " en- graft " orchards or seek the best table fruits — hence it is not strange that the first farmers reared up trees without a thought for quality or merit of fruit. The state owes more to the late Dr. Ezekiel Holmes for his efforts in the improvement of our own varieties of apples than to any other man who ever lived in Maine. In 1847 he organized the Maine Pomo- logical Society, which did the first work in classifying our Maine fruits, properly describing them, and bringing them to the attention of pomologists in other states. When S. W. Cole published his American Fruit Book, in 1849, he made special acknowledgments to Doctor Holmes for great assistance, and catalogued ten varieties of apples that originated in Maine, five of which were Winthrop seedlings. Later lists in the transactions of the Maine State Pomological Society embrace eleven apples and one pear which originated in this county. Winthrop contributes six varieties, viz.: Fairbanks, originated on the farm of Elijah Fairbanks; Winthrop Greening, originated on the farm of Ichabod How, introduced by Jacob Nelson; Winthrop Pearmain a;i2 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and Everlasting, originated by Colonel John Fairbanks: vStanle}''s Winter Sweet, originated on the farm of J. L. Stanley, and Moses Wood, originated by Moses Wood. Other native apples of this county are: Bailey's Golden Sweet, originated by Paul Bailey, Sidney; Litch- field Pippin, originated upon the farm of William Hutchins, Litch- field; Smith's Favorite, originated by Isaac Smith, Monmouth; and Starkey, originated by J. W. Starkey, Vassalboro. The Nickerson pear was originated by Hiram S. Nickerson, Readfield. Many other good varieties of lesser note have been raised by Ken- nebec county orchardists, and several small fruits have also been originated here, among them the 0.sborn strawberry, a seedling much esteemed in the Waterville and Augusta markets, brought out by the late Charles Osborn, of Vassalboro. The growing of small fruits is re- ceiving increased attention, especially in towns which command the markets of the cities and large villages. There are several localities in the count}- especiall}' favorable to the cranberry and where the Cultivation of this fruit might be ex- tended to a profitable degree. Many persons grow them to a limited extent, while among the larger growers were formerly D. E. Manter, Sidney; and at present the Ware Brothers, Pittston, the late B. F. Butler, Mt. Vernon, and Eben Wellman, Augusta. The small cran- berry beds of the late Mr. Fuller are kept in excellent condition b}^ members of his family and yield very fine fruit. The Ware Brothers raised about 250 bushels in 1891. Mr. Wellman has the most exten- sive cranberry beds in the county and gives almost his entire time to the crop, having commenced their culture in a small way in 1878, but devoting increased attention to their systematic culture during the past seven years. His cranberry farm is located in the eastern part of Augusta and the beds embrace an area of seven acres, all cut into a uniform size of two rods in width by forty rods in length — the soil being a deep, rich, vegetable mold or muck. Between and around each and all the beds a canal is cut, into which water is conducted from a reservoir of six acres in extent, the canals being arranged with a series of gates so that the water can be let in over one or all of the beds as is desired. By leaving the gates open at night the beds are all covered with water before morning of sufficient depth to protect the berries from frost in the fall of the year, while in the spring the same method is employed to prevent the attacks of injurious insects. Mr. Wellman 's crop in 1891 was 170 barrels, the variety grown being the Cherry, and they have a high reputation in the leading markets. Among the largest orchards and most intelligent, progressive fruit growers in the county are: W. P. Atherton, Hallowell, 2,000 trees; J. Pope & Son, Manchester, 1,500 trees; D. M. Marston, Monmouth, 1,200 trees; Rev. J. R. Day, Monmouth, 2,600 trees; George W. Waugh, Monmouth, 1,200 trees; Miss L. L. Taylor, Belgrade; C. M. Weston, AGRICl'LTURK AND LIVE STOCK. 223 Belgrade, 2,000 apple trees, 400 pear trees: George A. Longfellow. Winthrop; Oakes Howard, Winthrop: J. M. Pike, Wayne, 3,000 trees J. C. Sanford, Readfield; J. H. Smiley, Vassalboro; the Cook Brothers Vassalboro, 3,000 trees; J. Wesley Taylor, Winslow; George W. Fogg Monmouth, 1,000 trees; J. Colby Dudley, Readfield; J. O. Butman Readfield; George H. Pope, East Vassalboro: The Oaklands Orchard heirs of Robert Hallowell Gardiner estate, Gardiner; and Albert R Ward, China, 700 trees. The estimate of apple buyers and shippers is that upon an average 90,000 barrels of choice commercial apples are annually shipped from the towns in Kennebec county to the great markets, one-fourth of which are sent abroad. An effort was made by the State Pomological Society in 1876 to collect information regarding the nurseries of the county and the number of trees in stock, with a view to keeping at home much of the money paid out to foreign nurserymen and at the same time obtain- ing a tree better adapted to this soil and climate. There were found six nursery firms then in the county, with the following number of trees in stock: A. Smith & Son, Monmouth, 3,000; H. B. Williams, South China, 3,000; N. R. Pike, Winthrop, 10,000; Charles I. Perley, Vassalboro, 20,000; J. A. Varney & Son, North Vassalboro, 40,000: Bowman Brothers, Sidney, 75,000; a total of 151,000 trees. Other intelligent, active and progressive pomologists of the county, held in grateful veneration for their services to this branch of our rural economy, are: Joseph Taylor, of Belgrade, a leading orchardist and large exhibitor of fruits at state fairs, who died in July, 1882, aged 78 years; Alfred Smith, of Monmouth, who died February 19, 1885, aged 77 years, a large orchardist and well known writer on pomological subjects for the agricultural press; and Hon. Robert Hal- lowell Gardiner, owner of the celebrated estate " The Oaklands," and of its famous orchard of Bellflowers, in Gardiner, a life member and for four years president of the State Pomological Society, who died September 12, 1886, aged 77 years. Conclusion.— This glimpse of what the farmers of Kennebec county have accomplished during the past century in the special lines for " the improvement of agriculture and bettering the condi- tion of the husbandman," presupposes that in other directions equal intelligence and progressive views have been employed and as high results obtained. All the cereals, fruits and vegetables known to the agriculture of this latitude are here rai.sed to perfection. Hay, the great staple crop, yields upon our farms more than the average ton to the acre which the agricultural department credits the state with producing. In early times the county raised its own wheat, and even exported it; and now wherever wheat is sown it produces an average yield higher 22i HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. than that of the wheat growing states of the West. Indian corn is the glory of the farm as a cereal. One hundred bushels of shelled corn to the acre have been many times raised as a premium crop, while the average is but little above one hundred bushels of ears to the acre. Sweet corn has for many years been a specialty. Packing factories have been established at Winthrop, Wayne, Fayette, Monmouth, Vas- salboro, Belgrade, Oakland, West Gardiner and Hallowell. The crop yields about $50 per acre, leaving the stalks for winter fodder. The use of ensilaged corn fodder is successfully employed, especially by milk producing farmers, who, living in the vicinity of our cities, are known to be among the best and most prosperous farmers in the county, paying great attention to their herds and keeping their farms in the most fertile condition. In fact, in all lines of rural economy the farmers of Kennebec county have made husbandry a business and a study, the successful results of which are apparent all over our beau- tiful hills and through our lovely valleys, in every town and district, where comfortable homes and well tilled farms speak of industry, economy and independence. CHAPTER IX. TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. Early Methods of Travel.— Stage Routes.— Water Routes and Steamboats.— Captain Jason Collins. — Railroads. IN THE present day of rapid steam and electric transportation by land and water, when the people and products of towns and cities removed from one another by the length and breadth of the state are transferred in the course of a single day, it is hard to adequately appreciate the almost insuperable obstacles that lay in the way of intercourse between the early settlements. The river was of course the main thoroughfare, whenever practicable, and in the warmer months was traversed by bateaux, shallops and other primitive craft, while in the winter rude sledges were employed in conveying stores and family goods upon its frozen surface. The means of communica- tion with the county from the earlier settlements to the westward were many-fold more difficult, and days and weeks were consumed in toilsomely driving ox-teams, loaded with the lares and penates of the household, through a wilderness to which the early guides were the blazed and spotted trees, commemorative of a still earlier migration of hardy pioneers. In 1754 the first military road in the state was made between Forts Western and Halifax. This was done by order of Governor Shirley, who at the same time made arrangements for the transmission of ex- presses by whale boats from Fort Halifax to Portland in twenty hours, returning in twenty-four. The military road being impassable in winter, owing to the depth of snow, barrels of provisions and other stores were carried from the lower to the upper fort on hand sleds. This occasioned Captain Hunter to say to the governor that he had been obliged to give the men who had hauled the sleds large quanti- ties of rum, without which it would have been impossible to have done anything. Thus it seems that in those days, long before the use of steam power, rictn power was used — the active spirit of progress. The rude vehicles used at that time made transportation doubly slow and tedious. Augusta was the center of cart lines to the towns up the river, and the roads, even in the early part of the nineteenth 15 226 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. century, were little better than rough clearings through the forests. Over these primitive " thoroughfares " Major Thomas Beck ran a truck team for goods to Bath, during the winter; and as late as about the winter of 1836, Samuel C. Grant, who owned the cotton (now a woolen) mill at Gardiner, sent his son, William S., to Wiscasset with a rude sled, on which was a bale of cloth to be shipped to Boston. Prior to 1790 the only mode of individual travel was by foot or on horseback. The first wheel carriage was a venerable chaise, already outlawed by fashion in Boston. It was brought to Gardiner about 1790, by Mr. Hallowell, and was called by its owner " the parish chaise," for the appropriate reason that the entire parish borrowed it. When General Dearborn returned from congress the first time, he brought a Philadelphia wagon, which was the wonder of the inhabit- ants, though there was not more than a mile of road on which it could be run. As may be readily imagined, the transmission of the mails in the early days was conducted in the most primitive manner. About 1790 the first mail was carried on horseback to Gardiner, from Portland, through Monmouth and Winthrop, and it is chronicled that " the road was very much improved about this time." The next mail was car- ried in 1794, from Portland, via Wiscasset to Augusta. In 1795 Ben- jamin Allen, the first postmaster of Winthrop, and Matthew Blossom, of Monmouth, took the contract to carry the mail once a week on horseback between those places. In 1803 Jacob Loud, the second post- master at Pittston, carried the mail from Wiscasset to Gardiner on horseback and from Gardiner to Augusta in a canoe. Early in the present century, however, the stage, usually carrying the mail, began to make its appearance in the county. The first stages were rude and torturing conveyances, and in speed and comfort bore about the same relation to the Concord coach of later days that that vehicle now bears to the railway passenger coach. Stage Routes.— The first stage came to Augusta in 1806, and the first to Gardiner in 1811. Both started from Brunswick. Colonel T. S. Estabrook, of the latter town, ran the x\ugusta stage, making bi- weekly trips. From thirteen to twenty-three hours were required for the transit, the route being the same over which Colonel Estabrook had carried the mail on horseback, in 1802, for the first time. Peter Gilman, who still carried the mail from Augusta to Norridgewock, in- formed the public, in June, 1806, that " he leaves Norridgewock with a stage on Monday and Thursday at six o'clock in the morning and arrives at Hallowell the evening of the same day at seven." Truly a wonderful performance ! In 1807 John and Meshach Blake and Levi Moody began running the first line of stages from Hallowell to Portland, via Augusta, Mon- mouth and New Gloucester. They left Hallowell at 4 a. m., and ar- TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. 227 rived in Portland at 7 P. M. In 1810 the western stage left Augusta early in the morning, in season for passengers to breakfast at Bruns- wick, dine at Freeport and reach Portland in the evening. Leaving Portland early the next day, breakfast was taken at Kennebunk, din- ner at Portsmouth and the night was spent at Newburyport. The following morning it left Newburyport at two o'clock, arrived at Salem about daylight and reached Boston early in the forenoon. In 1812 Peter Gilman contracted to carry a weekly mail from Augusta to Bangor, via Vassalboro and China, at which places fresh relays of from four to six horses were in waiting. Previous to this, Colonel Moses Burleigh, grandfather of the governor, conveyed the first car- riage mail between Augusta and Bangor. In 1810 John Homan, Vas- salboro, carried a weekly mail on horseback from Augusta eastward, and afterward, in 1815, drove a bi-weekly stage over the .same route. In 1827 an hourly stage between Augusta and Gardiner was at- tempted by Smith L. Gale, of the former town; and William E. Robin- son, of Hallowell, began running a coach once in two hours between that town and Gardiner. The first venture was not a success, and it was not until 1834 that the enterprise became permanent. At that time David Landers, father of William J. Landers, began hourly trips between the two places, and continued the business until the opening of the Maine Central railroad. About 1830 Solomon Brown was an old mail contractor between Augusta and Freeport, connecting at the latter place with Kennebec and Portland stages. This was called the Union Line. It was sold in 1848, to Crowell & Baker. From 1850 to 1854 Joshua Strout was the stage proprietor, and Thomas Holmes was one of his drivers. The route was afterward sold to Addison Townsend, and lastly to Vas.sal D. Pinkham, the latter only running from Augusta to Little River. It was not until shortly before 1840 that mail coaching entered upon its palmiest days, and four and six horse teams, crowded with passengers, ran daily between Portland and Augusta, passing through Litchfield and West Gardiner. Of more importance than the railroad to the community now was the old stage line for the transmission^of mail and passengers between Augusta and Bangor. It was the direct through line. Leaving either town at 7 a. m. each day, the place of destination was reached in early evening. The old thoroughbrace coaches were first in use, but about 1849 the Concord coaches were adopted. A change of horses was made at Vassalboro after a short, sharp drive from Augusta, then again at China, then Unity, and every few miles until Bangor was reached. The same horses were changed and driven back by the .same driver the next day on his return trip. Seventeen horses were kept at Vas- salboro, and this was an average number for each station. The pres- ent large barn of^the Vassalboro Hotelfwas then the stage barn. Shaw SJb HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. & Billings, of Bangor, were the proprietors. They perfected the busi- ness, and the older residents well remember the richly caparisoned coaches and the two or three spans of well matched horses to each coach. The drivers were men of note in those days, and he who could dexterously handle six horses and safely make the schedule time, was a greater personage than the proprietor and, in his own opinion at least, held a superior position to that of the chief magistrate. Many will remember John Deering and his two brothers, Jabe Sawings, Libby, Bennett, Hale Freeman, Crowell, Isaac Holmes of Augusta, David Crockett, and Benjamin Mitchell, the crack of whose whips was familiar all along the line, as the rocking, heavily-laden coaches wound their way through shady vale and over lofty hill. Water Routes and Steamboats. — During the development of the facilities for transportation by land, a like progress was being made on the river. Waterways, the world over, were the first thorough- fares, and rivers are the oldest highways. The Kennebec afforded the Indians an open passage from the Sebasticock to the sea, before Columbus was born or Caesar had crossed the Rubicon. Equally ser- viceable was the river to the pioneer — its shining way with undeviat- ing flow, his one sure path, by sunless day or starless night. Its buoyant bosom was his highway of exploration, and from its friendly banks diverged the tree-blazed roads that led to his clearing and his home. At once a producer and a consumer, the river was his natural avenue of commerce, and the vehicles and methods that were first in use are matters of curious interest. The settlers had little time or skill to construct bark canoes such as the Indians made, and when made they were too frail for lasting service, so the " dug out " was the primitive boat, and after saw mills were running flat bottomed boats of various kinds came into universal use. Of these, the bateau, a long, narrow boat, is the principal survivor, being still the log driver's favorite. But there was one kind of river craft — indispensable in its day, that has become extinct, known as the " long boat " — built from 60 to 95 feet in length, IS to 20 feet wide, especially designed for transport- ing heavy freight, but fitted also with comfortable cabins for passen- gers, including lodging and meals. Each boat had two masts that could be lowered going under bridges, with square sails, main and wing, above which was the top-gallant-royal sail. The peculiarity of these boats was, that they went down the river with the current, but could return only with a good southerly wind, for which they must wait — sometimes indefinitely. Some of these carried over one hundred tons. Mathews & Oilman built the Eagle at Waterville, in 1826, and loaded her with wheat in charge of Walter Getchell as supercargo, who sold it at the various TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. ^'^y landings " down river " for from sixty to eighty cents per bushel, dis- posing of the last at Bath, where he took on a return cargo of one hun- dred hogsheads of salt. These boats could and did go through the rapids at Augusta before the dam was built there, and with a good wind they had no trouble in returning to Waterville with full loads. Occasionally, however, they met with mishaps, and sometimes they were wrecked. This was the fate of the Eagle. On a return trip, with a full load of merchan- dise and a light wind, oxen were employed, as was often the case, to pull her up the Old Coon rapids. By some cessation of the towage, the current swung the boat athwart a rock with such force that it broke completely in two, dumping its cargo of molasses, sugar, rum, hardware and dry goods into the river, whence the damaged packages were recovered when quiet water was reached; but the poor Eagle was a dead bird. A like misfortune befel the Kite, built by William and Walter Getchell. With a load of 700 bushels of potatoes she was twisted and dashed broad.side against a pier of the Augusta bridge- boat and potatoes a total loss. As early as 1796 George Crosby, of Hallowell, ran the Keiinebec Packet, Captain Samuel Patterson, master, between that place and Bos- ton; and before that time, but in the same year. Captain Patterson re- ported the fourth trip of the. sloop Courier, the settlement of accounts naming as owners George Crosby, John Sheppard, David Cutler, John Molloy , Edmund Freeman and Chandler Robbins. Other packets that were irregularly run, later on, from Augusta and Hallowell, were the Catharine, owned by Thomas Norris, which was dismasted in 1814 on a trip to Boston, and the Kennebec Trader, commanded by Captain Carr, who lost his mate, Elisha Nye, overboard in the same storm. The channel not being deep enough for these vessels to reach Waterville, the " long boats "' previously mentioned were employed at Augusta to convey consignments from them to points above. In 1824 the Traders' Line, plying between Augusta and Boston, was established. It comprised the schooners Actress, Captain G. O. West; Sidney, Captain G. A. Dickman; and Emerald, Captain P. B. Lewis. It is said that their accommodations secured " comfort and convenience to passengers." The first regular line of passenger packets, with the time advertised, between Hallowell and Boston, was started about 1831. One of the captains was Andrew Brown. In 1845 two lines of packets were started froin Hallowell to Boston, and were to leave from Augusta when the river channel had been deepened. Flagg's Line was composed of the schooners Gazelle, Captain Elisha Springer; the Van Buren, Captain T. R. Pool; Advent, Captain Soule; and Jane, Captain T. S. Ingraham. The Union Line contained the schooners Somerset, Captain Hinckley; the M'aterville, Captain W. H. Heath; Harriet Ann, Captain William Reed, jun., and Consul, Captain 230 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. A. L. Gove. Other old captains on the Kennebec in those days were: Major Thomas Beck, Charles H. Beck, Jo. Beck, George W. Perry, Tillinghast Springer (son of Job and brother of Elisha), Jacob Britt, Joshua Bowler, Samuel Gill, jun., Gustavus Dickman and Samuel and Alfred Beale. During the era of the packet boats steam was of course being grad- ually used for locomotion, both on land and water; and long before passenger sailing craft ceased running on the river, the steamboat, in a crude and ungainly form, began to ruffle the surface of the beautiful stream. The first of these vessels was fitted up from an open scow at Alna, by its owner, Jonathan Alorgan, a lawyer. In it he paid Gardi- ner a visit in 1819, tying up at Gay's wharf. Captain Morgan came by way of Wiscasset, and his queer craft drew crowds wherever it made a landing. Another steamer, called the Experivicjit, made her ap- pearance on the river soon after Attorney Morgan had produced his pioneer boat. The year 1823 is memorable as the date of the building of the steamer Waterville at Bath, by Captain Samuel Porter, and the open- ing of the first steam route from Bath to Augusta the same season, by this boat, under command of Captain E. K. Bryant. Captain Porter bought in New York, the same season, the steamer Patent, which he put on the route from Portland to Boston, advertising to make the run in \1\ hours. The next year (1824-) the Patent ran from Boston to Bath, where she connected with the Waterville for Augusta. In 1826 the Patent, Captain Harry Kimball, opened the first through route from Gardiner to Portland. The Waterville was laid off that season, and the small steamer, Experiment, ran from Bath to Augusta. For the next three years the Patent held and made popular the Gardiner and Portland route. In 1830 the Patent did not run above Bath, at which place she connected with the Waterville for Augusta; and in 1831 no steamer ran regularly on the river above Bath. The village of Gardiner was a center of great activity in 1832. A boat that became noted, the stern-wheel steamer Tieonic, was built where the public library building now stands, and completed in May, for a Mr. Blanchard, of Springfield, Mass., at a cost of $8,000. On the first day of June she made the historic trip to Waterville, whose citi-" zens received her with manifestations of the wildest joy. This stanch little steamer, under the command, successively, of Captains J. Flitner, S. Smith and Nathan Faunce, ran regularly from Gardiner to Water- ville until interrupted by the river dam at Augusta in 1835. The dam company made the lock so short that the Tieonic could not pass. After this the Tieonic was the only regular boat, for a time, between Gardi- ner and Bath. There was, however, a petite little steamer called the Tom Thumb, that made irregular trips on the river. In 1835 the TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. 231 steamer McDonougJi, Captain Nathaniel Kimball, was put on the route from Hallowell to Portland, but was taken off in 1836. In the spring of 1836 a stock company was formed in Gardiner, and bought a steamer to rim between Gardiner and Boston. Nathaniel Kimball, Parker Sheldon and Henry Bowman were chosen directors and at once purchased the steamer Nczv England, a fast boat built for Long Island sound travel, and opened the new route from Gardiner to Boston about the first of June, making two round trips per week, Cap- tain Nathaniel Kimball commander, and Captain Solomon Blanchard pilot — " fare $4 and found." The Nciv England was an elegant boat in those times, 170 feet long and of over three hundred tons burden. The Teutonic connected with her at Gardiner for upper towns. In 1837 the McDonongli, Captain Andrew Brown, was again run on the Kennebec, from Hallowell to Portland, but the next year her place was taken by the little steamer Clifton, Captain William Bryan. The Neiv England made the Gardiner and Boston route so popular and profitable that an opposition movement had culminated in the construction of the Augusta. It was built by Cornelius Vanderbilt, and was advertised as about ready to run from Hallowell to Boston when, on the morning of June 1, 1838, while on a regular trip, the N CIV England QoWiA&d. with the schooner Curlciv,o'S. Boon island, re- ceiving injuries from which she sunk, having barely time to transfer her passengers to the schooner. Parker Sheldon and Captain Kim- ball went at once to Norwich, Conn., and chartered the new steamer Huntress, and put her in the place of the wrecked boat. Competition on the Kennebec route now became active. Cornelius Vanderbilt, of New York, put on the W. C. Peck, Captain A. Brown, as an opposition boat, running from Hallowell to Boston. This boat not proving fast enough, Captain Brown was transferred to the new steamer Augusta, which was substituted in her place. But the Augusta was not fast enough to compete with the Huntress, and Commodore Vanderbilt sent on a steamer bearing his own name, which arrived here September 3d, under Captain Brown. Competition became intense and a trial of speed was inevitable. The Vanderbilt sent a challenge one day at Boston, which the Huntress accepted and won the race, arriving at Gardiner the next morning about a mile ahead, after a most exciting night. The warmth of public feeling over such contests in those days can hardly be understood in our rail- road era. At the close of the season the Huntress was re-chartered for the next season. Commodore Vanderbilt, beaten at racing, changed the game and won. He bought the Huntress, subject to the lease, and notified the Kennebec company that he should run her, paying them, of course, what damages the courts should award; or he would sell them the boat for $10,000 more than he had given for her and forever 232 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. leave the route. The offer was accepted, the money paid, and there was no more opposition for several years. In 1841 a new era began in the transportation of passengers to and from Boston. The steamer Jolin W. Richmond, Captain Kimball, was placed on the route by night twice a week, and the Huntress, Captain Thomas G. Jewett, was on the route by day twice a week. The steamer J\L Y. Beach went three times a week to Portsmouth, where she con- nected with the Eastern railroad, This .schedule was continued through the season. In 1842 the Ricluitond cut down the fare to two dollars. The Huntress then combined with the railroad line, via Port- land, with fare one dollar to Boston — the lowest yet seen. In June, 1842, the steamer Telegrapli was put on as an opposition boat, with fare one dollar; and July 10th the steamer Splendid was commissioned, with the cry " No opposition, fare one dollar, or as low as any other boat on the route." She was followed, July 28th, by the Riclnnond, advertising " fares to Boston, until further notice, twenty-five cents." The Richmond was burned at her dock in Hallowell Sunday night, September 3d. She was valued at $37,000 and was owned by Rufus K. Page and Captain Kimball, who, within a week, replaced her with the Penobscot, a larger boat than any that had preceded her. During the season of 1844 the Penobscot ran on the all water route from Hallowell to Boston; the Telegraph first and then the Huntress run- ning four trips per week from Hallowell, connecting with the railroad at Bath. In the spring of 184,'5 the People's Line, a stock company, was or- ganized, with William Bradstreet, Samuel Watts, John Jewett, Green- lief White, E. W. Farley, B. C. Bailey and Henry Weeks, directors. The citizens of the Kennebec valley bought the stock readily, and the People's Line placed the new steamer/^/;;/ Marshall, Captain Andrew Brown, in opposition to the Penobscot. After June the elegant Kenne- bec took the Marsiiall's place, and a small steamer was run in connec- tion with her between Hallowell and Waterville, to compete with the Water Witch and Balloon, which ran to the Marshall. The season of 1846 opened briskly, the fare to Boston being only twenty-five cents. The Kennebec was the regular line steamer, while the People's Line put on the John Marshall, Captain Brown, and the Charter Oak, Captain Davis Blanchard. The steamers Flushing and Bellinghani formed a line between Augusta and Bath, a boat leaving each of these places every morning. Before summer came the two lines were consolidated, the John Marshall was sold, and the Kennebec and Charter Oak ran on alternate days the balance of the season. In the spring of 1848 the Huntress resumed her trips from Hallo- well to Portland, the Charter Oak and Kennebec running alternately to Boston. Several small steamers ran on the river to Waterville, often racing in their fierce competition. These hazardous practices TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. ^ 233 •culminated in May this year, by the Halifax bursting her boiler while passing through the Augusta lock, and killing six people. The season of 1849 was marked by the advent of the new steamer Ocean, Captain Sanford. She took the outside route to Boston and held it several years. July 4th the railroad was finished to Bath, to which city the Huntress made daily trips in connection with the cars. In 1851 the steamer T. F. Sccor connected with the railroad at Bath, and, later, at Richmond. During the spring of 1854 Richard Dono- van was made captain of the Ocean, and commanded her till November 24th, when she was run into by the Cunard steamer Canada, off Deer island, Boston harbor, and burned to the water's edge. In 1855 and 1856 the steamer Governor, Captain James Collins, ran from Hallowell to Boston, and the T. F. Secor, Captain Donovan, from Augusta to Portland, tri-weekly. The new steamer Eastern Queen, Captain James Collins, was put on in the spring of 1857, and ran that year and the next. She was partially burned at Wiscasset, in March, 1859, and the State of Maine filled her place during repairs. In 1861 the steamer Union ran daily between Augusta and Bath, connecting with the T. F. Secor for Portland. The Union was afterward sold to the government and was taken to Fortress Monroe, where she was noted for her speed. In 1865 parties in Bath bought the steamer Daniel Webster, Captain William Roix, and placed her on the route from Gardiner to Boston, in opposition to the Eastern Queen, which, since the death of Captain James Collins in 1861, had been commanded by his cousin. Captain Jasofi Collins. This last named steamer ran from Hallowell to Boston from 1866 to 1870, when she was sold. Previous to this, in 1866, the new steamer Star of the East, was placed on the Boston route, under the command of Captain Collins, who ran her until the spring of 1889, when he was transferred to the palatial new steamer Kennebec, of the same line. Captain Jason Collins, the genial and popular commander of this fine vessel, is a resident of Gardiner, and from his long connection with lines of travel and transportation, must have a place in this chap- ter. He was born at Bowman's Point, and is the only surviving son in a family of nine children. His father, James Collins, came to what is now Farmingdale when he was a young man, married Elizabeth Tyler, and passed his life in rural pursuits. Jason grew up on the home farm to the age of fourteen, when he shipped as cook with his father's brother, Captain John Collins, in the coasting schooner, Hope. The next year he again went to sea with his Uncle John, this time as a sailor before the mast, in the Adventure, bound for Mexico and sev- eral South American ports. After this trip he was on the brig Corin- thian, with Captain Sampson, in the coastwise trade. His next voyage 234 • HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. was to Europe in the ship Powliattan, commanded by Captain Thomp- son. In 1836 our young sailor became a fireman on the steamer Nnv England, Captain Nathaniel Kirnball, holding that position until the vessel was wrecked off Portsmouth, June 1, 1838. He was then made assistant engineer of VaelHiintress, and four years later was promoted to the responsible position of chief engineer of this, the fastest steam- boat ever on the Kennebec river. In 1850 he went to California as chief engineer of the steamship Independence, and ran on a Pacific coast route until she was wrecked, February 16, 1853, on Marietta island, Lower California. Returning home he was first engineer on Atlantic coast .steamers until the summer of 1861, when he succeeded his cousin. Captain James Collins, in command of the coast steamer, Eastern Queen, in which capacity he was eight months with Burnside's expe- dition in North Carolina. The next year (1862) he commanded the same boat at New Orleans, under General Banks, getting thereby a practical knowledge of the naval operations of the great war. Four years later he was assigned to the splendid steamer, Star of the East, of 1,400 tons burden, in which responsible position he faithfully .served his company and the public, for twenty-four years. Upon the completion of the Kennebec, in the construction of which he had been the active man on the building committee, he assumed the duties of his present position. The details of making, as well as of running a boat are familiar to him, having superintended the build- ing of several. He has long been an owner in the Kennebec Steam- boat Company, and is one of its directors. Jason Collins married Louise, daughter of Nathaniel Kinneston, of Farmingdale. Their children have been: Anna Augusta, Louise Blanche, who died at the age of nineteen; Delia H., Eugenia and Wal- lace J., who was educated at Bowdoin College, graduating in 1883. Choosing the medical profession, he entered that department of Bow- doin, receiving his degree in 1886. He is now practicing at Monte- video, Minn. Captain Collins has been fond of mechanics and machinery from his boyhood, and wisely chose a calling in which his talent has always had stimulus and opportunity. His practical ability and sound judg- ment brought him to the presidency of the Boothbay Steamboat Com- pany, also to a directorship in the Merchants' Bank of Gardiner. Captain Collins' life has been useful as well as active. Few men have as many acquaintances as he, and fewer still as many friends. Besides the passenger steamers on the Kennebec, there were also numerous steam tugboats employed in towing sailing craft up and down the river, but only brief mention can be made of two of the earliest specimens of these craft. The first was th.& Jefferson, built to ply on Lake Jefferson. About the year 1838 Captain Wyman Morse iQUi^cnA^^Xytr^^y^^ toAd TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. 235- purchased this boat, moved her overland to tide water, and launched and brought her up the Kennebec, where she became the first regular towboat on the river, and the nucleus of the fleet of powerful steamers owned a generation later by the Knickerbocker Steam Towage Com- pany, in which his son, Captain B. W. Morse, was a large owner and also the business manager. This company owned the barge Yosemite, that was so well known as a pleasure boat on the river in the seventies. The other of the pioneer towboats was that owned by Ebenezer Beard, who came to Pittston in 1843, and contracted with Deacon Fo- linsbee to build him a sixty-four ton towboat. When completed, he took the vessel to Kimball's wharf, where he placed in it two small steam engines attached to two screw propellers of an improved model, invented by himself. This craft, the first screw propeller ever seen on the county's waters, was called the Experiment. Railroads.— Turning from the use of steam power on the river to its employment on the rail, it is found that the county was somewhat backward in sustaining the march of improvement in that direction. In 1836 the Kennebec & Portland Railroad Company was chartered, with authority to construct a road from Portland to Augusta. Noth- ing further was done, however, until 1845, when the time to build was extended ten years. In the same year charters were given to the An- droscoggin & Kennebec railroad, which was to enter the county at Monmouth and pass through Winthrop, Readfield and Belgrade, to Waterville, and to the Penobscot & Kennebec railroad, which was to start from Augusta, cross the river, and run along its eastern bank through Vassalboro and Winslow. meeting the Androscoggin road at Waterville, and running thence through Benton and Clinton, toward Bangor. Among the early promoters of this extension from Augusta were John D. Lang and Eben Frye, of Vassalboro, and Joseph Eaton, of Winslow. On July 4, 1849, the Androscoggin & Kennebec railroad, known as the " back route," entered Winthrop, and on October 8th following, the road was completed to Readfield. During this month a daily stage line was started from Augusta to connect, as now, with the railroad at Winthrop. On November 27th the railroad was opened to Waterville,. the event being celebrated by a grand jubilee. During this time the Portland & Kennebec railroad, afterward tnown as the " main line," was slowly progressing along the west bank of the river, and in the spring of 1850 meetings were held at Augusta, and at other towns, to assist in pushing forward the read. At length the first train entered Gardiner, November 10, 1851, amid general rejoicing. On the 15th of the following month the first loco- motive entered Augusta, followed on the 29th by the first train of cars; and on the morning of the 30th the first train of cars left Augusta for Portland. ■236 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. These two pioneer roads, and the Penobscot & Kennebec extension from Augusta to Waterville and eastward, are now embraced in the Maine Central system. From Leeds Junction, which lies in three counties, another branch of the Maine Central runs to Farmington, touching the corner of Monmouth, thence following the western boundary of Wayne, and thence running, within a few miles, the en- tire length of the western line of Fayette. The Somerset Railroad Company was conceived, planned and its construction begun by Reuben B. Dunn and Joel Gray. It was their original intention that this road should be a branch of the Maine Cen- tral, of which Mr. Dunn was then president. The work of building the roadbed was begun in 1868, but in less than three years, and be- fore a rail had been laid, the control of the Maine Central passed into other hands, and the new management refused to countenance the en- terprise. At this crisis, John Ayer, one of the directors of the strug- gling company, took the lead in the direction of its affairs, and to his ■energy and financial ability the existence of the road is undoubtedly due. Trains began running to Norridgewock in 1873, and the line, forty-one miles long, was subsequently completed to Bingham. The Toad was sold, in 1883, on the first mortgage, and reorganized as the Somerset railway. Joel Gray was the first president, F. W. Hill, of Exeter, Me., the second; and John Ayer has been president since 1872. George A. Fletcher, the first treasurer, was succeeded in 1874 by Major Abner R. Small. The superintendent is W. M. Ayer, of •Oakland The Kennebec Central Railroad Company was chartered Septem- ber 12, 1889, with a capital stock of $15,000, afterward increased to -$50,000. It is five miles long, running from Randolph to Togus, has a two-foot gauge, and was opened for business August 1, 1890. The first eleven months' operation showed total receipts, $13,242; expenses, $8,392. This money was earned with two engines, four passenger, two box and six flat cars — the total rolling stock of the road, costing $18,200. The road bed, with land damages and terminal facilities, ■ cost $12,000 per mile — as much as the average cost of a good many standard gauge roads. The nine directors are: H. W. Jewett, David Dennis, Weston Lewis, E. D. Haley, A. C. Stilphen, J. S. Maxcy, J. B. Dingley and S. N. Maxcy, of Gardiner, and Franklin Stevens, of Randolph. Weston Lewis is president; P. H. Winslow, treasurer and general ticket agent; F. A. Lawton, superintendent; H. S. Webster, clerk, and A. C. Stilphen, attorney and auditor. Electricity, which is fast superseding horse power on the street railways of cities and suburban towns, has as yet been employed in the county for that purpose in but two instances. In 1890 the Augusta, Hallowell & Gardiner Electric Street Railroad Company was incor- porated, with a capital, authorized by charter, of $150,000. The length TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. 237 of the line is seven iniles, and the road is reported to be earning a substantial income. The officers are: President, J. Manchester Haynes, Augusta; superintendent, E. K. Day, Hallowell; treasurer, George E. Macomber, Augusta; clerk of corporation, Henry G. Stap- les, Augusta. The Waterville and Fairfield Power & Light Company, opened in July, 1892, the electric road running north from Waterville, on what had been operated as a horse car line since 1888. CHAPTER X. THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. Bv Mr. Howard Owen. -Newspapers of Hallowell and Augusta. — The Press of Gardiner. — Waterville Press. — Newspapers of Oakland and Winthrop. — Journalistic Ventures at China, Vassalboro and Clinton. AUGUSTA has long been the center of the newspaper business in the county, and as far as the number is concerned, the news- papers started here have been legion. We shall not attempt in this chapter to mention the multitude of publications of world wide circulation, issuing from the extensive publishing establishments of The Allen Publishing Company, of Vickery & Hill, and of the more recently established house of the Gannett & Morse concern. These belong more especially to the commercial and manufacturing indus- tries of the city and will have attention in another chapter of this work. Several ephemeral newspapers have been started here of the " Jonah's Gourd " variety, such as the Ajigtista Courier, the Liberal Re- publican, an anti-temperance periodical — not living long enough to es- tablish for themselves a place in history. The first newspaper in Kennebec county was started in Hallowell — then called " The Hook " — August 4, 1794, nearly a century ago. It was published by Howard S. Robinson and called the Eastern Star. It had the life of a yearling, and was succeeded in 1795 by The Toesiji, published by Wait & Baker, of the Falmouth Gazette. In September, 1796, it was transferred to Benjamin Poor. This paper was also short- lived, being discontinued in 1797. The American Advocate, a democratic-republican newspaper, was begun at Hallowell in the year 1810, and was published first by Na- thaniel Cheever, father of the late Rev. Dr. George B. Cheever, of New York; then by S. K. Gilman, who published it for six years and sold to Calvin Spaulding, who in turn disposed of the establishment to Sylvanus W. Robinson and Henry K. Baker, the latter gentleman so long judge of probate and still residing in Hallowell. In 1835 the paper was united with the Free Press and called the Free Press and Ad- vocate. It was sold to the Kennebec Journal in 1836. The Free Press, THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 239 published by Anson G. Herrick and edited by Richard D. Rice, was a violent anti-Masonic paper. There was at that time great prejudice against the institution of Masonry, and during its brief career the paper had an immense circulation. In the meantime a paper called the Banner of Light was published for a year or two. The Genius of Temperance, a paper of small size, devoted to the cause of temperance, was established in Hallowell m January, 1828; printed semi-monthly by Glazier & Co., for P. Crandall, editor and proprietor. It continued about two years, and then died for want of patronage. The Liberty Standard, printed at the Halhnvell Gazette office, was commenced about 1840 and published in Hallowell by the anti- slavery martyr. Rev. J. C. Lovejoy. It was devoted to the cause of negro emancipation, Mr. Lovejoy, the editor, wielding a very vigor- ous and aggressive pen. Rev. Austin Willey afterward conducted the paper with great ability. Its name was finally changed to Free Soil Republican, the free soil party having become a factor in politics. It was a failure as a business enterprise, and died after a precarious ex- istence of about seven years. It was printed by Newman & Rowell. For a year or two during the war of the rebellion a paper called the Kennebec Courier, was published at Hallowell, by T. W. Newman. It was afterward removed to Bath, where it sickened and died. A paper with the heavenly title of the Northern Light, was pub- lished in Hallowell for a few months, by J. W. May and A. C. Currier. The Hallowell Gazette, federal in politics, was established by Eze- kiel Goodale and James Burton, jun., in January, 1814, and was pub- lished until 1827. September 28, 1839, the Maine Cultivator and Weekly Gazette was established in Hallowell, by T. W. Newman and R. G. Lincoln. For two years its editor was Rev. William A. Drew, afterward of the Gospel Banner. It was devoted primarily to agriculture and the me- chanic arts, though later it became more of a local organ. It received a fair support from the people of Hallowell and surrounding towns. Newman & Lincoln continued the publication of the paper until March, 1842; T. W. Newman from that date until September, 1843; T. W. & G. E. Newman to September, 1845; T. W. Newman and E. Rowell from September, 1845, to June, 1852; E. Rowell and H. L. Wing to June, 1854; E. Rowell to November, 1859; E. Rowell and Charles E. Nash (later of the Kennebec Journal) to June, 1862; E. Rowell to June, 1865; Charles E. Nash to September, 1869, and Henry Chase from that time until it was discontinued, December 9, 1871. In 1850 the headings of the paper were transposed to Halloivell Gazette and Maine Cultivator; and at the beginning of the fifteenth volume, in September, 1853, the second heading was dropped, retaining only the Hallowell Gazette. Some time after Mr. Chase became publisher, 240 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the character of the paper was entirely changed from a local to a story paper, and it was called the Saturday Gazette. Mr. Chase tried to imi- tate E. C. Allen, but failed. Major E. Rowell, so long identified with the paper, continues a much respected citizen of Hallowell. The Saturday Gazette died on the hands of Mr. Chase, December 9, 1871. Hallowell had no paper from that time until December 22, 1877, when the present Hallozvell Register was established. Its proprie- tor and editor, W. F. Marston, not only conducts the paper, but has in connection a commercial job printing office. The Register is a spicy local paper, filling well its rather limited field. While non-partisan, it has republican leanings. The first paper established in that part of Hallowell which is now Augusta, was the Kennebec Intelligencer, published by Peter Edes, than whom no one was more respected by the members of the craft. It was established November 14, 1795, and was a little affair, the dimen- sions being only eleven by sixteen inches. Political action at that time found expression through the federal and republican parties, the federalists in this section of the country being in the majority. The Intelligencer was changed to the Kennebec Gazette in 1800, and in 1810 became the Herald of Liberty. Under this name it was published until 1815, when it was discontinued on the removal of its proprietor to Bangor. A non-partisan paper, " far removed from party turmoil," the Augusta Patriot, was started March 7, 1817, by James Burton, jun., but it died in a year or two for want of patronage. The Kennebec Joiirnal grew out of the dominant political sentiment which afterward became crystalized in what was known as the whig party. In the fall of 1823, two young men, journeymen printers, came from Washington, D. C, and started the paper. Their names were Luther Severance and Russell Eaton. The Tufts hand press on which it was to be printed was set up at what was called the Branch brick block, at the corner of Bridge and Water streets, where the first num- ber of the Journal was struck off, January 8, 1823. The size of the subscription list at that time did not seem to be taken at all into ac- count by the publishers. Indeed, they thought they were doing a big business if their list of subscribers numbered four or five hundred. Advertising was also at a discount; and we have known a publisher who in those early days received but forty-two cents a week for a half column "ad," taking his pay " in country produce at market prices." So the Journal's upward progress was from the smallest possible beginning. Luther Severance, whose name is to-day a tower of strength in the county, stood at the editorial helm, and gained a great reputation among the rank and file of the party for the clear and com- prehensive style in which he clothed his editorials. Like Horace Greeley, he was able to go to the case and put into type an elaborate. THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 241 unwritten editorial. In 1829 Mr. Severance was called to represent his party in the legislature, in 1835-6 in the state senate, in 1839-40 again in the house, and in 1843 and 1845 in the national house of rep- resentatives. Beginning in 1850, he was for three years United States commissioner to the Sandwich Islands. But his labors were nearly ended. Stricken with a hopeless cancerous disease, he reached his home in Augusta on the 12th of April, 1854, and died on the 2oth of Janu- ary, 1855, at the age of fifty-seven years. During his last sickness, and as a means of diverting his attention from his intense physical suffer- ing, Mr. Severance, under the heading of "Brief Mention," weekly contributed articles full of wisdom and suggestive thought to the columns of his favorite paper. In the early .stages of the JonriiaFs career, the two young men struggled on, doing most of their own work, with the help of two apprentices. Mr. Eaton had special charge of the mechanical and business departments of the paper, and here were laid deep and broad those busine.ss principles that ripened so successfully after he became connected with the Farmer. Full of years, and highly respected by his fellow citizens, Mr. Eaton went to his rest some two years since. In June, 1833, Mr. Eaton retired from the /i3«r«rf/, leaving Mr. Sev- erance the sole proprietor and manager until the beginning of 1839, when he sold half the concern to John Dorr, who had been engaged at Belfast in the publication of the Waldo Patriot. Mr. Dorr brought business tact and shrewdness to the performance of his tasks, and the paper entered upon the high road to success. Mr. Dorr continued as clerk and bookkeper in the office under subsequent administrations. In 1850 the /£72/r«fl/ passed into the hands of William H. Wheeler and William H. Simpson, and was edited by Mr. Wheeler, who afterward sold his half to his partner, Simpson, and removed to Bangor, where he engaged with John H. Lynde in the publication of the Wliig and Courier. Simpson sold the paper in the fall of 1854, to James G. Blaine and Joseph Baker. A stock company was formed, new material pur- chased, and the paper attained to a new prominence under the able and vigorous management of Mr. Blaine, who also contributed to the editorial department of the paper long after he had severed his busi- ness connection with it. The Maine liquor law now became the lead- ing issue in politics, and after a short ownership Mr. Baker sold his interest to John L. Stevens, who became one of the most profound political thinkers and vigorous writers in the state. Mr. Stevens is at present United States minister to the Sandwich Islands, having served in similar capacities at Montevideo and at Stockholm. In 1857 Mr. Blaine was succeeded by John S. Sayward, who came from the Bangor Whig. During a portion of the war of the rebellion a daily leaflet, containing the telegraphic news from Washington and 10 242 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the seat of operations, was issued from this office; and this was the beginning that led to the thought of establishing a permanent daily, which appeared later. In May, 1868, Owen & Nash bought Mr. Sayward's interest, and the January following the other half interest in the paper was sold to Alden vSprague, of \\iQ Rockland Free Press. Howard Owen had for fifteen years served in various capacities in the Journal office, and Charles E. Nash was of the Hallowell Gazette. The new firm was known as Sprague, Owen & Nash, Mr. Sprague being the political editor, Mr. Owen the local editor, and Mr. Nash having charge of the business affairs. Several times enlarged, the paper was again enlarged by the new firm, and \.\iQ Daily Kennebec Journal started on the first of January, 1870. In August, 1879, the partnership was abolished by the sale of Owen and Nash's half to Charles A. Sprague, and the office was conducted under the firm name of Sprague & Son. They attained to the entire ownership of the paper by the purchase of all the floating stock, and sold the entire concern in April, 1887, to C. B. Burleigh and Charles Flynt, by whom the paper has since been conducted. The new firm enlarged the paper and greatly improved the plant. With a large and able corps of editors and correspondents, with excellent arrangements for obtaining the telegraphic and other news, the Daily Journal has taken its place among the leading dailies of the state, while the weekly, enlarged and improved, has attained a large state circulation. The adherents of the once despi.sed faith of Universalism, of which Hosea Ballou was the pioneer preacher in this country, felt the need of an official organ in the state, where afterward they gained a per- manent foothold. Accordingly, a weekly religious newspaper, called the Gospel Banner, devoted mainly to advocating the doctrine of the salvation of the entire human race, was established July 25, 1835, with Rev. William A. Drew, editor and proprietor. He was assisted by two associate editors, Rev. Calvin Gardiner and Rev. George Bates. Arthur W. Berry became in some way interested in the paper, and printed it in 1839. It, however, soon returned to the proprietorship of Mr. Drew, who, in 1843, sold it to Joseph A. Homan (who retired from active business pursuits several years since, and remains one of the respected and honored citizens of Augusta), and his brother-in-law, James S. Manley, long since deceased. The firm of Homan & Manley pub- lished the paper until January, 1859, when they purchased the Maine Farmer, and sold the Banner to James A. Bicknell and Rev. R. A. Ballou. Mr. Drew, after long and able service, retired from the editor- ship of the paper in October, 1854, when he was succeeded by Rev. J. W. Hanson, who becam.e editor and part owner. Mr. Hanson, in 1859, was succeeded by Mr. Ballou, who was the editor of the paper until it was sold, in 1864, to Rev. George W. Quinby, whose vigor and interest in the work was not only equal to the editorial tasks imposed, but also THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 243 to the exacting business demands. He was not only an editor, but an able author and an aggressive preacher, and was honored by Tuffts' College, with the degree of D.D. After a brief sickness, Doctor Quin- by died in Augusta on the 10th of January, 1884. The Baiiin-r was purchased on the 14th of July, 1888, by Rev. Isaac J. Mead and George W. Vickery, Mr. Mead having charge of the edi- torial columns, and Mr. Vickery of the business department. A strong pressure being made upon his time elsewhere, Mr. Vickery sold his interest February 14, 1889, to B. A. Mead, and the paper has since been published by The B. A. Mead Company. It was changed to a quarto, and enlarged October 9, 1890. The Kennebec Journal being at that time the undoubted leader of the press in this section, an effort was made in 1827 to establish an opposition paper which should advocate the claims of General Jackson for the presidency. Accordingly, the Maine Patriot and State Gazette appeared on the 31st of October, 1827, published by James Dickman, and under the editorship of Aurelius V. Chandler. In May, 1829, the paper was sold to Harlow Spaulding, by whom it was published, Mr. Chandler continuing the editor. Mr. Chandler went South to recruit his health, and died at Charleston, S. C, December 31, 1830, at the age of twenty-three. James W. Bradbury took his place in the edi- torial chair, but relinquished it July 1, 1831. The following Decem- ber the paper was absorbed by The Age, a new paper of similar politi- cal proclivities, and the Patriot ceased to exist. After the removal of the state capital to Augusta, The Age was es- tablished, December 23, 1831, by Ira Berry & Co., Frank O. J. Smith, a brilliant lawyer and able journalist from Portland, being its editor. One of the earlier incidents of its career was a libel suit growing out of one of Mr. Smith's caustic and personal items, charging a promi- nent citizen of Belgrade with being a deserter from the army in the war of 1812, and that he was tried, convicted and sentenced to be shot. The publisher of The Age was arrested and tried on a criminal libel. The trial, which excited the most intense interest, lasted a week. The result was the sustaining the paper in its charges, and this gave the concern a great boom and influence among its political adherents. The paper also had the state patronage. Mr. Smith was chosen to a seat in congress, and retired from the paper August 10, 1832, when George Robinson, a law student, became the editor, and continued in that capacity several years. In 1834 Berry & Co. sold the paper to William J. Condon, who had been connected with the Saeo Democrat. He continued the publication of the paper for about a year, when William R. Smith, who came from Wiscasset, and who was at that timejworking at the printer's case in the office, bought a quarter in- terest, forming a partnership with Robinson, who continued to edit the paper. Mr. Smith was a printer almost from birth, having entered 244 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. a newspaper office as an apprentice wlien eight years old. Mr. Ira Berry, formerly of The Age, died in Portland in September, 1891, at the great age of ninety years. Mr. Robinson died in February, 1840, Smith having previously bought another quarter interest from him. During this period was begun at The Age office the publication of a tri-weekly, during the ses- sions of ihe legislature, reporting the proceedings, and afterward giv- ing the telegraphic news. Later, the Keimebec Journal eniereA upon the publication of a tri-weekly, on alternate days with The Age, the two forming a daily paper — the first time the citizens of Augusta were favored with such an institution. At the death of Mr. Robinson, George Melville Weston', son of the late Chief Justice Nathan Weston, became associated with Mr. Smith, and conducted the editorial department of The Age. The paper was conducted by this firm until August 5, 1844, when it was sold to Rich- ard D. Rice, a printer by trade, who afterward rose to the exalted position of justice on the supreme bench. Mr. Rice edited the paper, controlling its politics in the interests of the democratic party, until May, 1848, when he returned to the profession of law, and the paper was purchased by William T. Johnson (who afterward became cashier of the Granite National Bank). He associated himself with Daniel T, Pike, who became its editor. Mr. Pike, who wielded a forceful and facetious pen, now retired from the profession, whose ranks he graced for more than twenty years, is enjoying a green old age in our midst. Messrs. Johnson & Pike conducted the paper until May, 1856, when they were succeeded by Benjamin A. G. and Melville W. Fuller (now the honored chief justice of the United States supreme court), who after a number of years disposed of the establishment to Daniel T. Pike, and he in turn to Elias G. Hedge and others. They sold to Gilman vSmith, of Augusta, a journeyman printer, and the old and influential y^^r, which had so long and so safely sailed the politi- cal seas, died upon his hands during the war of the rebellion. Upon the ruins of The Age rose the Maine Standard, in 1867, a democratic sheet, published by Thaddeus A. Chick, a well known and accomplished practical printer, and Isaac W. Reed. The paper was sold in 1868, to Eben F. Pillsbury, the noted political leader and pol- ished lawyer, several times the nominee of the democratic party for gov- ernor, though never elected. Mr. Pillsbury, who had formerly edited the Franklin Patriot, at Farmington, edited the Standard, and associ- ated with him was L. B. Brown, of Starks, now of New Hampshire; and at one time, on the editorial force, was Horace :M. Jordan, of Westbrook, now of Boston. The paper was bought in January, 1881, by Manley T. Pike & Co., who dropped its name soon after the purchase, and called it The Neiv Age, the name which it has since borne. These proprietors published THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 245 the paper two years and a half, when, in July, 1883, it was sold to Harris M. Plaisted and Charles B. Morton. General Plaisted, who had been the democratic governor of Maine the two preceding years, was the political editor, and for some time Charles B. Chick was con- nected with the local department. In December, 1889, Mr. Morton's portion was purchased by a son of the senior proprietor, Frederick W. Plaisted, and the paper has since been published by H. M. Plais- ted & Son. The paper was enlarged and changed to a quarto at the beginning of the 2,'5th volume, March 6, 1891. Tlie Nczv Age has a large and increasing patronage, being the leading democratic paper of cen- tral Maine. The Maine Farmer grew out of the necessities of the time, and was founded to meet the demands of a more progressive agriculture. Its "birth really grew out of the establishment of the Kennebec Agricul- tural Society, in 1832. It was started in Winthrop, January 21, 1833, bearing the name of the Kennebec Farmer, the publishers being Wil- liam Noyes & Co., and the editor Dr. Ezekiel Holmes. It was printed in quarto form, and the size of the printed page was 7| by 8-| inches. After eight numbers of the paper had been issued, the name which was first deemed appropriate was adopted, that of the Maine Farmer, adding as the motto for its field of operations, "and journal of the useful arts,"' devoting itself not only to the interests of the farmer, but also the mechanic. The first four volumes were published in Winthrop, when the paper was moved to Hallowell, but in 1838 was purchased by Marcian Seavy, and moved back to Winthrop. vSeavy sold out the next year to Noyes and Benjamin F. Robbins, the latter remaining in the firm but two years. In 1844 Russell Eaton, a former publisher of the AV««ci^(Y/ci«r«rt/, purchased the /v7r;«i>i6'6ec /oierna/ a.s early as 1831. Later she wrote regularly for the Philadelphia Saturday Courier, under the pseudonyms of " Ella" and " Pauline." The Address delivered by Rev. Doctor Bosworth at the dedication of Memorial Hall, Colby University, was published at Waterville in 1869. Benjamin Bunker, of Waterville, the democratic editor, was born in North Anson, Me., in 1837, and has been a resident of this county since 1887. He founded The Pine Tree State at Fairfield, in 1880, and in 1888 published, under the title Bunker s Text-Book of Politieal Deviltry, a humorous criticism upon Maine politics and politicians. The "Jack- knife" illustrations by the author is its mechanical characteristic. Samuel P. Benson's Historic Address, delivered at the Winthrop Centennial celebration in 1871, was afterward published in pamphlet form. John M. Benjamin, of Winthrop, a careful, methodical collector of local history, has long been engaged in preserving the earliest data relating to that town. His unpublished manuscript is doubtless the best literature in existence on the pioneer period of Winthrop before 1800. Clarence B. Burleigh, of Augusta, son of Governor Edwin C. Bur- leigh, is the author of a pleasing story, The Smugglers of Chestnut, illus- trated, published by E. E. Knowles & Co., 1891. Maine's most distinguished adopted son, Hon. James G. Blaine, of Augusta, is the author of the brilliant and instructive book. Twenty Years of Congress, published in 1884. His life and work are mentioned at length in the chapter on Augusta. Judge H. K. Baker, of Hallowell, author of Maine Justice, has also written a valuable and interesting volume on Hymnology, issued dur- ing the summer of 1892 from the press of Charles E. Nash, Augusta. A number of interesting articles in Harper's Magazine have been contributed by Horatio Bridge, of Augusta, who was a classmate and life-long intimate friend of Nathaniel Hawthorne. His recent Harper articles are in relation to Mr. Hawthorne. A ready writer, and frequent correspondent of Maine papers, is H. J. Brookings, of Gardiner, now a resident of Washington, D. C. LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 257 Hannah J. Bailey, of Winthrop — a well known Christian reformer and philanthropist, is a daughter of David Johnston, a Friend minister, of Cornwall, N. Y. After the death of her husband, Moses Bailey, she wrote and published an appreciative biography of him in a volume aptly entitled Reminiscences of a Christian Life. She is now chiefly en- gaged in literary work incident to her official position in the W. C. T. U., as world's superintendent of its department of Peace and Arbitration, editing two monthly publications and devoting great intellectual and material resources to the uplifting of mankind. Colonel Henry Boynton, of Augusta, is a compiler of historical works. He issued The World's Greatest Conflict in 1891. Eight interesting volumes from the pen of Rev. Henry T. Cheever, of Hallowell, bear title as follows: The Whale and his Captors; Island World of the Pacific; Life in the Sandivich Islands; Life of Captain Conger; Memoir of Nathaniel Cheever, IStiO; Memoir of Rev. Walter Col- ton; Voices of Nature; and Pulpit and Pew, 1852. A pleasing writer of poems and short stories for the magazines is Gertrude M. Cannon, of Augusta. Eunice H. W. Cobb, of Hallowell, wrote hymns and occasional poems, and obituary lines that comforted many in affliction. She was the wife of Rev. Sylvanus Cobb, D.D., and the mother of Sylvanus Cobb, jun., of Boston, the gifted story writer. Emma M. Cass, of Hallowell, has gained recognition as a writer both of prose and verse. Her little poem. My Neighbors, is especially pleasing. Harry H. Cochrane, of Monmouth, grandson of Dr. James Coch- rane, jun., has. among other things, given close attention to historical and antiquarian subjects. The chapter on Monmouth in this volume is an abridgment of his very elaborate manuscript History of Mon- mouth and Wales, which is soon to be published. Alexander C. Currier was an early literary light of Hallowell. He achieved the distinction of having one of his anonymous fugitive newspaper poems quoted by William Cullen Bryant in his Library of Poetry and Song. J. T. Champlin, D.D., a former president of Colby, was the author of a number of valuable text-books and pamphlets, a|Rong them being: A Discourse on the Death of President Harrison, published in 1841; De- mosthenes on the Crown, 1843: Knhners Elementary Latin Grammar, 1845; Text-book of Intellectual Philosophy, 1860; and Lessons on Political Economy, 1868. Golden Gems, a pretty booklet of poems, handsomely illustrated, is from the pen of Mrs. Maria Southwick Colburn, a daughter of Jacob Southwick, of Vassalboro. Mrs. Colburn now lives in Oakland, Cal. An expressive poem. Dominie M' Lauren, is from the pen of Rev. 17 258 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Edgar F. Davis, pastor of the Congregational church at Gardiner from 1881 to 1889. • Rev. William A. Drew, of Augusta, was the author of a volume of Foreign Travels (1851), published by Homan & Manley, and numerous sermons and addresses. John T. P. Du Mont, who died prior to 1856, was locally famous as a literary man and wit. He was an orator of considerable ability, and a valued contributor to the local press. A pleasing volume of Poems bears upon its title page, as author, the name of Mrs. Mattie B. Dunn, of Waterville. Charles F. Dunn, a graduate of Harvard College, possessed an excellent gift of poetry, as shown in his published writings; but he was buried on a farm in Litchfield during most of his life, and his talents never received their full development. A brilliant writer of sea letters was Captain John H. Drew, of Farmingdale. He was well and delightfully known to readers of the Boston Journal ?iS, " Kennebecker." He died in 1891. Olive E. Dana, of Augusta, has written several poems of merit for various periodicals. One, The Magi, is illustrative of her best ability. Other poems from her pen are embraced in TIic Poets of America, is- sued in 1891 by the American Publishing Association, of Chicago. Henry Weld Fuller, jun., was born in Augusta in 1810. He was a graduate of Bowdoin, and later became the law partner of his father, Hon. Henry Weld Fuller. The Victim, a fine poem from his pen, ap- pears in The Poets of Maine. Benjamin A. G. Fuller, born in Augusta in 1818, was an occasional contributor to genealogical and other magazines. He was also the author of several poems. Melville W. Fuller, of Augusta, chief justice of the U. S. supreme court, is a man of cultivated literary tastes, as shown m numerous published poems. The verses of Oscar F. Frost, of Monmouth, have appeared in manj' of the leading metropolitan periodicals. His short poem, Brush Awaj the Tears. Alollic, which appeared in the Boston Post soon after Presi- dent Garfield was assassinated, was set to music by a leading publish- ing house. R. H. Gardiner was the author of a History of Gardiner. The vol- ume may be found in the Maine Historical Society's collection. Rev. Eliphalet Gillett, D.D., of Hallowell, was the author of many published sermons, ranging in date from 1795 to 1823; and also author of Reports of the Maine Missionary Society, 1807 to 1849 (except 1836), and A List of the Ministers of Maine, 1840. William B. Glazier, who was born in Hallowell, is now a forgotten poet, but one who, in his day, contributed many pleasing verses to LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 259 periodical literature. A volume of his poems was published by Mas- ters & Co., previous to 1872. Several volumes of poems have been written by F. Glazier, of Hal- lowell. Mrs. Eleanor (Allen) Gay, daughter of Mrs. Frederick Allen, and wife of Doctor Gay, of Gardiner, was a woman of rich mental gifts, and a writer of much literary merit. She published a volume entitled Tlie Siege of Agrigentum. An Obituary Record of Graduates of Colby University, from 1822 to 1870, was compiled by Charles E. Hamlin, and published (66 pp., 8vo.) at Waterville in 1870. Mr. Hamlin is also the author of an interesting Catalogue of Birds found in the vicinity of Waterville. J. H. Hanson, LL.D., principal of Coburn Classical Institute, has contributed much to the educational literature of the day, having an- notated and published TJie Preparatory Latin Prose Book; Cicero's Select Orations; CcBsar's Commeiitarics; and (in association with Prof. W. J. Rolfe, of Cambridge, Mass.,) the Hand-Book of Latin Poetry and Selec- tions from Ovid and Virgil. The literary labors of the late Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, of Winthrop, author of The Northern Shepherd, are referred to at some length at page 192. Mrs. Anne A. Hall, of Augusta, wrote many sweet poems of home life, among them The Little Child's Belief and The Nursery. She died in Spain in 1865. Mrs. Caroline N. Hobart, of Augusta, was the author of Lines on Visiting the Old Ladies Home, Childhood's Faith and other short poems. Amos L. Hinds, town clerk of Benton, is the author of a beautiful legendary poem, of considerable length, entitled Uncle Stephen. On the Assabet, a local poem, by Dora B. Hunter, of Waterville, ap- peared in the Portland Transcript some years ago and received de- served recognition. Miss Hunter is also a contribator to the Congrc- gationalist. Christian Union and other papers. Ode to the Snow, Good-bye, and the The Men of Auld Lang Syne, (the latter sung at the Augusta Centennial celebration, July 4, 1854), are from the pen of Joseph A. Homan, the retired editor and publisher, of Augusta. Mrs. Anna Sargent Hunt, of Augusta, editor of the Home Mission Echo, has been a very prolific writer, both of prose and verse. Alpine Calls is one of her best poems. In 1852 Rev. J. W. Hanson, then pastor of the Universalist church in Gardiner, published, in 343 pages, a local history of the old town of Pittston, in which is preserved much valuable information. The work, now out of print, is, in fact, the best authority extant on the early families of Gardiner, West Gardiner, Pittston, Farmingdale and 260 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Randolph. Mr. Hanson wa.s also author of the Histjry of Norridge- wock and Canaan, Me., and the History of Danvcrs, Mass. A profound student of ancient and modern languages, and a noted Shakespearian scholar, is Prof. Henry Johnson, a native of Gardiner and member of the faculty of Bowdoin College. He is at work on a variorum edition of Shakespeare, (portions of which have been already published), which is intended to give an exact account of all the varia- tions of early copies of the great poet, even to the least in spelling or punctuation. Clara R. Jones, of Winslow, is the author of Spinning and other poems. The poetic contributions of Cathie L. Jewett, of Augusta, have ap- peared in many periodicals, and she has also achieved success in the line of story writing. The Life of Eli and Sybil Jones was written in 1888, by Rufus M. Jones, now principal of Oak Grove Seminary. It is a graphic and moving narration of the struggles of these early missionaries, the first ever sent abroad by the Friends. Mr. Jones is also the author of the chapter in the present work, on The Society of Friends. Rev. Sylvester Judd, once pastor of the Unitarian society of Augusta, was an author of national reputation. A graduate of Yale, and the divinity school at Cambridge, he was an accomplished scholar, . a deep thinker, and the master of an elegant and forceful literary style. He was the author of Margaret, A Tale of the Real and Ideal; Philo, an Evangeliad; Riehard Edney, and several volumes of sermons and lectures. His Life and Character, by Miss Arethusa Hall, was pub- lished in 1854, the year of his death. Dr. William B. Lapham*, of Augusta, is a well known author of local histories and genealogies. He has written the following town histories: Woodstock, published in 1882; Paris, 1884; Norzvay, 1886; Runiford, 1890; Bethel, 1892— all of Oxford county, Me. He is also the author of the synoptical history of Kennebec county, and its cities and towns, which prefaces the Atlas of Kennebec County, published in 1879, by Caldwell & Halfpenny; and he has compiled the well known Bradbury Genealogy, and eight smaller genealogies of from 20 to 72 pages each. Doctor Lapham is chairman of the committee on publi- cation, of the Maine Historical Society. Though his natural taste is for genealogical and historical matters, he has by no means confined his pen to this line of work. He began writing for the local papers in Oxford county, and wrote also for the Portland Transcript. He was editor of the Maine Fanner from 1871 to 1885; he issued the Maine Genealogist and Biographer — a quarterly — from 1875 to 1878; and he edited the Farm and Hearth two years. His style is clear and concise, without any effort at display, but *By H. K.' Morrell, Esq., of Gardiner. (jU^Mf^l^cJ|;ila^ LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 261 never dull or uninteresting. He ha.s occasionally "dropped into poetry," like Mr. Wegg, and has very rarely taken a turn at political sarcasm. His pen, though usually as smooth as the stylus of Virgil, can be pro- voked to criticism, and is then pointed enough to satisfy any opponent. He has a sharp sense of fitness, and feels keenly what he thinks is unfairness. His works are such as will always live, so long as the sons of Maine take a pride in its history. He once remarked that he did not take much interest in a man till he had been dead a century or two. This was, of course, a joke, but it indicates the true anti- quarian, of which he is a good specimen. Charles IX said, as he kicked over the massacred body of Coligny, " There is nothing so sweet as the smell of a dead enemy." Doctor Lapham would not go so far as that, but there is an odor of sanctity to old books and old heroes and pioneers very refreshing to his nostrils. May he live to write the obituary and history of all of us— for he will " nothing extenuate, nor set down aught in malice." Elijah P. Lovejoy, son of the late Rev. Daniel Lovejoy, of Albion, graduated from Waterville College in 1826. He was shot by a mob in Alton, 111., in 1837, for writing against slavery in the newspaper he had established in that place. His poems. The Little Star, and To My MotJier, appear in Tlie Poets of Maine. Henry C. Leonard, editor of the Gospel Banner during Mr. Homan's proprietorship, was a man of fine poetic instincts, instanced in The Old Chief and Christinas Eve. Prof. J. R. Loomis, of Colby, is the author of a volume on the Ele- ments of Physiology. Mrs. M. V. F. Livingston, of Augusta, is a constant writer for cur- rent periodicals, and is also the author of several remarkable books — one of them, Fra Lippo Lippi, having attained a wide circulation. Harriet S. Morgridge, of Hallowell, is widely known by her series of Mother Goose Sonnets, published in St. Nicholas in 1889. Miss xMor- gridge is also the author of many fugitive pieces, in prose and verse, that have appeared from time to time in various periodicals. John W. May, formerly of Winthrop, is the author of a stirring poem first read at the Winthrop Centennial celebration in 1871, and afterward published. He also published in 1884, a unique volume of legal and local reminiscences, entitled Inside the Bar. A very talented writer of verses, Hannah A. Moore, of Benton, was introduced to the literary world by N. P. Willis, and her poems found favor with Longfellow, Bryant and other celebrated authors. Almost Miss Moore's first publisher was Ephraim Maxham, of the Waterville Mail. HiRAM K. MORRELL, of Gardiner, whose antecedents are noticed at page 658, is perhaps as distinctively a literary- man in tastes, habits and accomplishments as any non-professional resident of the county. 262 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. His relations to the local press are noticed in the preceding chapter, and while editor of his own paper he did much of the literar}^ work by which he is now well known in Maine. His school days were passed in Gardiner, where he had not only such chances of learning as every poor man's son may secure, but also re- ceived some help in a private school kept by Frederick A. Sawyer, who took a great interest in the boy. He also studied Latin with Judge Snell, then teaching in the public schools. He learned the brickmaker's trade with his father, and, about 1857, was in partner- ship with him for a year. Possessing a natural taste for literature, it was not surprising that he soon drifted into newspaper work, where he has made a reputation for himself of which any journalist might be protid. During his long editorial career Mr. Morrell was regarded as among the ablest newspaper writers in the state; and his innate hu- mor and waggishness (a prominent trait of the Morrells of this gen- eration) served him in good stead as a paragrapher, there being but few who could equal him in this difficult form of composition. In the discussion of topics of the time he wielded a ready and intelligent pen. He could be very sarcastic when he chose and sympathetic when he thought the occasion required it. Though retired from the active duties of the newspaper office, whenever he now takes up the pen he handles it with all his old-time facility and vigor. His education is varied, and he is able to write instructively upon a great variety of topics. He has ever been a close student of nature in all her varied forms. He is something of a botanist, an intelligent mineralogist, and in several other departments of natural history he is well versed. He has been a champion of tem- perance from his boyhood, and no man in Maine has written more or better upon this subject. He joined the Sons of Temperance October 8, 1845, and is now the senior member of the order. He was for nine- teen j'ears grand scribe of Maine — the longest recorded service in that office. In 1862 he joined the National Division. For many years he was librarian, treasurer and collector of the old Mechanics' Association of Gardiner, which later became the Gar- diner Public Library, of which he has been a director from the start; and his labors in behalf of the institution have been very valuable to the city. His latest literary work will be found in the initial chapter of this volume. Honest, open-handed and open-hearted, a hater of all forms of hypocrisy, of an intensely sympathetic nature, and an unos- tentatious friend of the needy, Mr. Morrell commands the love, ad- miration and respect of all who knoiv him. Henry A. Morrell, now of Pittsfield, Me., but a native of Gardiner (see page 658), is a versatile and interesting newspaper correspondent. He is well known under the pseudonym of "Juniper," the signature J^ /(". y^l^n^r^^^ LITERAIURE AND [.ITERAKV PEOPLE. 263 he gave to a very readable series of articles in the Gardiner Home Jour- nal, which he wrote while making an extended tour through the woods of Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. His brother, William Morrell, of Gardiner, has more than a local reputation as one of the most witty writers in Maine. Dora May Morrell, of Gardiner, mentioned at page 658, after a very successful career as a teacher, devoted herself entirely to her pen. She is considered a very able and entertaining writer of short sketches, and for the past year has been literary editor of the Massac/nisetts Ploughman, of Boston. By far the most elaborate, careful and valuable volume of local history that has been written by any author of Kennebec county, is Hon. James W. North's History of Augusta, issued from the press of Sprague, Owen & Nash. This remarkable work is a monument to its author that will outlast any of stone or bronze that might be erected to his memory. It is a most accurate, painstaking and minute record of the persons and events, the customs and manners, the sayings and doings of the long procession of years from the earliest settlement on the Kennebec down to the year 1870, when the volume was published. The infinite care, labor and anxiety attendant upon the undertaking can be approximately appreciated only by the student who thought- fully peruses its 990 teeming pages. It is filled with curious, as well as historical information, confined not only to the locality of Augusta itself, but extending far to the north, south and west of that historic spot. Interesting as literature, and valuable as history, it is destined to perpetuate its author's name through generations to come. Captain Charles E. Nash, of Augusta, publisher of the Maine Farmers' Almanac, is a careful, concise writer. His style may fairly be judged from his Indians of the Kennebec, which appears as Chapter II. of this volume. Except while editing newspapers (see page 239), he has not made writing his business, but cultivates as a pastime his love for historical research. Emma Huntington Nason, of Augusta, a daughter of Samuel W. Huntington, of Hallowell, is a well known contributor to some of the best periodicals. At an early age she gave evidence of literary talent, and soon after leaving school she published anonymously several short poems and stories in the Portland Transcript. The first article appearing under her own name was written in 1874 and was published in the Atlantic Monthly. This poem, The Tower, attracted general at- tention. It was followed by other poems of acknowledged merit and numerous ballads and stories for children, which have since made their author familiarly known to the readers of our higher class of juvenile literature. In 1888 D. Lothrop Company issued her first pub- lished volume— If 7«V(' Sails, a collection of poems and ballads for young people. This book, which her publishers issued as a Christmas 264 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. publication, was elegantly illustrated by some of the ablest artists. It was well received, and is now one of their leading publications. It contains several ballads which have been widely reprinted. Among them The Bravest Boy in Town, The Mission Tcaparty, and Off for Boy- land have found their way into various collections for declamation and recitation. At the dedication of the Hallowell Library in her native city, March 9, 1880, she read an original poem, which was pub- lished in a souvenir volume by Hoyt, Fogg & Donham, of Portland. The work of her pen, already before the public, gives brilliant promise for her literary future. Howard Owen, the well-known editor, author and lecturer, was born in Brunswick, Me., in 1835. He was educated in the public schools and learned the printer's trade in the offices of the Lczciston Jouriial and Brnnsivick Telegraph. At Brunswick he printed and edited the first youth's temperance paper ever published in Maine. He has written a number of poems, one, Wanted to be an Editor, ap- pearing, in 1888, in The Poets of Maine; and he was the originator and author of Biographical Sketches of Members of the Senate and House of Representatives of Maine. He has been in the lecture field for many years, giving numerous lectures, most of them in a humorous vein. He has also delivered quite a number of Memorial Day orations. In 1879 Colby University conferred on Mr. Owen the degree of A.M. The preceding chapter in this volume is by Mr. Owen. Rev. A. L. Park, many years pastor of the Congregational church of Gardiner, but now of Lafonia, Cal., has had much correspondence in Maine papers. A bright and favorite writer of juvenile stories and humorous sketches is Manley H. Pike, of Augusta, son of Hon. Daniel T. Pike. The period of his literary production covers now but about seven years. He has contributed to Golden Days, but now writes solely for the Youth's Companion, so far as juvenile tales are concerned. In humorous writing he has been a constant contributor to Puck, and his sketches which have appeared in that periodical are now to be issued in book form by the publishers of Puck. Mr. Pike has also at times contributed humorous matter to Life, Harper's Bazar, Harper's Monthly and the Century. By vote of the Maine Historical Society in November, 1802, John A. Poor was appointed to deliver a eulogy upon the character and a memoir of the life and public services of Hon. Reuel Williams, of Augusta, then ju.st deceased. This memoir, ably and elegantly writ- ten, was read at a special meeting of the Historical Society in Au- gusta in February, 1863, and in the following year was published by H. O. Houghton & Co. for private circulation. A series of twenty-nine interesting historical sketches, by W. Har- rison Parlin, that first made their appearance in The Banner, published LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 265 in East Winthrop, were afterward, at the urgent request of many friends, incorporated into book form, and issued, in 1891, under the title, Rcmuiisccnces of East Winthrop. Heaven Our Home: the Cliristian Doctrine of the Resurrection, by Rev. George W. Quinby, was issued in 1876 from the Gospel Banner office, Augusta. Mr. Quinby also edited a volume of Sermons and Prayers by Fifteen Universalist Clergymen, 350 pp., 12mo., published by S. H. Colesworthy. Artiong the published works of Prof. Charles F. Richardson, a na- tive of Hallowell, are: A Primer of American Literature and The Col- lege Book, 1878, and a volume of religious poems. The Cross, 1879. Dr. Joseph Ricker, of Augusta, a graduate of Colby, and in point of service the oldest member of the university's board of trustees, was born in 1814. An extract from a Commencement Ode from his pen ap- pears in The Poets of Maine. Daniel Robinson, a resident of West Gardiner from 1812 to 1864, was a school teacher and a man of unusual intellectual gifts. Astron- omy v/as his favorite study, and at an early age he was considered an adept in the science. He was the editor of several standard school books, but his widest reputation rests upon his connection with the Maine Partners' Almanac (founded by Rev. Moses Springer, of Gardi- ner, in 1818), of which Mr. Robinson was editor from 1821 to 1864. He died in 1866, in his ninetieth year. The Star of Bethlehem and Dreaming are two poems by Edward L. Rideout, who was born in Benton in 1841 and now resides in Read- field. Mr. Rideout is a contributor to several periodicals. Mrs. Salvina R. Reed, the daughter of Josiah Richardson, of Mon- mouth, was for many years one of Maine's popular verse writers. She married Daniel Reed, the son of one of the early settlers of Lewis- ton. She now resides in Auburn. Laura E. Richards, whose work as a writer covers, as yet, but little more than a decade, was first known to her readers by her book. Five lUiee in a Mouse-Trap, published by Estes & Lauriat in 1880. In My Nursery, the Toto Books and others which followed have now a fixed place with popular publications for children. Among her books not designed for juvenile readers, but often portraying the ever fasci- nating child character, are: Crr//«/«/rt;«ard Earle, a Romance, have been published. Captain Henry Sewall, of Augusta, an officer in the revolutionary army, left a remarkably interesting diary, in manuscript, of the stir- ring events of 1776-1783. It was published in the Historical Magazine August, 1871. LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 267 The History of Winthrop. 1764-185.'5, was written by Rev. David Thurston, a graduate of Hanover and pastor of the Winthrop Con- gregational Church from 1807 to 18!54. It was published by Brown Thurston, of Portland, in 18.o5. Mr. Thurston was also the author of Letters from a Father to his So// a/t Apprc/iticc and other pamphlets of moral tone. Rev. Daniel Tappan, born in 1798, and at one time pastor of the Congregational church at Winthrop, was the author of several poems and numerous addresses. Rev. Benjamin Tappan, D.D., for many years pastor of the South Parish church, of Augusta, was a ready writer, though plain in style. He died in 1863, at the age of seventy-five, leaving a number of pub- lished volumes of sermons on a variety of practical themes. The chapter on Tlie Town of Fayette in this work is from the pen of George Underwood, of Fayette. Mr. Underwood is also an occa- sional contributor to several newspapers. The literary work of Dr. Benjamin Vaughan, LL.D., of Hallowell, author of numerous articles on surgery, and a well-known writer on agriculture, is referred to at length in the chapter on Agriculture and Live Stock, page 19] . Me/ital Beauty, -AxidL other poems of a devotional nature, were written by Richard H. Vose, for many years a resident of Augusta. Miss Kate Vannah, of Gardiner, has for a series of years thrown some of the impressions she has received from people and events into that omnipresent mirror of the times — the modern newspaper. Her writings seem to be the irrepressible overflow of mental activity. Her ideas take the mould of prose or poetry, as best adapted to their expression, with equal facility. She has published one volume of poems — Verses — and another is ready for the press. With marked musical talent and careful training she has found an inviting field in composing and publishing songs. At the death of the gifted Rev. Sylvester Judd, Robert C.Waterston, a native of Kennebunk, was called to Augusta to take charge of the vacant pastorate. He was author of a number of fine hymns and poems, and memoirs of Charles vSprague, George Sumner, William Cullen Bryant and George B. Emerson. Some spirited anti-slavery poems were, in years gone by, written for the Maine Far//ier by Mrs. Thankful P. N. Williamson, of Augusta. She was born in 1819. During Prof. W. F. Watson's senior year at Colby University he published a volume of miscellaneous and college poems entitled The Children of the Stc/i. William E. S. Whitman, the well-known " Toby Candor " of the Bosto// Jour//al, besides having been the regular correspondent of sev- i!bS • HISTORY OF KEXNEBEC COUNTY. eral daily papers, has written Maine in the War and several other books. He was the only son of Dr. C. S. Whitman, of Gardiner. Judge Henry S. Webster, of Gardiner, in addition to widely recog- nized professional and business qualifications, has also a distinct liter- ary reputation as an earnest student and thinker and as a strong and accomplished writer. The public know him chiefly in the prose col- umns of various newspapers, but his friends know that the finest coin- age of his heart and brain come through the mint of verse. Samuel Wood, of Winthrop, a valbed contributor to the Maine Farmer, is mentioned in the chapter on Agriculture and Live Stock, page 192. At the age of sixteen Julia May Williamson, of Augusta, published a volume of her poems for circulation among her friends; and a sec- ond volume, published in 1878, was well received. A third volume, recently issued, is entitled Star of Hope and Other Songs. Miss Wil- liamson is in her twenty-third year; her noui de guerre is "Lura Bell." In 1813 a book was published by J. C. Washburn, of China, under the following explanatory title: " The Parish Harmony, or Fairfax Collection of Musick, containing a Concise Introduction to the grounds of Musick, and a variety of Psalm Tunes suitable to be used in Divine vService, together with Anthems, by Japheth Coombs Washburn." Nathan Weston, a former chief justice of the supreme court of Maine, and long an honored resident of Augusta, was the author of an eloquent oration in 1854, at the centennial celebration of the erec- tion of Fort Western. It was published by William H. Simpson, Au- gusta. In 1887 S. H. Whitney, of Vassalboro, published a cursory sketch of 122 pages, entitled Early History of Kennebec Valley. Oscar E. Young, of Fayette, is the author of a book of poems and is also a contributor to the columns of the Chicat^o Sun. CHAPTER XII. THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. BY RUFUS JI. JONES, Principal of Oak Grove Seminary. David Sands. — First Meeting.— George Fox. — Vassalboro Meeting. — Oak Grove Seminary.— China Monthly Meeting.— Fairfield Quarterly Meeting.— Litch- field Preparative.— Winthrop Preparative.— Manchester Preparative.— Sid- ney Preparative. NO man is more intimately and essentially connected, by his life and labors, with the rise and growth of the Society of Friends in Ken- nebec county than David Sands, a Friend minister from Cornwall, Orange county, N. Y. In the year 1775 David Sands, then thirty years of age and nine years a member of the Society of Friends, came to New England to attend the yearly meeting at Newport, R. I. Again in 1777, he felt called to more extended labors throughout the towns and villages of New England, and he came with a minute from his own meeting for that service. In his journal we find the following passage: " We had many meetings, although passmg through a wilderness country. I trust they were to the encouragement of many seeking minds. We were invited to the house of Remington Hobbie; he re- ceived us kindly, and we had two meetings at his house, one on First day, where were many of the town's people; this place is called Vas- salborough, on the Kennebec River; and another in the evening at a Friend's hou,se. These meetings were much to my comfort, feeling the overshadowing of our Divine Master. We next proceeded up the river for two days, through great fatigue and suffering, haying to travel part of the way on foot, to a Friend's house, who received us kindly, there being no other Friend's house within forty-five miles. We had a meeting among a poor people, newly settled, but to our mutual comfort and satisfaction, witnessing the Divine Presence to be underneath for our support." This is the first of his four visits to the towns of Kennebec county, and this account shows the true state of this region at the time. The country was only just beginning to be settled. If there were any Friends, there was not more than one famijy in a settlement. Each visit of David Sands was attended with striking success, showing that he possessed peculiar gifts and ability for missionary work among these Maine pioneers. Hardly a meeting was begun in the county a 270 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. century ago which did not owe almost the possibility of its existence more or less directly to his influence, and a very large number of the prominent Friends in these early meetings were convinced by his preaching or through his personal efforts. It would be safe to say that the position Friends have held here and the work they have been able to do, is in great measure owing to the zeal and faithfulness of this true and devoted Christian apostle. Nearly twenty years from his first visit he made a final journey through the county, of which he wrote: " I proceeded towards the eastward on horseback "•■ * * on our course toward Kennebec, where we arrived 5th month, 9th. 1795, and found things greatly altered since my first visit, there being now a pretty large monthly meeting where there was not a Friend's face to be seen when I first visited the country; but rather a hard, warlike people, addicted to many vices, but now a solid good behaved body of Friends."* The first meeting for worship established by the Society of Friends in this county was at Vassalboro, on the east side of the Kennebec river, in the year 17S0. Members of this society were among the pioneer settlers of the towns of China and Vassalboro, and as the set- tlers increased many embraced the peculiar views of the so-called Quakers. These early Friends were men and women of great strength of character; their lives were their strongest arguments in favor of the views which they promulgated and, though few in number, they at once made their influence felt. They lacked the broad culture of the schools and colleges, nor had they gained the intellectual skill which long study gives; but they had keen judgment, prompt decision, unwavering faith in God, and they looked constantly to him for guid- ance. The solitary life in their new homes, where the forests were just yielding to give place to fields and pastures, was well suited to this people, and they were in many respects peculiarly adapted for the only kind of life possible in this county in the last quarter of the last century. For a better understanding of these Friends themselves, their fitness for their condition and surroundings, and their influence espec- ially on the early life of this county, it will be necessary to take a hasty glance at the rise and growth of the society, and to consider the character of its founder, George Fox, for he is the proper exponent of Quakerism. He was born in 1625, and began his active career in about the year 1649, closing his eventful life, with those words of triumph, "I am •clear,'! am clear," in the year 1690. For centuries the truths declared to men among the hills of Judea had been unknown to the people; the signification of the Incartiation was completely lost to them, symbols *This Journal [New York: Collins & Bro., 269 Pearl street] is highly inter- esting not only to Friends but to all who love to read the simple record of a good ■man's life. THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 271 were taken for the things symbolized, mechanical performances took the place of vital communion with a loving Father as revealed by the vSon; but the rise of modern Protestantism, and the fear- ful struggles of the century which followed Luther's first protests belong to general history. The unrest which was so noticeable in the first half of the sixteenth century goes to show that the people were not yet satisfied with the religious condition of the country any more than with the political. Numerous characters and various societies came forward at this time, each with its own peculiar con- ception of the relation which exists between this world and the next; between the human creature and the Creator. The feeling that outward signs of religion are empty and that the relation between God and man is in the highest degree a personal matter came, at a very early age, with great force, into the heart of George Fox. He had sat on the knee of a mother who came from the stock of martyrs, and he inherited a fearlessness which never left him when the " voice within " bade him stand in his place. His father, who was the " Righteous Christer," taught him by his life and words that there is no crown on earth or in Heaven to be compared with a 'crown of righteousness." He possessed a tender but strong nature which could be satisfied by what was genuine alone. Let us see by looking a little farther at the experience of George Fox what being a *' Quaker "* means. He went to keep sheep for a shoemaker, and his work as shoe- maker and shepherd combined went on until he was twenty, and might have continued through his life, had not He who appeared to Saul on his way to Damascus, appeared no less certainly, though dif- ferently, to him. Carlyle says: " Perhaps the most remarkable inci- dent in modern history is not the Diet of Worms, still less the battle of Austerlitz, Waterloo, Peterloo, or any other battle; but George Fox's making himself a suit of leather. This man, the first of the Quakers, and by trade a shoemaker, was one of those to whom, under ruder or purer forms, the Divine idea of the Universe is pleased to manifest itself, and across all the hulls of ignorance and earthly degradation, shine through in unspeakable awefulness, unspeakable beauty in their souls; who therefore are rightly accounted Prophets, God-pos.sessed, or even God's, as in some periods it has chanced." No man ever instituted a more earnest search for the truth; far and near besought for a teacher who could really teach him; he was ready to listen on his knees to such an one when he found him, but though he traveled as far as London he could find no man who could lift a jot of the weight from his burdened heart. The answers he received would have completely discouraged a less earnest youth, but he was on a quest he could not abandon: " Be sure they sleep not whom God * At first a nickname started by George Fox's telling a magistrate to " Quake at the word of the Lord." 272 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. needs." At length, when all his hope in men was gone, and as he tells us, "When I had nothing outwardly to help me, nor could tell what to do; then O 1 then, I heard a voice which said: ' There is one, even Christ Jesus, that can speak to thy condition.' " He had always heard a dead Christ preached in the churches, but he sought a Christ who could teach him and act upon him so as to change his life^ only a living Christ could do that. Doctrines about Christ and what He has done for man are not Christ himself; and at length Fox reached the great truths, as Kingsley says, " That Christ must be a living person, and He must act directly on the most inward, central personality of him, George Fox;" or again in his own words, "Christ it was who had enlightened me, that gave me his light to !e- lieve in, and gave me hope which is in Himself, revealed Himself m me, and gave me His spirit and gave me His grace, which I found sufficient in the deeps and in weakness." He and the early Friends were orthodox in regard to the atone- ment, but this has sometimes been overlooked, owing to the emphasis which they put on the spiritual Christ who is the Light within, the constant guest of the soul. Their characterizing peculiarities were, then, obedience at all times to the voice within, the maintenance of a life in full harmony with their profession, protestation against all shams and formality, the use of " thee " and " thou " to show the equality of all men,"'- and their refusal to doff" the hat to so-called social superiors. Still, farther, they declared the incompatibility of war with perfect Christianity; oaths, even in courts of justice, they utterly refused; in regard to the two sacraments, baptism and the Lord's supper, they held that " they were temporary ordinances, intended for the transition period, while the infant church was ham- pered by its Jewish swaddling clothes, but unneces.sary and unsuitable in 2. purely spiritual religion^ Men and women were equal in the sight of God and " the gift for the ministry " was conferred upon both by the Head of the church. It was wrong for a minister to receive pay- ment for preaching the Gospel, whether from the state or from the congregation. vSilent communion was an essential part of their wor- ship and it was believed that the true voice could be best heard at such seasons. To note these distinguishing points in belief, life and conduct, taken with the successful efforts of George Fox to gain light and per- fect peace, will help the reader to form a just conception of the Friends of Kennebec county, who were the inheritors of the princi- ples and practices of the men who so aroused and influenced the world a hundred years before them. We do not need to speak of the fearful persecution which attended their labors; suffice it to say that *The use of " you," the plural to superiors, and " thou," the singular to in- feriors, was very common then, as it still is, in Germany. THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 273 in central Maine they were allowed peacefully to pursue their manner of life, and no remonstrance was raised against their tenets. Here, as in England, the Friends marked out no creed, but contented them- selves with the life and words of the Lord as recorded by the holy men who received the revelation, and they strove to be in their meas- ure reproductions of Christ. The following words used by a recent writer on the " Quakers " very nearly express their views at all the different epochs of their existence: " Christianity is a life; the true life of man; the life of the spirit reigning over all the lusts of the flesh. * * * Christianit}', we call it, because first in Jesus, the Christ, this life was manifested in its highest perfection. * * * Our creeds and theologies are human conceptions of what the Christian life is; but the Christian life was before them all, is independent of them all, and probably no one of them is a perfectly true and adequate description of the reality. Their diversities, their mutations, prove that they are imperfect. Christianity is the life which Christ lived, which lives in us now by His Spirit." Such, then, was the belief and such, in a measure, the life of the little company which met m Vassalboro, on the hill side overlooking the Kennebec valley, in the year 1780. The history of the Friends in this county can never be adequately written, since from their first ap- pearance until the present time they have done, their work in a quiet, unobtrusive way, leaving behind them little more record of their trials and triumphs than nature does of her unobserved workings in the forests; but this fact does not make their existence here unim- portant, and no careful observer will consider it to have been so. In 1779 John Taber and family moved from Sandwich, Mass., to- gether with Bartholomew and Rebecca Taber, brother and sister, and established themselves in Vassalboro, being the first Friends to settle in this locality, excepting Jethro Gardner, who lived on Cross hill. They soon held a meeting at John Taber's house. In 1780 Jacob Taber, aged eighty-one, father of the above mentioned John Taber, together with Peleg Delano and their families, settled in Vassalboro. About two years later Moses Sleeper joined this little group of Friends. In the 3d month of 1786 Stephen Hussey and Rebecca Taber were married at the house of John Taber, this being the first marriage in this meeting. The same year Joseph Howland moved hither from Pembroke and brought the first removal certificate which was placed upon the records of the meeting. Friends Meeting House at Vassalboro was built from 178.) to 1786, only one half being finished, and the little company met one, if not two, winters without any fire, meeting holding sometimes three hours. The meeting house at Vassalboro was rebuilt about fifty years ago. In 1787 Joshua Frye moved to Vassalboro. In 10th month, 274 HISTORY OF KENXEBEC COUNTY. 1788, Joseph Rowland and Sarah Taber, and Pelatiah Hussey and Lydia Taber were married, being the first married in the new meeting house. It then being the custom to request for membership, verbally and in person, Anstrus Hobble, Levi Robinson and wife, John Get- chell, John Baxter and wife, with Ephraim Clark and George Fish, of Harlem, went up to Falmouth in 1782 to request the " care of Friends," i.e., the rights of membership. In most other parts of the land opposition brought out the char- acter of the Friends more distinctly and their lives became a part of written history; here they were allowed to worship God unhindered, and the leaven which they became in the various communities was a constantly active, though often unnoticed, force. Remington Hobble was at first undoubtedly the strongest and most influential member of the little society at Vassalboro. He was a magistrate in the place and inhabited a spacious house built like the old English homes, with a front hall so large that a " yoke of oxen with cart attached could be driven in the front door, up the hall and turned around in it," as the neighbors said. When David Sands and his companion were in Vassalboro holding their first meetings. Remington Hobble said to his wife: " I hear these Quakers are decent, respectable looking men; I believe I shall invite them to my hou.se, as they must be but poorly accommodated where they are." She agreed and they were invited. When they came they were shown into the common room or kitchen. After being seated, they re- mained in perfect silence. Remington Hobble being entirely unac- quainted with the manners of Friends, was at a loss to account for their remarkable conduct, and attributed it to displeasure at being invited into his kitchen. He at once had a fire made in his parlor, saying to his wife: " I believe these Quakers are not pleased with their reception; we will see how they like the other room." He in- vited them in, but the same solemn silence continued, at which he became almost vexed, and thought to himself, " they are certainly fools or take me to be one." As these thoughts were passing in his mind, David Sands turned and fixed his eye full in his face and in the most solemn manner said: " Art thou willing to be a fool?" when he paused and again repeated, " Art thou willing to become a fool for Christ's sake?" He continued with such power that Remington Hobbie could not withstand it, and in a short time he was fully convinced of Friends' principles and prac- tices. He was ever after a most intimate friend of David Sands and often his colaborer. " His gift for the ministry was acknowledged," and for many years he preached the Gospel acceptably. In the affairs of the church he was a " weighty man." Moses Starkey was another strong pillar in this Vassalboro meet- ing, and he, too, was convinced under the preaching of David Sands, THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 275 in the following remarkable manner. He was a carpenter by trade, and if not a rough man, he was at least one who was unconcerned about spiritual things. As he was one day riding along the newly made road, he was asked by a neighbor passing by if he was going to hear the Quaker preach? To whom he replied that he had not thought of doing so. A little farther on, the road divided, one branch going by the meeting house, where David Sands was to have his meeting, the other going to where the village now is. It came into his head to let his horse take whichever road he would, and if he should go by the meeting house, to go in. The horse took the road leading to the meeting house. Moses Starkey went in and sat down by the door. As he entered David Sands was preaching. He stopped in the midst of his discourse and looking at the new comer said: " So thee left it to thy horse, did thee. It would have been well if thee had left it to thy horse years ago;" and thereupon he continued his former line of thought with wonderful power. Moses Starkey was so deeply stirred that his conversion .soon followed; he became a Friend and was ap- pointed to the station of minister in due time, sitting for many years at the head of the meeting. John D. Lang was born in 1789 in Gardiner, Me., where he lived until he was six years of age. He went to school only about three months, and so was forced to educate himself. While still a young boy he worked in the wool carding mill at Fryeburg. He worked much of the time with his Bible open before him, and thus early in life he became acquainted with the teaching of the Scriptures. In 1820 he was married to Ann Elmira Stackpole, and about a year later they both joined the Society of Friends. They began their married life in North Berwick, and at about the age of thirty his gift as a min- ister of the Gospel was recognized by the Friends' meeting in that place. In the year 1840, in company with Samuel Taylor, he visited the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi, and they made an exhaustive report of their travels and the condition of these Indians to the yearly meeting of Friends for New England, and when U. S. Grant became president he appointed John D. Lang commissioner to the Indians. In 1846 John D. Lang came to Vassalboro and gained possession of the Vassalboro Woolen Mills, which owe much of their prosperity to him, he having formerly owned and managed the woolen mill at North Berwick, in company with William Hill. For the remainder of his life he resided at Vassalboro, near the Kennebec river, where he had a beautiful home and entertained many friends. He sat for nearly thirty years at the head of the meeting at Vassalboro, and for many years occupied the same position at the yearly meeting of Friends at Newport, R. I. He died in 1879. In four years from their first assembling for worship in Vassalboro, a. preparative meeting was held there, and in 1787 a monthly meeting 276 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. was established in that place. This meeting included all the Friends in this county, there being no meeting nearer than Durham, Me. The system of their meetings was as follows: As soon as a family or two settled m a place they held meetings for worship on the Sabbath and in the middle of the week. As the number of Friends increased a meeting for transacting the business affairs of this little branch of the society was held, called the preparative meeting. The members of two or more preparative meetings in easy access of each other met together once in the month, a week after the several preparative meetings, for the transacting of further business. This was called the monthly meeting. Again, two or more monthly meetings joined to make a quarterly meeting, and, finally, all the quarterly meetings of New England were subordinate to the yearly meeting, then held annually 'at Newport, R. I. This system applies to the present time, except that the yearly meeting is held every other year at Portland, Me., and the alternate years at Newport, R. I. The chief settlement of Friends was on the eastern bank of tlie Kennebec river; but in a few years a " goodly number " gathered in the easterly part of the town near the outlet of China lake. An early writer says: " Toward the close of the year 1797 it was found expedient to establish a meeting for worship there. In the summer following, i.e., in 1798, a meeting house was built there. It was called the ' East Pond meeting," to distinguish it from the River meeting." Two years later a preparative meeting was granted them and the Vassalboro monthly meeting was held there half the time. Thomas B. Nichols, a minister of the gospel, for many years occu- pied an active and prominent place in this meeting, not only being a man of weighty counsel, but possessing as well a gift for the ministry. His influential life and his gospel labors made him well known throughout New England yearly meeting. Anna Gates, granddaughter of Benjamin Worth, was one of the " endowed women " of the East Vassalboro meeting. She was brought closely under the power of the Divine Life while still quite young, and through faithfulness to the Master, whom she loved, she became of great service to Him in the community, by her words of truth and her practical Christian life. Besides her work in New England she took a message of the gospel to the yearly meetings of New York and Baltimore, closing her earthly life in 1865. Sarah W. Newlin, the daughter of Elijah Winslow, was born in China, 5th mo. 27, 1826. She was married to Henry Goddard in 1847. A great change in her life was wrought by a message which Benjamin Jones, a minister among Friends, felt called to deliver to her person- ally. Her gift in the ministry was acknowledged by Va.ssalboro monthly meeting in 1872. The next year she went on a religious visit to Canada, attending the yearly meetings and all the meetings of THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 277 Friends in Canada. In 1876 she attended Ohio and Iowa yearlj- meet- ings, working for nine months in the latter state, holding meetings, visiting families, jails, prisons and reformatory institutions, and ac- complishing great results. Her first husband having died in 1875, she was married in 1883 to Jehu Newlin. Since her last marriage she, in company with her husband, also a minister, visited England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France and the Holy Land, in all of which countries much service for the Master was accomplished. S,he has attended all the yearly meet- ings of Friends on the American Continent, working throughout the territory which such meetings cover, while she has been a faithful messenger of the Gospel in her own community, exerting a wide in- fluence by both life and work. Her membership until her second marriage was at East Vassalboro meeting. The well known red brick meeting house at East Vassalboro was built sixty years ago and remained unchanged until 1891, when the inside was entirely remodeled. It is now a very convenient and at- tractive place of worship. Vassalboro monthly meeting is now held in it every month and the quarterly meeting twice in the year. Be- sides those already mentioned, Charles B. Gates, Rachel B. Nichols, William Gates and Eliza P. Pierce have been prominent among its members. This meeting has recently risen in importance by a large addition of new members. Prior to the year 1795 Salem quarterly meeting included all Friends east of Boston. In 1781, about the time Friends began to settle in Kennebec county, to accommodate the members in Maine, the Salem quarterly meeting met once during the year in Falmouth, Me. Thither the Friends in this county traveled on foot and on horseback to attend this meeting and to hear the gospel messages from the min- isters who were generally in attendance. In the year 1795 the yearly meeting divided Salem quarterly meeting and established Falmouth quarterly meeting, which was held circular, viz., at Falmouth, Vassal- boro, Durham and Windham, including all the meetings of Friends in Maine, except those at Berwick and Eliot, who found it more con- venient to remain attached to Salem. From this date Vassalboro meeting held a prominent position and received visits from the gospel messengers coming from the other states and from England. Vassalboro quarterly meeting proper was established in 1813, and then included the monthly meetings of Vassalboro, Sidney, Leeds and China, with the smaller meetings in their boundaries. It was held four times a year at the " River meeting house," viz., in the 2d, 5tb, 9th and 11th months. The provision of Article VII, Section 5, of the State Constitution, exempting Friends from military duty, was .secured largely through 278 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the efforts of the Vassalboro quarterly meeting. On the meeting- records is spread tlie report of its committee: " The object of our appointment, it seems, was to use our endeavor to have our rights and privileges as a society secured in said conven- tion, more especially as respects military requisitions, and finding many members of the convention, who upon the principles of impar- tiality, were not willing to give any sect or society the preference in point of privileges, and who thought it but right and just that all of every denomination should be involved and equally liable to perform military duty, or pay an equivalent, we found it incumbent to urge the justice, and, on gospel principles, the necessity of exempting all who were principled against war. " When we found that to urge so general an exemption was of no avail, we then confined ourselves to the narrow limits of our society, on behalf of whom we plead that we as a religious society had found it incumbent to bear our testimony against war, and that the society had for almost two centuries, amidst severe persecutions and suffer- ings, supported the same with a firmness and constancy from which, under the guardianship of superintending goodness, no penalties in- flicted by human policy, however severe, had been able to turn us; a testimony and faithfulness to that testimony unexampled by any so- ciety on the earth; that while we were engaged, as one general peace society, in support of this all important testimony, it would entail great hardship and suffering on our society, and on our young men in particular, to impose such military requisition, from which we had been in great measure exempt under the then existing laws. After much labor and care on the part of your committee, with the aid of faithful and zealous advocates not of our profession m the convention, a clause is inserted in the new constitution by which Friends may be exempt from military duty. " Now, on our part, we can say with gratitude that the success our cause met with was not owing merely to human exertions, but to the interference of the hand of Providence, as a member of the conven- tion said, ' the hand of Providence is in it.' " The report is a long one, and the committee go on to say that the statement was made in the convention, as an argument against their plea, that " many shelter themselves under your name and yet in their external appearance afford no evidence of their scruples as to military duty, and though nominally of your religious body, there are some among you and especially young men who so nearly assimilate with us in dress and address and in their deportment generally, that you ought to turn them out, that we may enroll them in our ranks. ' Your members,' said they, ' ought to certify by their appearance to whom they belong,' from which we are led to infer that, though the constitution makes provision for our exemption from military requisi- tion, yet the enjoyment of this privilege depends principally, if not wholly, on our demeaning ourselves in accordance to our high and holy purposes." Oak Grove Seminary.— It is to the honor of the Society of Friends in Kennebec county that its members e.spoused so zealously the cause of education. Although the early Friends here were unlettered in THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 279 large degree, and perhaps partly for this very reason, they resolved that their children and those of future generations should be wisely and carefully taught. The grove of oak trees crowning the top of the hill to the northeast of the village at Vassalboro was chosen as the location of the school which these Friends founded thirty-four years ago. There are few more striking landscape views in the state. The eye follows the winding Kennebec through its beautiful course among farms and forests until it reaches Augusta, and far beyond the city, to where the horizon is skirted with hills. The noted peaks in the range of western Maine mountains are prominent in the northwest, while Mt. Washington and Mt. Adams are visible over the western hilltops. The position could not fail to be a constantly inspiring influence; then, too, only a few rods from this spot the first Friends' meeting in the county had been held in 1780, and a large body of Friends still assembled there for worship. Furthermore, this was a center to a large community in which the children had no educational advantages beyond the ordinary town school; and, finally, in or near this neighborhood lived men who had hearts large enough to use their means in laying the foundation to an institution, the good work of which had only begun in their life time. ■ About the year 1850 John D. Lang and Ebenezer Frye, of Vassal- boro, Samuel Taylor, of Fairfield, and Alden Sampson and Alton Pope, of Manchester, all prominent members of the Society of Friends, advocated the establishment of a school where the children of Kennebec county might receive careful training, cultivating influ- ence, religious impression and broad teaching. To secure its estab- lishment they individually gave $1,000. William Hobbie (grandson of Benjamin Hobbie), a vigorous spirited man and a natural teacher, was the first principal, but the school in these first years not being a financial success, it was closed. In 1856 Eli Jones, the Friend minister and missionary, whose home was in the town of China, advocated that an effort be made to open the school; $15,000 being necessary to secure the success of the new undertaking, he became chairman of a committee to raise that amount, which was nearly all subscribed by six hundred Friends in the state. Eli Jones was made principal for the first year and had a large and successful school. A large part of the children of Friends in the county had the benefits of a longer or shorter period at the Oak Grove Seminary, as it was named, and here they have been helped to become good citizens and to lead noble and valuable lives. In 1880 a fire destroyed the academy building, necessitating the close of the school. Five years later a large building for school pur- poses was constructed joining the boarding house on the south side of the road. In the autumn of 1887, as a large school had just begun, the entire structure was burned down by an incendiary. In this time aSO HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. of discouragement friends were not wanting and the present set of buildings was raised, Charles M. Bailey, of Winthrop, paying for their construction in order that all other funds might be used as a permanent fund, which has now reached $2U,000. Besides the princi- pals already named, it has been under the instruction and care of Al- bert K. Smiley, Augustine Jones, Elijah Cook, Franklin Paige, Rich- ard M. Jones, Edward H. Cook, Charles H. Jones and Rufus M. Jones, some others serving for a short period. The seminary is now owned and managed by New England Yearly Meeting of Friend.s. Originally the Friends aimed at having " select schools " where their children might be taught by themselves; to-day their two schools in New England are open to all who are suitable to be admitted, and the seminary last year enrolled 131 students. All such institutions have an inner history which no one can write and an influence no one can measure. Perhaps no other one thing which the friends of Kennebec county have started into existence has accomplished so much good or has in it so much possibility of future blessing, not only to this county, but to the state at large, as Oak Grove Seminary; and so long as it stands it will be a noble monument to the memory of the faithful and generous men who wrought for it in its infancy, who mourned for its reverses, and who lifted it from its ashes to its present condition of usefulness. China Monthly Meeting.— No Friends' meeting house was built in China or Harlem before the year 1807, but there had been scattered families of Friends in the town ever since 1774. So long as they had no common place for worship, they made their own homes sanctuaries, and from the rude house in the gloom of the forest, many an earnest cry went up to the loving Father. If there could be no gathering of the faithful, there was the beautiful possibility of individual soul- communion, and though there was no visible temple except the over- arching trees, centuries old, yet to each one of these spiritually-minded men and women came the inspired words, " Ye, yourselves, are Tem- ples of the living God." It seems never to have occurred to them that future generations would care to know what they were doing and suf- fering and striving for; at all events, they have given us no record of their life history. We are able to judge of them only by what we know from results that they must have achieved, and by the influence of their sturdy lives on the generation which succeeded them and in- herited many of their strong qualities. Miriam Clark, wife of Jonathan Clark, sen., the flrst settler of the town, and mother of the four Clark brothers, was a member of the Society of Friends, as were also two of her sons, Andrew and Ephraim Clark; the other two, as well as the father, not being members. One daughter, Jerusha, took the faith of her mother, and married a Friend from England by the name of George Fish, who was lost at sea while OAK GROVE SEMINARY, VASSALBORO, ME. THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 281 on a voyage to England to revisit his native home. His widow, dying many years later, was the first Friend buried in the grave yard adjoin- ing the " Pond meeting house." Of the four Clark brothers, the two Friends chose the eastern, and the other two the western side of the lake. The nearest meeting they could attend was at Durham, about forty miles away, until the meeting was begun at Vassalboro, in 1780; this would require a walk of about ten miles. Twenty-one years subsequently, in 1795, David Braley and family settled about one mile from the head of the lake, on its east side, making them about five miles north of the Clark Friends. Some time during the next year their daughter, Olive Braley, became the wife of Ephraim Clark. Anna, the wife of David Braley, was a woman of great piety and an accredited ministerof the society. After the meeting was begun at East Vassalboro in 1797, these Friends could easily and regularly attend, as the whole journey could be made by boat in summer and across the ice in winter. The next year (1798) Benjamin Worth came from Nantucket and settled near the Clarks, on the lot now owned by Benjamin Fry. He was an able gospel minister, and his labors did much toward strength- ening the brethren and arousing the community. Soon after came Lemuel Hawkes, a man of precious memory, settling on the lot after- ward owned by Bowdoin Haskell, about two miles from the south end of the lake. In his house the first regular Friends' meeting in town was held, and meetings continued here until 1807; hence the Friends' meeting in China dates from 1802. Abel Jones left his home in Durham in 1803, and joined this little band of Friends on the east shore of China lake. Two years later Jedediah Jepson and his son, John, and daughter, Susanna, came hither from Berwick. They rode on horseback a distance of 115 miles, bringing their few household treasures in saddle bags. The father, Jedediah, was a well approved minister and a scholar for his time, so that now the meeting, though still quite small, had three members on whom the " gift of ministration " had been conferred. Jedediah Jepson chose the lot subsequently owned by the late Cyrenus K. Evans, for his new home, and in the year following^ his daughter. Susanna, was married to Abel Jones. The marriage took place at one of the regular meetings, in the house of Lemuel Hawkes, and was the first marriage in the town according to regulations of Friends.* * The marriage was conducted as follows: After a religious meeting or some time during the meeting, the bride and groom arose and taking hands said the ceremony, "In the presence of the Lord and before this assembly, I take thee, Susanna Jepson, to be my wife, promising to be unto thee a faithful and loving husband, until it shall please the Lord by death to separate us." She saying in return, "In the presence of the Lord and before this assembly, I take thee, Abel Jones, to be my husband, promising to be unto thee a faithful and loving wife, until it shall please the Lord by death to separate us." It was concluded by the reading of the certificate and the signing of the proper names. 282 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. The first meeting house erected in town, and which stands on its original site, was the well known Pond meeting house, situated on the east shore of the lake, about three miles from the north end. This was erected in 1807, on a piece of land purchased of Jedediah Jepson. The society records of 2d month, 1807, say: " This meeting concludes to build a meeting hou.se in Harlem, 30x40 feet, and 10 feet posts; and apportions the expense of building said house to the property of each individual member of this meeting." " Reuben Fairfield, James Meader, Isaac Hussey and Jedediah Jepson are appointed to go for- ward in building said house in a way as to them may appear best, and report as the occasion may require." The writer remembers having seen, as a boy, a set of wagon wheels which must have gone over 10,000 miles in making the journey back and forth between a Friend's house and this meeting house, a distance , of a little over two miles. This house was used for meetings a few years before it was wholly finished. The building was originally heated by a wood fire in the potash kettle described elsewhere; fur- thermore, the seats were not models of comfort. The society has since erected houses at Dirigo, West China and South China. The house at Dirigo was built and meetings were held there continuously until the house at South China was erected in 1885, on the site of a former Bap- tist church which had been burned. The West China house, now a venerable structure, is still used for meetings. The first meeting for business held in this town by Friends was a preparative meeting held 9th month, 1809. In 1813 they were per- mitted by the quarterly meeting to hold a monthly meeting in con- nection with Friends in Fairfax (now Albion). Since, in 1813, China monthly meeting was established, 939 of these monthly meetings have been held, and only in one instance has the meeting failed to be held, then owing to impas.sable roads. The only way to form an idea of Friends in this meeting will be for us to call up some of the best known of the individual members who have made their lives useful in the community, who have been tools in the hands of the Supreme Worker, and have done something which has built itself into other lives. In making special mention of a few, we must not forget that all the faithful, active members of this society have lived to some purpose, and thoi:gh we make no definite record of them, we believe "they were a part of the divine power against evil, widening the skirts of light and making the struggle with darkness narrower." Let us remark here that at this time the Friends in Kennebec county were with very few exceptions ignorant, so far as book educa- tion is concerned. They were unlettered men and women, with no opportunities for culture. The Bible was in many cases their one book. The heroes of faith pictured forth in the Old Testament, were the only heroes they ever heard about. David and Isaiah were their poets. This same book furnished their only history and ethics; it was THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 283' the child's reading book and spelling book. But with all their days devoted to stubborn toil, with all the scarcity of books and difficulty they had in reading, yet these people in this wilderness grew refined, took on a culture and a grace, as they were faithful to the " Spirit of Truth." Many will bear witness that tho.se who centered their thoughts on the things that are pure and lovely, and honest and of good report — with what there is of virtue and praise — became decid- edly possessed of a courtesy and nobility which stamped them as be- longing within a circle where an unseen influence ennobles and refines the life. This power of moulding lives and raising the whole indi- vidual out of the realm of the ordinary is an almost essential charac- teristic of genuine Quakerism, and some exemplars of this truth will occur to those who have had familiar intercourse among Friends in their various communities through the county. We should be far from claiming that all enrolled members of this society show this; it only applies to those who have divclt in the " Spirit of Truth and Love," to use one of their most expressive phrases. Nor is it by any means confined to this society, being true of genuine Christianity everywhere. Among the most important members of China monthly meeting, in its early history, and by the favor of long lives, even down to the last half of this century, were the two brothers, James and Elisha Jones, with their cousin, Stephen Jones, all of whom came into the town from Durham. Elisha was an approved minister, Stephen was a man of .shrewd and careful judgment, looked to not only in his own home meetings, but of great influence in the yearly meeting assem- bly, as it met at Newport. He was a man of " ancient dignity," slow of speech, but with a clear mind to perceive and set forth the suitable line of action. He, as well as his two cousins, was marked by spotless integrity, and they made their lives felt widely in the country. Per- haps three men who were nearer the ideal of the old time Friend could not be found in the state. James Jones was known among Friends throughout the United States as a minister of the gospel. He was especially marked by his power of prophecy. Nearly all who remember the man remember how on some particular occasion he saw the condition of some one in the meeting, or how he marked out the course in which the Lord would lead some one present. In fact his friends and acquaintances looked almost as trustingly for the fulfilment of his words of foresight as though they had be^n recorded on the same page as those of Isaiah. He made at least three religious visits to Friends as far as Iowa, going in his own carriage. Some think that he accomplished this journey no less than six times. He also visited Friends in North Carolina, Canada, Europe, and in various other remote regions. He generally drove his own horse to Newport and back at the time of the 234 HISTORY OF KE.VXEBEC COUNTY. yearly meeting. Nothing gives .stronger evidence of the efficiency of his preaching than the influence it had on the young. Benjamin Worth was, as has been said, a man univensally loved, and a strong preacher of the gospel. He was a great friend of the children, and he was accounted a prophet in the community. There are some still living who heard him say in a public meeting shortly before the "cold year," that the time was soon coming when the chil- dren would cry for bread and the fathers and mothers would have none to give them, a state of things which was literally realized; for in the year 181G there was a frost in every month, and a snow storm covered up the fallen apple blossoms the 12th day of sixth month. Corn ripened in this vicinity in only one field, on the slope of the hill behind the house where Edward H. Cook of Vassalboro now lives. Many such utterances, followed by evident fulfilment, made his neigh- bors have faith in his word as prophetic. He lived to a good old age, and was taken from his work here very much lamented and missed by those among whom he had lived and labored. He was at first settled in Harlem, but later he was a member of the meeting at East Vassal- boro, and the larger part of his service as minister was in the latter meeting. The writer, when very young, used to count to see if he could find in China, as Abraham could not in Sodom, ten righteous persons, so that he might rest sure that no fire" and brimstone would be poured down there for its destruction. The list generally began with Desire Abbot, a sweet and gentle woman, who seemed to be a saint dwelling on the earth. She still lives in the memory of many, as a soul ripened in the sunshine of God's love. Peace Jones is another who has made many lives richer by her presence and work in the world, and though happily still among us, she should be spoken of among those who have been the saving salt in the community. Even as a child, as she sat one day near the back seat of the old meeting house in Albion, she longed to be as good as those who sat on the high seats and seemed never to have temptations; as these longings were in her heart, a good Friend arose and said: " There are some here yearning to have their lives like those who seem to have reached a greater perfection. Let me tell such ones that if they give their lives wholly to the Lord and follow His will fully they will come to experience the life they are yearning for." The little girl knew in her heart that the speaker had been " led to feel out her condition," and she believed his words, which .she has certainly verified. It is safe to say that few women in the same sphere of life have reached a fuller Christian experience or have been the cause of more blessing to others. She has always obeyed the voice when it has called her to labor in more remote places, having gone for religious service to Ohio, Iowa, Nova Scotia, and many times throughout New England. THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 285 No Other Friend born in the county has made such a wide reputa- tion as Eli Jones. He was born in 1807, being the son of Abel and Susanna Jones, before mentioned. He received a fairly good educa- tion for the time and locality, but this was finely supplemented by a life of careful reading and keen observation. In 1833 he married Sybil Jones, of Brunswick, a woman wonderfully gifted for the work she was to perform, though of slight physical health. She possessed in large degree a poetic soul, and she was blessed with a beautiul, melodious voice and a flow of suitable words to give utterance to the thought which seemed to come to her by inspiration. For forty years they worked together, at home and m foreign fields, striving to show to as many as possible the meaning of the full gospel of Christ. Their first long journey was in 1850, to Liberia, which they made in a sail- ing packet. They spent a number of months along the coast preach- ing to and teaching the colonists of that young republic. The next year after their return from this visit, 1852, they made an extended missionary journey to England, Ireland, France, Germany, Switzer- land and Norway. Everywhere they found eager listeners, and this visit was greatly blessed. In 1854 Eli Jones was in the legislature at Augusta, where he did much work for the cause of temperance, and being appointed to the ofifice of major general, he delivered a speech in declining it which for its wit and eloquence is deservedly famous. In 1865 Sybil Jones, in obedience to a direct call, visited Washington to work among the soldiers in the hospitals, and in the work she carried a message of love to no less than 30,000 of these suffering and dying men. In 1867 Eli and Sybil Jones were liberated by China monthly meeting and Vassalboro quarterly meeting for religious work in England, France and the Holy Land. One of the results of this visit was the founding of two Friends' missions in the Holy Land, one on Mount Lebanon, the other, called the " Eli and Sybil Jones Mission," at Ramallah, near Jerusalem. Sybil Jones, after a life of continual activity, in which her spiritual power made itself remarkably felt in all parts of the world, was called to the kingdom of peace and joy in 1873. Eli Jones con- tinued to labor for the spread of the gospel, for the missions, for the causes of temperance, education and peace until 1890, dying at his home on the 4th of second month. His life was one of great value to the world. No better example of Friends, as George Fox intended them to be, have appeared in New England than Eli and Sybil Jones. Alfred H. Jones, born in China, Me., 6th mo. 12, 1825, was educated in the public schools of China and Vassalboro, and in Waterville Classical Institute. After finishing his course of study he taught for eight years in Maine and four years in Ohio, returning to Maine in 1854. He has in many ways taken active pan in the affairs of the town. He was a birthright member of the Society of Friends, and in ■386 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. 1858 his gift as a minister was acknowledged. In 1868 he was chosen superintendent of the Freedmen's schools and other mission work in Virginia and North Carolina, under the Friends' Freedmen's Aid Association, of Philadelphia, holding this responsible position until he resigned in 1880. Since that time he has devoted himself mostly to the ministry, doing the larger part of his service in his own meet- ing in West China. He was clerk of the meeting for ministry and ■oversight for New England from 1881 to 1892, besides holding various other clerkships in the subordinate meetings. China monthly meeting has produced a number of Friends who have become well known as educators; among the number, Augustine Jones, LL.B., principal of Friends' Boarding .School, Providence, R. I.; Richard M. Jones, LL.D., head master of the William Penn Charter School, Philadelphia, Pa.; Stephen A. Jones, Ph.B., president of Ne- vada State University; Wilmot R. Jones, A.B., principal of Stamford, Conn., High School; Rufus M. Jones, A.M., principal of Oak Grove Seminary, Vassalboro, Me.; Charles R. Jacob, A.B., professor of mod- ern languages in Friends' Boarding School; Arthur W. Jones, profes- sor of Latin in Penn College, Iowa. William Jacob and his wife, S. Narcissa Jacob, also Frank E. Jones, all ministers in this society, have labored faithfully here and elsewhere to extend the blessing of the gospel. Toward the close of 1810 a meeting for worship was established in Fairfax (now Albion) and two years afterward a preparative meeting was held at the same place. In a little more than a year after this, Vassalboro monthly meeting, to which the Friends in Fairfax had hitherto belonged, was divided and a new one established called Har- lem monthly meeting, which was to be held one-third of the time in F'airfax. A meeting house was built at this place, which is still stand- ing, one of the quaintest and most unadorned of the many meeting houses in the state. The most noteworthy member of this meeting was John Warren, a minister. He was a man entirely original and sui gciii-ris, and he was undoubtedly endowed with a gift for the ministry. While living on the Maine coast as a young man, and concerned only with the things of this world, he had been told by a traveling Friend that he had a mission in the world. " John, thou must preach," were the words spoken to him. and he lived to feel the necessity laid upon him for service. He traveled much in the United States, and went on one religious visit to the British Isles. There are many anecdotes told of him, a few of which may be re- lated, as bearing on the character of the man. At one time one of his neighbors, of a very irritable nature, became angry with him and said many hard things against him. John Warren listened quietly and then said: " Is that all thou canst say? If thou knewest John Warren THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 287 as well as I do thou couldst say much more than that against him." At another time, being greatly troubled by one of his neighbor's cows, which had many times gotten into his field, he went to see the neigh- bor, somewhat vexed, though not " unscripturally angry," and said with emphasis: " If thee doesn't take care of thy cow I shall— I shall." " Well," said the man, " what will you do?" " I shall drive her home again!" During one of his visits at a certain place he appointed a meeting, through which he sat in perfect silence. As he was coming out he overheard a young man say to another, " That beats the Devil." John Warren turned to him and said, " That is what it was designed to do." It is related that on his return from England John Warren returned a portion of the money furnished him from the yearly meet- ing's treasury for his expenses, which was spoken of as a wonderful thing, never having happened before or since. While John Warren lived the meeting was in a flourishing condition; after his death it began slowly to decline, and at present the house is unused, there be- ing no Friends in the community. Fairfield Quarterly MEETiSG.—Litc/iJie/d Preparative.— \r\ the latter part of the last century a meeting of Friends was begun in the township of Leeds. As this is now not a part of Kennebec county, we shall not go into any detailed history of the society there, though this meeting gave its name to the monthly meeting which included many subordinate meetings which were in the county. Joseph Sampson was probably the first member of the society there, he having been a soldier in the revolutionary war, but was brought over to the society of peace loving Friends through the ef- forts of David Sands. Before the end of the last century a large meeting had been formed, composed of sturdy, hard-working men and women, extremely zealous for their tenets. Perhaps a little too stern sometimes in " dealing " with unfaithful members. The intent of their hearts was right, they believed greatly in righteousness, and the records show that here as well as elsewhere in the county those who yearned for a life in harmony with the Divine Spirit became pure, true, noble and graceful men and women. Until 1813 Leeds Friends made a part of Durham monthly meet- ing; after that time they were joined with the Friends in Litchfield and Winthrop. In 1803 a religious meeting was commenced in Litch- field; this was at first made up of a few families who met for worship in a school house near the south end of the lake. The most influen- tial member of this meeting seems to have been Moses Wadsworth, a man of beautiful life and Christian character, a recognized minister. He was for sixteen years clerk of Leeds monthly meeting. Noah Farr was another very worthy member of the meeting. There was no organized meeting until 1812, when a preparative meeting was estab- lished, and on the 20th of second month a new monthly meeting was 288 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. begun covering a large region, and including many Friends. The records of this first monthly meeting show the following extract from the quarterly meeting held at Windham second month, 1813: '• We, your committee to consider the proposal from Durham for setting up a new monthly meeting at Leeds, are of the opinion that it will be best for Lewiston, Leeds, Litchfield, Winthrop and Wilton * to be set off and denominated Leeds monthly meeting." The name of this monthly meeting has often been changed, as we shall see. In 1812 a proposition had been made in the Litchfield preparative meeting to build a meeting house on the farm of Noah Farr, near the south end of the lake, but in the 5th month, 1813, the following re- port was accepted in the monthly meeting: " The committee ap- pointed to visit Friends in Litchfield respecting building a meeting house report that they think best to build one near the place where they now meet (in the school house) twenty-six x thirty-six and ten feet posts." Later we find that they received " a donation of $lo().00 from Friends toward building the house," and " the Treasurer is di- rected to pay $7.42 for the land." This house was on the spot where the West Gardiner Friends meeting house now stands. The Friends in these meetings during the early part of the century were much disturbed by the tendency manifested by some members to chose wives outside the limits of the society. As a Friend in their eyes was no longer a Friend if he did not in every particular conform to " the good order of the society," they were often hasty in dropping from membership some who with different treatment might have become valuable members, though they not unwisely saw that in order to maintain their good name, and to keep their principles unchanged through generations, they must purge themselves of all who loved the world more than the faith of their fathers. The following is a record often appearing: •' This may inform Friends that A — W — has so far deviated from the good order of Friends as to keep company with a young woman not of our society, and going to training as a spectator, and is not in the use of plain language or dress, for all of which he has been labored with, without the desired effect." Th.e military training v^a.s another constant temptation, especially to the younger Friends, and any violation of Friends' testimony against war was " dealt with " vigorously. One Friend, who had served in the revolutionary war, as had a number of Friends before becoming members, was " disowned " for receiving a pension from the govern- ment for his services. Again, it is recorded that a certain Friend " has deviated from the good order of Friends in apparel and conver- sation, and he sayeth that if called upon he thinks he should bear * There was originally a large body of Friends at Wilton, in Franklin county, though there has been no meeting there in many years. THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 289 arms. For these causes he ha,s been labored with to no satisfaction." The early records also show that a great efifort was made to keep the members of this society free from the use of intoxicating liquors, and that, too, when there was no general sentiment against their use; and it is certain that their example has had much to do in forming the present sentiment in the state. At the very beginning of the century we find members were disowned not only for drunkenness, but for the use of liquors. Still farther, the little details of every day life were looked after with minuteness, and none were allowed to stand before the world as Friends if their public life did not stamp them as worthy of the name. This meeting in Litchfield has continued uninterrupted since its start in 1803. The meeting is now called West Gardiner preparative meeting, making one of the subordinate meetings of Winthrop monthly meeting, which is held in West Gardiner, in second, fifth, eighth and eleventh months. David J. Douglas now resides within the limits of this meeting. As chairman of the committee on gospel work for New England yearly meeting, his field of work is through- out the yearly meeting. He has for many years been an earnest and active minister of the gospel. Winthrop Preparative Meeting. — A statement in the journal of David Sands probably gives us the earliest recorded reference to the rise of Friends in Winthrop, where is now one of the most flourishing meetings in New England. In the year 1777 he wrote: " We went to a new settlement called Winthrop, where we had divers meetings. Here were several convincements, and many that appeared seeking the right way." So far as we know there was not a single Friend in this township before David Sands' visit, and it is directly to his preaching and influence that we trace the convincement of all the original mem- bers of this meeting. A number of the most prominent men who were brought to adopt the principles and practices of Friends through the work of David Sands had served in the revolutionary war. Among these was Stewart Foster, whose father had received from the gov- ernment a large tract of land on condition that he would settle in the township with his family, which he did. During the war Stewart Foster had been taken prisoner and was confined on board an English prison ship. One dark night he and another prisoner jumped over- board and swam to the shore, and so escaped in safety to their own homes. After his return to Winthrop he settled on the farm now owned by Hannah J. Bailey, where he reared a large family of boys and girls. After his convincement he continued through his long life to be a faithful Friend and a steady attendant of the meeting. Another convinced member and former soldier was John Whiting, who lived not far from the so-called Snell school house. He was a 19 290 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. very genial, cheerful man, much loved and respected in the neighbor- hood. He was a good example of a gentle, sweet Christian, and though he lived to be old, he was considered " very young for such an old man." He was chosen to act as clerk during the first year of Leeds monthly meeting in 1813, and was always a strong man in con- ducting business. Ezra Briggs was one of the first Friends in Winthrop. A Friend minister, doubtless David Sands, came to his house one day and had a " religious opportunity " with his family. The service over, the minister started on his way, but had not gone far before he came back and said, " Ezra, it is high time thee requested and became a Friend;" this advice was followed and for the rest of his life Ezra Briggs was an active Friend. He acted as clerk at the first session of Leeds monthly meeting, was appointed an elder, and was prominent in all the business of the meeting. We find from the journal of Joseph Hoag, the famous preacher and traveller from Vermont, that he visited Winthrop in the summer of 1802. He makes the following entry under the date of 7th mo., 25th: " After a meeting at Leeds we rode to Winthrop; here we found a little company of goodly Friends among rigid Presbyterians. We had a large and favored meeting here." In these days, when such harmony prevails among different sects, it will do no harm to call to mind an anecdote which the oldest may still remember. The Presbyterians above referred to were building a church or, as Friends would have said, a " steple house " in Win- throp. The men sent out to invite the neighbors to the "raising" were strictly charged to ask no " Quakers." The day came for the raising, and sad to relate, for lack of men or for some reason the frame fell back and killed three men. The Friends rejoiced that they had received no invitation. The next day an effort was again made to raise the frame which had so disastrously fallen, when a part of it once more fell, very nearly killing another man. As superstition still lin- gered in the minds of some, it would not be strange if the Friends drew their own conclusions. The first regular meeting for worship was established in Winthrop in 1793; nine years later, in 1802, a preparative meeting was started, being subordinate to the Sidney monthly meeting, which was also be- gun that year, Stewart Foster being the first representative from Win- throp to Sidney monthly meeting. Six years later the meeting became very small and came near dying out. Sidney monthly meeting records for third month, 1808, have the following entry: " The com- mittee to visit the meeting at Winthrop report that they have visited that meeting and think Friends there are not in a capacity to hold a preparative meeting to the reputation of society, which the meeting accepts, and after due consideration thereon discontinues said pre- THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 291 parative meeting." The Friends at Winthrop continued to attend the Sidney monthly meeting until 1813, when they were included in the new monthly meeting held at Leeds and Litchfield. About this time the Friends at Winthrop began to increase in num- bers, and the meeting, which seemed likely to have a short existence. showed signs of strength and vigor, so that in the year 1816 it seemed best to grant them a preparative meeting, this time .subordinate to Leeds monthly meeting, on whose records is the following minute: "8th mo. 16th, 1816. Friends at Winthrop sent a few lines to this meeting requesting the liberty to hold a preparative meeting at that place, which after consideration this meeting concludes for them to hold on 4th day of the week. Paul Collins, Moses Wadsworth and Joseph Sampson were appointed to attend the opening of this meeting." This was the turning point in the history of this meeting. Since the above date the course of the meetings has been a progressive one. Three times it has been necessary to replace the meeting house by a larger one, and the present large meeting room is filled on the Sab- bath. The first Friends' meeting house in Winthrop stood on a piece of land owned by Stewart Foster, nearly opposite the location of the present meeting house. This was a very small house. It was warmed by the old-fashioned " potash kettle," as were all the early meeting houses. A framework of brick was built up about two feet in circu- lar form; in the front of the brick work was a door to receive wood, in the back an opening to apply a smoke funnel; over this brick work a large iron kettle was turned, bottom up, which served as cover for the " stove." Those who desired had " foot warmers," or bricks or soapstones for their respective seats. A partition was arranged fastened to a beam in the ceiling by hinges, so that the whole parti- tion could swing up and be fastened, making the whole house into one room, while the same partition could be let down when the men and women Friends desired separate rooms for business meetings. Some still living remember the stuffed arm chair near the stove, in which the wife of Stewart Foster used to sit. This house was sold and has since been used as a blacksmith's shop. The house which was built to take its place was across the road, where the present house stands, and was larger than the former one, being about twenty-four by thirty. One Friend thought the house was too large, but it was not very long before this was sold for a dwelling house, and a still larger one raised on the same spot; and this last in its turn gave place to the present imposing and still more spacious one, which was built in 1888, as it appears in the illustration on page 292. This meeting has been in a growing condition throughout nearly its whole history. Though it has raised up few who were specially endowed with a gift for the ministry, yet it has always had a goodly number of y strong, active, spiritual members. Reuben Jones, whose ZVZ HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. home was in Wilton, after living in Leeds for a few years, moved to Wmthrop in 1839. He was a minister of considerable strength and for fully thirty years he sat at the head of this meeting and frequently preached to the people. No less than 412 ministers from other meet- ings have attended the meeting at Winthrop and have stirred the hearts of Friends there by their messages of love, often borne from lands far away. In the year 1873 a general meeting was held in Winthrop, at which time the spirit of the Lord was abundantly poured out. Fully three thousand people attended the meetings in one day and many souls were brought from darkness to light. This is certainly one of the most memorable dates in the history of the meeting, and since this time the meeting has almost constantly grown in size and in life. Charles M. Jones and Harriet Jones were the only ministers living within its limits until 1887. During that year Jesse McPhearson, from North Carolina, settled with his family at Winthrop, where he has ever since resided, giving his whole time to the work. While Winthrop meeting has not produced many ministers, it has had a good number of influential men and women, such as Friends call " weighty members." Prominent among these have been Charles M. Bailey, who has been very useful in evangelizing work and has largely assisted the cause of education. Moses Bailey, for many years clerk of the quarterly meeting, was a splendid example of a strong, pure hearted, earnest Christian, one who adorned the name " Quaker." THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 293 Hannah J. Bailey, wife of the latter, has exerted a wide Christian influence, filling important positions in her own religious society, as well as in other organizations, using her means freely for the advance- ment of good causes, and showing herself a broad minded Christian woman. Levi Jones has, through his long and busy life, been very active in the affairs of the church, and has illustrated the Quaker idea of a business man. Here, as in all the other meetings of the county, there has been work done which no pen can record, an influence has gone out which no human eye can measure, and lives have been lived here the worth of which only the-Divine F'ather knows. To a casual observer there would seem to have been a decided change in views and methods during the hundred years of this meeting's existence, and so there has in appearance, but in heart, in purpose and in hope there has been little or no change. The fathers wrought in their way; the chil- dren work for the same end differently, but as sincerely. . Manchester Preparative Meeting. — In 1832 a new preparative meeting was established in what is now the town of Manchester, though it was then a part of Hallowell. This meeting has at various times been called Hallowell, Kennebec and Manchester preparative meeting. There had been Friends in this region for a number of years before the meeting was begun. These Friends had been a part of Litchfield preparative meeting. Paine Wingate, one of the first to settle northeast of the lake, had married a wife from among Friends, and it was not long before he found himself of her views and became an active Friend. Proctor Sampson, a son of Joseph Sampson, the first member of Leeds meeting, brought his young bride to this shore of the lake and made the second Friends' family. Jacob Pope came about the same time and gradually others came, while still others joined the society, being convinced that their neigh- bors' faith was the true one, from the life and character of the persons professing it. These Friends felt the need of a house where they could hold a meeting of their own, and so avoid the long ride to Litchfield twice in the week, and in 1838 they became numerous enough to have a meet- ing established in their midst. During that year a meeting house was built, where, though changed, it still stands on the summit of the high hill at the northeast end of the lake. (Nearly all the Friends' meeting houses in the county have been on or near the bank of some body of water.) The committee to build this house reported that they contracted to have it built for $985, and we find from the records that these Friends had much difficulty in raising this amount at that time. There was no minister in this meeting for many years. Week after week the Friends here, as in all the early meetings, met together 294 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. to worship. They did not listen with critical ear to the nicely turned sentences of some teacher humanely wise, but " Lowly before the unseen Presence knelt Each waiting heart, till haply some one felt On his moved lips the seal of silence melt. " Or, without spoken words, low breathings stole, Of a diviner life from soul to soul. Baptizing in one tender thought the whole." Some here as elsewhere may have thought of business or other things of this world, but the ideal was a glorious one and was attained by many a true, sensitive soul, all open to the divine touch. For many years Paine Wingate, a good, upright man, sat at the head of this meeting. Like Winthrop meeting, this has received messages from a great number of ministers from other places, and though there have been few of its members especially endowed with a gift for the ministry, there have been many raised up whose lives have been influential in a more or less extended degree. Alden Sampson was for many years a prominent member of this meeting. Widely known as a business man, he was also a man whose influence was far reaching in the line of religious activities, giving of his means and his energy for bettering the world. I. Warren Hawkes has for some years held an active place in the work of the society here and he is a minister approved by the church, being a man of deep piety and sincerity. In 1839 Leeds monthly meeting was changed in name to Litch- field, and still later it has been changed to Winthrop monthly meet- ing. In the year 1841 Vassalboro quarterly meeting was divided, and from the meetings at Litchfield (now West Gardiner), Leeds, Hallo- well (now Manchester), Winthrop, Sidney, Belgrade, Fairfield and Saint Albans, a new quarterly meeting was established called Fair- field quarterly meeting. This meeting has had the following clerks: Samuel Taylor, jun., 1841-2; Sage Richardson, 1842-64; Alden Samp- son, 1864-7; Moses Bailey, 1867-81; I. Warren Hawkes, since 1881. Sidney Preparative Meeting.— The Friends' meeting was begun in Sidney in 1795, the preparative meeting being granted them in 1800; a monthly meeting was established in 1802, called Sidney monthly meeting. This was for the accommodation of Friends in Sidney and Fairfield, being held alternately at each place. Phineas, Jeremiah and Obed Buttler, with their respective families, were the earliest Friends in Sidney, they being Friends when they moved into the town. Then a number of families came there from Sandwich, Mass., among them Isaac Hoxie and family, Benjamin Wing, Adam and Stephen Wing, also John Wing Kelley, and their families. Most of the money for the first meeting house was raised in Sand- THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 295 wich. the heads of the various families in the town doing all the car- penter work themselves. This house stood until 1S55, when it was torn down and built over into a new one. Edward Dillingham was another useful member in the early days of the meeting; he finally moved to Saint Albans. Deborah Buttler was an acknowledged min- ister, while Daniel Purington generally had a message for the meet- ing, though he was not an appointed minister. Samuel Pope was an elder of prominence in somewhat later times, and Mary Alice Gifford, a highly gifted and endowed minister of the gospel, a woman of great faith and of unblemished life, lived in this meeting during the pres- ent generation, until she felt her place of labor to be in Newport, R. I., where she spent the remainder of her valuable life, which ended in the spring of 1889. The Friends in Sidney have been few in num- ber, but a meeting has always been held there since it was first begun in 1795. Sidney monthly meeting includes the Friends in Fairfield and is still held, as at first, alternately at each place. In 1801 a meeting for worship was begun in Belgrade. Calvin Stewart and Samuel Stewart, with their families, were the earliest Friends in the town; Eleazar Burbank, a revolutionary soldier, was another of the first Friends in this meeting, but he was afterward dropped from the society for- receiving a military pension from the government. Samuel Taylor was the first minister in this meeting; he was a very good man and a good preacher of the gospel, having had a deep Christian experience, and he had the approval of all who knew him in daily life, or who heard his words of love. The Friends who lived in Belgrade had no separate meeting for business, but were joined with those who lived in Sidney. This meeting was always small, and gradually decreased in size until it was closed in 1879; its members having died or moved into other places. A meeting for worship was begun in the city of Augusta, 8th month, 1SS8, and another in Hallowell the same year, both of which are now under the care of Winthrop monthly meeting, and though small in numbers they are in a flourishing condition. The meeting at Hallowell is about to construct a commodious meeting house. More than a hundred years have passed since the members of the Society of Friends began to organize themselves in this county. They were then very few in number, comprising only one distinct monthly meeting in the county and only one preparative meeting was estab- lished before this century began. At the present date there are two quarterly meetings, composed of seven monthly meetings, which in turn are composed of fourteen preparative meetings, enrolling a mem- bership of 1,033, most of whom live in Kennebec county. It is cer- tain that the Friend of to-day is, in appearance at least, unlike the Friend of one hundred years ago, and it is a question whether the heads of the first families here would recognize that they were among Jsyb HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. their own people could they return to the meeting houses where they so faithfully worshipped a century ago. The onward movement of the years has brought change everywhere, and the Friend who seemed a century ago so unmindful of the transitions going on about him has been swept on by the wave, which now at its flood has left nothing unstirred. The question still remains, have the members of this so- ciety been true or untrue to the legacies of the fathers? and while the outward, the externals, have in a measure felt the touch of time, have they guarded as their dearest and truest possession the spirit of truth bequeathed by those who gained it at so dear a price? We have no right to speak here more than our own opinion, and that is that the " live members," to use an expression which carries its own mean- ing, are to-day, as they always have been, seeking to hear and obey the true Voice, are seeking to have their lives shaped and moulded by the ever living Christ, who stands as their Redeemer, their Saviour and their constant Teacher. They have the faith and the hope and the love which characterized their predecessors — ' ' And if the outward has gone, in glory and power The Spirit surviveth the things of an hour." ^.^^^ 298 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. been the first legal tribunal constituted by authority which existed in Maine. It assumed jurisdiction over the whole province, not only of the rights of parties, but of matters of government. Actions of tres- pass, slander, incontinency, and for drunkenness and " rash speech " were frequently brought, and generally tried by a jury of six or more persons. This tribunal was of a primitive character and the pro- cedure marked by great directness and simplicity. Among the crim- inal records we find, March 25, 1636: " John Wolton is by order of court to make a pair of stocks by the last of April or pay 40s. 8d. in money. Also he is fined 5s. 8d. for being drunk." In 1639 Sir Ferdinando obtained a charter which conferred upon him unlimited powers of government, and named his territory the " Province of Maine." Thomas Gorges, a lawyer educated at the Inns of Court, and the first and only one (unless we except Thomas Mor- ton, who was driven out of Massachusetts in 1645) who resided in Maine for the first hundred years after its settlement, was appointed deputy governor, with six councillors. They compo.sed not only the executive council for the province, but a court for the trial of all criminal offenses and for the settlement of all controversies between party and party. They also had probate jurisdiction. The first ses- sion of this court, held June 25, 1640, has a record of administration on the estate of Richard Williams, being the first granted in Maine. There was also a complaint in the nature of a bill in equity relating to the title to a thousand clapboards. Besides this court and an in- ferior court in each section of the province, commissioners correspond- ing to the modern trial justices were appointed in each town for the trial of small causes, with jurisdiction limited to forty shillings, from whose decision an appeal lay to the higher court. But as a result of the controversy which raged among the rival claimants to authority over the province, the administration of the law continued to be un- certain and feeble until in 1677 Massachusetts purchased all the inter- est of Gorges in the province of Maine for i^l,250. It should be observed here that under the colonial charter of Massachusetts prior to 1692 there was in Massachusetts no supreme or superior court properly so-called. The jurisdiction and powers which were subsequently conferred upon that court had been exer- cised under the charter of 1628 by the governor or deputy governor and his councillors or " assistants," who constituted the upper branch of the " Great and General Court." They at first assumed unlimited jurisdiction, including all matters of divorce and the settlement of estates, and subsequently exercised appellate jurisdiction over all matters from the county courts. It must not be overlooked, however, that the province of Pema- quid had been under a different jurisdiction. Although as early as HISTORY OF THE COURTS. 299 1630, the year that Boston was founded, this province is said to have had a population of five hundred persons and Pemaquid " City " to have been a port of entry with paved streets; yet for a period of twenty years from that time there seems to have been a weak govern- ment and a very inefficient administration of the laws. Abraham Shurt was agent of the proprietors and chief magistrate of the colony; but there appears to be no record of the enactment of laws or the establishment of courts. To Shurt's skill as a scrivener, however, is attributed the concise formula for the acknowledgment of deeds which is still in use in this state and Massachusetts. In 1673 Pemaquid province became an appendage of the colony of New York under the Duke of York, and was represented in its gen- eral assembly. On the 24th of June, 1680, it was ordered by the coun- cil sitting in New York " that a person be appointed to go from here to Pemaquid for holding courts;" and June 26th: " Sagadahoc magis- trates and officers to continue, the courts to try only for forty shillings instead of for five pounds as formerly." A " court of sessions " was also established " to act according to law and former practice." The inhabitants on the Kennebec, however, had meanwhile been under the dominion of the Plymouth colony by virtue of a charter granted to William Bradford in 1620, and by him assigned to the Plymouth colony in 1640; but the settlers were few and scattered and no regular government was established until the Duke of York took possession. But in 1686 the duke, now James II, transferred to Massa- chusetts all his interest in the port and county of Pemaquid; and in 1691 the new charter was granted to Massachusetts, which united with the old Bay colony that of Plymouth and the whole territory of Maine. A new era was now inaugurated in the history of these provinces. Under the new charter of 1691 an act " setting forth general privi- leges " was promptly passed by the general court of Massachusetts, comprising the familiar doctrines of Magna Charta, and the cardinal principles afterward enunciated in the Declaration of Independence and her own bill of rights. Courts were also promptly established substantially the same as they existed for the next fifty years. There were justices of the peace for the trial of small cases, the quarter ses- sions corresponding to our court of county commissioners, the inferior court of common pleas and the superior court. The governor and coun- cil were by the new charter made a court of probate. The superior court of the province consisted of a chief justice and four associate justices, namely, William Stoughton, C.J., Thomas Dan- forth. Wait Winthrop, John Richards and Samuel Sewall, none of whom had been educated as lawyers. Two sessions of this court were held in the several counties each year, except that all causes 300 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. arising in Maine prior to 1699 were tried in Boston and Charlestown. Thereafter one term was granted to the state of Maine until 1760, when the counties of Cumberland and Lincoln were established. At that time Lincoln included the territory of the Kennebec patent, and the proprietary company erected buildings for the new county at Pownalborough, now Dresden. The old court house has been con- verted into a dwelling house and is still in a good state of preserva- tion, a conspicuous object of historic interest to all those passing up and down the river. The first term of the superior court held in Lincoln county was in 1786, and the first term at Hallowell, now Au- gusta, commenced July 8, 1794, in a church prepared for the occasion, the court house in Market Square erected in 1790 being insufficient in size for the accommodation of this court. It was held by Judges Rob- ert Treat Paine and Sumner and Dawes. They were attended by three sheriffs wearing cocked hats and carrying swords, each with his long white staff of office, and they were accompanied by such cele- brated lawyers as Theophilus Parsons and Nathan Dane. Judge Weston relates that having no bell to summon the court, the judges " moved by beat of drum in a procession not a little imposing, pre- ceded by their officers and followed by the bar." It was an important event, which caused " the elite " of the surrounding country to as- semble. After the organization of Kennebec county in 1799, Augusta, which had been set off from Hallowell two years before, became the shire town of the new county, and July 16th of that year a term of the superior court of Massachusetts was held there by Judges Paine, Bradley and Dawes, and thereafter regularly each year. At the famous trial of the Malta Indians, charged with the murder of Paul Chadwick, the court was held at Augusta November 16, 1809, by four judges — Sedgwick, vSewall, Thatcher and Parker. Supreme Judicial Court. — The constitution of 1780 changed the title of the superior court to that of the Supreme Judicial Court, but with the same powers and jurisdiction as its predecessor and with the same number of judges. Those first appointed by the new govern- ment were William Cushing, Nathaniel P. Sargent, James Sullivan, Daniel Sewall and Jedediah Foster. At first all jury trials were had in the presence of not less than three members of the court, but the nisi prius system was gradually introduced, under which the law terms only were held by a majority of the judges and the trial terms by a single judge, except in capital cases. Until 1792 the judges appeared on the bench in robes and wigs, the robes being of black silk in the summer and of scarlet cloth in the winter. The records of this court were kept in Boston until 1797, when they were transferred to the custody of the clerks of the common HISTORY OF THE COURTS. 301 pleas of the several counties, except those of Lincoln, Hancock and Washington in Maine. Jonathan Bowman, jun., was appointed by the court clerk for this county, his residence to be at Pownalborough. When Maine became a separate state, in 1820, it was provided in the constitution that the "judicial power of the state shall be vested in a supreme judicial court and such other courts as the legislature shall from time to time establish." By act of June 24, 1820, a supreme judicial court was established, consisting of a chief justice and two associate justices, any two of whom should be a court and have cog- nizance of all civil actions between party and party which might be legally tried before them by original writ, writ of error, or otherwise, and of all capital crimes and other offences and misdemeanors which might be legally prosecuted before them. They also had general superintendence of all courts of inferior jurisdiction, with power to issue writs of error, certiorari, mandamus, prohibition and quo warranto, and to exercise its jurisdiction agreeably to the common law of the state not inconsistent with the constitution or any statute. They also had jurisdiction as a court of equity of specific classes of cases where the parties did not have a plain and adequate remedy at law. It was also made the supreme court of probate. By the act of 1823 and subsequent amendments this court was re- quired to be holden annually by a majority of the justices in each of the twelve counties, the term of Kennebec to be held at Augusta in May; and an additional term for jury trials was to be held by one of the justices in each of the counties except Franklin, Piscataquis, Washington and Hancock; that for Kennebec to be held on the first Tuesday of October. Capital cases were to be tried by a majority of the court. In 1847 the number of judges of this court was increased to four, and in 1852 to seven. As now constituted, the supreme judicial court of Maine consists of a chief justice and seven associate justices, appointed by the gov- ernor for a term of seven years, whose jurisdiction extends over the whole state. The general jurisdiction and powers are substantially the same as when first established, with the exceptions to be hereinafter noted. In 1874 the equity powers of this court were enlarged, and in 1881 the procedure in equity was definitely prescribed and greatly sim- plified. The court now has full equity jurisdiction, according to the usage and practice of courts of equity, and is always open in each county for the transaction of equity business. When sitting as a court of law to determine questions arising in suits at law or in equity, the court is composed of five or more justices who hear and determine such questions by the concurrence of five members; and in any civil action in which there is a subsisting verdict, if a majority of the justices do not concur in granting a new trial judgment must be ren- 302 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. dered on the verdict. For the purposes of the law courts this state is divided into three districts, the western, middle and eastern, and the annual sessions of the law court are held at Portland on the third Tuesday of July, at Augusta on the fourth Tuesday of May, and at Bangor on the third Tuesday of June. For the trial of civil actions or persons accused of offences two or more sessions of the court are annually held by one justice in each county, the terms for Kennebec being holden on the first Tuesday of March and the third Tuesday of October of each year. Although no general code of civil procedure has been adopted in this state, the rules of common law pleadings have been so far abrogated or modified, and in the administration of the law such liberality is exercised respecting amendments to declara- tions and pleas, that the substance of right is never sacrificed to the science of statement. In the supreme judicial court the following from Kennebec county have been justices: Nathan Weston, of Augusta, appointed in 1820, and chief justice 1834-41; Richard D. Rice, Augusta, 1852-63; Seth May, Winthrop, 1855-62; Charles Danforth, Gardiner, 1864-90; Arte- mas Libbey, Augusta, 1875-90, being reappointed in the latter year; and William Penn Whitehouse, Augusta, appointed in 1890. Samuel Wells, of Portland, who was appointed in 1847, and resigned in 1854, practiced at one time his profession in Hallowell. Reporter of Decisions. — This office was established in 1820, and the decisions of the supreme judicial court, sitting as a " Law Court " from that time to 1893 have been published in eighty-four volumes of " Maine Reports." The reporter is appointed by the governor, and is to be a person " learned in the law." It is made his duty to publish at least one volume yearly, and he is entitled to the profits of the work. The names of the two reporters from this county, with their respective terms of service, are: Asa Redington, Augusta, 1850-54, who published volumes 31 to 35; and Solyman Heath, Waterville, 1854-56, who published volumes 36 to 40. Court of Common Pleas.— Reference has already been made to the "inferior court of common pleas," organized for each county un- der the province charter of 1692. This court was composed of four justices in each county, three of whom to be a quorum for the trial of all civil actions of whatsoever nature, the party " cast" in this court to have the liberty of a new trial on appeal or writ of error to the superior court by giving recognizance to prosecute the appeal with effect and abide the order of court. The judges were to be substan- tial persons, but practically were not learned in the law. Indeed, there seems to be no evidence that prior to the beginning of the pres- ent century any member of this court in Maine was an educated law- yer. Prior to 1736 no term of this court was held east of Wells; after HISTORY OF THE COURTS. 303 that time one was held annually in June at Falmouth, now Portland, William Pepperell, afterward Sir William, being then chief justice. When the coutity of Lincoln was organized, in 1760, one term of this court was held for that county at Pownalborough, now Dresden. Un- der the Massachusetts constitution of 1782 this court was continited with all its jurisdiction and powers, and in 1786 provision was made for an additional term in Lincoln county, to be held annually at Hallo- well, now Augusta. In North's History of Augusta, it is said: " The first term was held on the second Tuesday of January, 1787, at the Fort Weston settlement in Ballard's tavern, by William Lithgow, James Howard and Nathaniel Thwing. These with Thomas Rice were the four persons commissioned as judges of the Court of Common Pleas. Judge Howard died in May following, and Joseph North was appointed in his place. At that time no lawyer resided on the river above Pownalborough. In the following year William Lithgow, Jr., removed to town and opened an office in Fort Weston." At the time of the organization of Kennebec county the judges of this court were Joseph North and Daniel Cony, of Augusta, and Nathaniel Dummer and Chandler Robbins, of Hallowell. In 1804 the number of justices was reduced to three for each •county, and in 1811, under the administration of Governor Gerry, the old system, which had existed for 112 years, was superseded by the " circuit court of common pleas," with a chief justice and two asso- ciates for each of the three circuits in Maine. For the second circuit, embracing Lincoln, Kennebec and Somerset, Governor Gerry appointed Nathan Weston, of Augusta, chief justice, Benjamin Ames and Eben- ezer Thatcher, associates. In 1814, Josiah Stebbins, and in 1821 San- ford Kingsbury were judges in this court. This court continued until 1822, when a " court of common pleas" was established, consisting of a chief justice and two associates, with jurisdiction extending over the entire state, the terms to be held by a single judge, who received a salary instead of fees for compensation. The justices first appointed for this court were Ezekiel Whitman, of Portland, chief justice, and Samuel E. Smith, of Wiscasset, and David Perham, of Bangor, asso- ciates. In 1833 John Ruggles, of Thomaston, and in 1837 Asa Red- ington, of Augusta, became judges of this court. In 1839 the court of common pleas was superseded by the establishment of a district court comprising the counties of Lincoln, Kennebec and Somerset, in each of which three terms of this court were annually held by one of the justices. It had original and exclusive jurisdiction of all civil actions where the debt or damage demanded did not exceed two hun- dred dollars, and concurrent jurisdiction above that sum. It had also jurisdiction of all crimes and misdemeanors previously cognizable by the court of common pleas. The aggrieved party could carry his •cau^e forward by appeal or on exceptions to the supreme judicial court, 3U4 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. held by a single justice, by giving recognizance to the adverse party to prosecute his appeal and pay the intervening damages and costs. Judge Redington,of the court of common pleas, was appointed judge of the district court for the middle district, and continued on the bench until 1847, when he was succeeded by Richard D. Rice, of Augusta, who served until 1852, when this court was abolished, and he was transferred to the bench of the supreme court. Thus this intermediate system of courts which had existed for 150 years under different names, and with slightly varying jurisdiction and powers, had become so inefficient in its practical operation that it could no longer endure. The facility with which appeals could be taken to the supreme court was its fatal defect. Two trials were thus granted to parties almost as a matter of course, when one would ordinarily have answered the same purpose. It was therefore abol- ished by act of the legislature of 1852, and all its duties and powers, including appeals from justices of the peace, transferred to the supreme court, the number of judges of that court being increased to seven. But under the great accumulation of small cases resulting from this change, the docket of the supreme court in the larger counties soon became crowded and unwieldy, and as a consequence suitors were unreasonably delayed. A demand for a more prompt adminis- tration of justice was heard; and in 1878, in pursuance of the example in Cumberland county ten years before, an act was procured estab- lishing a superior court for Kennebec county, which obviated the ob- jection to the old system of common pleas and the district court by giving to the jury trial the same legal effect it had in the supreme court. The act provided for five terms of this court to be holden at Augusta, but by amendment in 1889 provision was made for holding two terms in the city of Waterville. William P. Whitehouse, of Au- gusta, was appointed judge of this court in February, 1878, for the term of seven years, and served by re-appointment until April 15, 1890, when he resigned to accept an appointment on the bench of the supreme court. Oliver G. Hall, of Waterville, was appointed to fill the vacancy occasioned by the promotion of Judge Whitehouse. After the establishment of this court its jurisdiction was enlarged by suc- cessive amendments to embrace all civil matters except real actions, complaints for fiowage, and proceedings in equity, including libels for divorce, and exclusive original and appellate jurisdiction of all criminal matters, including capital cases. By act of 1891 the jurisdic- tion was restricted to cases where the damages demanded do not ex- ceed $500, and in trials upon indictments for murder one of the judges of the supreme court must preside. All appeals from municipal and police courts and trial justices in civil and criminal cases, are cogniz- HISTORY OF THE COURTS. -HJO able by this court. The clerk of the supreme court is also clerk of the superior court. Court of Sessions; County Commissioners. — Prior to the prov- ince charter of 1691 the county court of Massachusetts, held by the magistrates living in the different counties, combined the principal duties of the superior, inferior and probate courts which were subse- quently organized, the general court or court of assistants retaining original appellate jurisdiction in certain cases. Under the province charter " a court of General Sessions of the Peace " was established, to be held in each county by the justices of the peace of the same county, empowered to hear and determine all matters relating to the " conservation of the peace and the punishment of offenders." to lay out highways, to superintend houses of correction, and to have charge of the prudential and financial affairs of the county. In 1804 all its criminal jurisdiction was transferred to the court of common pleas, and in 1807 the court was reorganized so as to have a fixed number of judges instead of an indefinite assembly of justices of the peace. The number of judges in Kennebec was .six, besides the chief justice. In 1808 the name was changed to the " court of sessions." In 1819 it was made to consist of a chief justice and two associate justices. In Maine the court of sessions continued to exist until 1831, when it was superseded by the present court of county commissioners, composed in each county of three persons elected by the people. Its records are kept by the clerk of the supreme court. The names of the several Kennebec county commissioners, with the year in which their terms respectively commenced, are as follows: William Read, Barzillai Gan- nett, Thomas Fillebrown and Charles Hayden, 1807; Samuel Titcomb. James Parker and Ithamar Spauldiug, 1808: Ashur Spatildin, 1809: Ariel Mann and Solomon Bates, 1811; Nathan Cutler, 1812; Nathan Weston, Josiah Stebbins, Ebenezer Thatcher, Samuel Wood and Sam- uel Moody, circuit court of common pleas. 1814; vSamuel Redington, court of sessions, 1819; Charles Hayden, Samuel Moody and Ariel Mann (the latter of Hallowell), 1820; James Cochran, Monmouth, 1821; Samuel Redington and Charles Morse, 1822; Asa Redington, jun., and Asaph R. Nichols, of Augusta, 1831; Edward Fuller, Readfield, 1833; Benjamin Wales, Hallowell, 1835; John Russ, 1836; J. B. Swan- ton, Hallowell, 1838; Joseph Stuart and Stillman Howard, 1839; Wil- liam Clark, Hallowell, David Garland, Winslow, and Levitt Lothrop, 1841: Benjamin Cook and David Coombs, 1843; John S. Blake, 1844; Moses B. Bliss, Pittston, 1845; Daniel Marston, Monmouth, 1847; Thomas Eldred, Belgrade, 1849; Moses Taber, Vassalboro, 1850; Wel- lington Hunton, Readfield, 1853; John B. Clifford, Clinton, 1855; Sam- uel Wood, Augusta, John Merrill and William C. Barton, Windsor, 1856; Nathaniel Graves, Vienna, 1859; Ezekiel Hubbard, Hallowell, 306 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. 1860; Nathaniel Chase, Sidney, 1861; Asbury Young, Pittston, 1865; Mark Rollins, jun., Albion, 1867; Orrick Hawes, Vas.salboro, 1873; Daniel H. Thing, Mount Vernon, 1874; Reuben S. Neal, Farmingdale, 1875; E. G. Hodgdon, Clinton, 1876; George H. Andrews, Monmouth, 1880; Horace Colburn, Windsor, 1881; Japheth M. Winn, Clinton, 1882; C. M. Weston, Belgrade, 1883; James M. Carpenter, Pittston, 1885; Charles Wentworth, Clinton, 1889; and John S. Hamilton, Hal- lowell, 1891, and Samuel Smith, Litchfield, elected in 1892 to succeed G. H. Andrews. The board in 1892 consisted of George H. Andrews, chairman, Charles Wentworth and John S. Hamilton. The clerks of courts since 1799, have been: John Tucker, Edmund P. Hayman, Joseph Chandler, John Davis, Robert C. Vose, William Woart, John A. Chandler, William M. Stratton, A. C. Otis, and the present incumbent, W. S. Choate. Mr. Stratton served as assistant to Mr. Chandler for a period of ten years, succeeding him as clerk in 1844, and continued to occupy the place by successive elections until 1881. Probate Court. — It has been noticed that under the Massachu- setts colonial charter of 1628 the " general court," composed of the governor and deputy governor and the " assistants," exercised juris- diction in matters of probate until 1639, when it was transferred to the county courts. The general court assumed jurisdiction in Maine in all matters relating to the administration of estates until 1691. By the province charter of that year probate jurisdiction was conferred on the governor and council, but being authorized to delegate their power they appointed judges of probate in each county. In March, 1784, the Massachusetts legislature passed the first probate act. This established a court of probate in the several counties, to be held by some able and learned person in each county to be appointed judge, from whose decision an appeal lay to the .supreme court. As thus constituted this important court, through which passes all the estates in the community once in about thirty years, was continued with essentially the same jurisdiction and power by act of the Maine legis- lature of 1821. In 1853 the office of both judge and register was made elective, with a tenure of four years. " Each judge may take the probate of wills and grant letters testa- mentary or of administration on estates of all deceased persons who at the time of their death were inhabitants or residents of his county, or who, not being residents of the state, died leaving estate to be ad- ministered in his county, or whose estate is afterward found therein; also on the estate of any person confined to the state prison under sentence of death or imprisonment for life, and has jurisdiction of all matters relating to the settlement of such estates. He may grant leave to adopt children, change the names of persons, appoint guar- dians for minors and others according to law, and has jurisdiction as to persons under guardianship." The probate judge is also judge of the court of insolvency. HISTORY OF THE COURTS. 307 Since the organization of Kennebec county, the judges of this court, and their first year of service, have been as follows: James Bridge, Augusta, 1799; Daniel Cony, Augusta, 1804; Ariel Mann, Hal- lowell; H. W. Fuller, Augusta, 1828; Williams Emmons, Hallowell; Daniel Williams, Augusta; Henry K. Baker, Hallowell; Emery O. Bean, Readfield, 1881; Henry S. Webster, Gardiner, 1885; and Greenlief T. Stevens, Augusta, 1893. The registers of probate have been: Chandler Robbins, Hallo- well, 1799; Williams Emmons, Hallowell; and E. T. Bridge, George Robinson, Joseph J. Eveleth, J. S. Turner, Francis Davis, William R. Smith, Joseph Burton, Charles Hewins and Howard Owen, of Augusta. Municipal Courts. — In the county of Kennebec are four munic- ipal courts, one in each of the four cities — Hallowell, Gardiner, Augusta and Waterville — established in the order named. Originally the judgeship of these courts was an elective office, filled by vote of the people, but since 1876 it has been an appointive office, filled by the appointment of the governor and council, the term being four years. The court at Hallowell was established in 1835, with Samuel K. Gil- man as judge, elected February 19th of that year. His successors have been: Benjamin Wales, March 9, 1852; Samuel K. Gilman, Jan- uary 3, 1854; Austin D. Knight, March 15, 1876; Mahlon S. Spear, April 24, 1888, and Eliphalet Rowell, March 29, 1892. Of the Gardi- ner court, the judges have been: George W. Bacheldor, January 14, 1850; William Palmer, May 11, 1852; Edmund A. Chadwick, March 4, 1872; Henry Farrington, July 1, 1881; and James M. Larrabee since July 24, 1885. At Augusta Judge Benjamin A. G. Fuller opened the municipal court May 7, 1850, and has been succeeded by George S. Millikin, February 21, 1854; Samuel Titcomb, October 17, 1857; H. W. True, February 20, 1878; and Albert G. Andrews, since March 16, 1882. The Waterville police court was opened in 1880 by Horace W. Stewart, appointed judge April 21st of that year. On the 29th of March, 1892, his successor, W. C. Philbrook, was appointed. The jurisdiction and powers of these four courts, as originally con- stituted, were substantially the same, comprising for the most part matters previously cognizable by justices of the peace; but by act of 1891 the municipal court of Waterville was invested with jurisdiction concurrent with the superior court in all civil actions wherein the debt or damages demanded, exclusive of costs, did not exceed one hundred dollars; provided, however, that any action in which the debt or damages demanded exceed twenty dollars may be removed to the superior court on motion of the defendant under certain conditions prescribed in the act. Its jurisdiction in criminal matters was also greatly enlarged. CHAPTER XIV. THE KENNEBEC BAR. Bv Hon. James W. Bradbury, LL. D. MY acquaintance with the Kennebec Bar commenced sixty-one years ago. In April, 1830, I opened my office in Augusta. The new granite court house had just been completed, and the May term of the law court was held in it by Chief Justice Mellen and his two associate justices, Weston and Parris. This was my first opportunity of seeing any considerable number of the members of the Kennebec bar, or of hearing any of them in the argument of their causes. The Kennebec bar was at that time one of marked ability. Many of the members were eminent in their profession, several achieved national distinction, and all left an honorable record upon which their descendants and surviving friends can look with pleasure and pride. They have all passed away. I do not recall a .single one of the whole number, then so active and prominent, now surviving: yet they left a character that is fresh in the memory of all. To name them is to bring the individuality of most of them distinctly to mind. Without an opportunity of refreshing my memory by refer- ence to records, I will undertake to recall them. There were in WaterviUe, Timothy Boutelle, Samuel Wells and James Stackpole; in Augusta, Reuel Williams, Daniel Williams, Henry W. Fuller, Williams Emmons, John Potter, Richard H. Vose and Frederick A. Fuller, the father of the present chief justice of the United States; in Hallowell, Peleg Sprague, Sylvanus W. Robinson, John Otis, William Clark and Mr. Warren; in Gardiner, Frederick Allen, George Evans, Eben F. Dean and S. S. Warren; in Winslow, Thomas Rice; and in China, Jacob Smith. Timothy Boutelle, born at Leominster, Mass., November 10, 1777, was a son of Colonel Timothy and Rachel (Lincoln) Boutelle, and a lineal descendant of James Boutelle, who came from England to Salem, Massachusetts, in 1635, and died there in 1651. Timothy graduated from Harvard in 1800, read law with Abijah Bigelow in his native town, and on being admitted to the bar, in 1804, came to WaterviUe. where he practiced until his death, November 12, 1855. In 1811 he married Helen, daughter of Judge Rogers. Of their large y THE KENNEBEC BAR. 309 family, one daughter was the wife of Edwin Noyes, a prominent Waterville lawyer, and one son was well known as Dr. N. R. Boutelle, of Waterville. Timothy Boutelle was presidential elector in 1816, life member of the board of trustees of Waterville College from 1821, and in 1839 received the degree of LL. D. from that institution. He was president of Waterville bank for over twenty years, from its or- ganization in 1814, and was president of the Androscoggin & Ken- nebec Railroad Company the first three years of its existence. Mr. Boutelle was an acute and discriminating lawyer. In his early practice he refrained from public life. When the question of separa- tion came up, he gave his influence in favor of making Maine an in- dependent state, and after it was accomplished he was the first of the senators from the Kennebec senatorial district. He .served six years in the senate and six in the house, and was an influential and im- portant member. In his incursions into public life he did not abandon his profession. As a citizen he took a deep and active interest in everything he deemed calculated to promote the prosperity and im- provement of the beautiful town he had chosen for his residence, and continued this interest unabated up to his death. Reuel Williams was a man whose strong common sense and great business ability would have enabled him to attain eminence in any community. After a common school and academic education, he read law with Judge Bridge, who was the attorney of the "Proprietors of the Kennebec Purchase," and upon his admission to the bar the judge took him into partnership. In a few years the judge, who was an eminent lawyer, retired from the firm- to attend to his own large pri- vate estate and left the legal business in the hands of Mr. Williams. As agent and attorney for the proprietors of the unsold part of so large a tract of land, the business of the office was immense. Numer- ous conflicts with settlers, squatters and adverse claimants, and ques- tions of unsettled boundaries were constantly arising. The questions of law applicable to these cases, all relating to real estate, were so thoroughly examined by Mr. Williams, and became so familiar to him that he, by common consent, was regarded as standing at the head of the bar in that department of the law. His arguments, whether before the jury or court, were concise, plain, strong and calcu- lated to impress. They were an appeal to the reason by a strong mind, without any attempt at oratorical display. His manner was calm and self-possessed. Williams, in public life, attained a reputation that was national. He served with distinction in the house and senate of the state, and in the senate of the United States; was offered a place in his cabinet by President Van Buren, and filled with distinction several important public commissions. As a citizen he stands pre- eminent. He may be regarded in some sense as the founder of the Hospital for the Insane in Augusta. He started the enterprise by a 310 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. donation of $10,000 at a time when that sum was equal to four times the amount now. It was the first public donation of any considerable amount by any of the citizens. Daniel Williams, his brother, who became a partner in his office business, was a lawyer of good standing, and continued in the law office until he retired from active practice. He was judge of probate for several years, state treasurer, member of the legislature and mayor of Augusta. Frederick Allen settled in Gardiner in 1808. He was a lawyer who loved and was devoted to his profession, and early rose to a lead- ing position at the bar of this county; his practice extended into Lin- coln, where he first settled, and Somerset counties. He was a close student, and had at command all of the law that was applicable to the case in hand. He did not rely upon the graces of oratory, but ably presented the law and the facts with perspicuity and strength, and with a perseverance in trial after trial that seemed determined never to be beaten. He was sometimes so absorbed in his studies as to be quite absent-minded; and it is said he has been known to rise in the night and go to his office to consult a book upon which his mind had been dwelling. George Evans, of Gardiner, was a native of Hallowell. He gradu- ated at Bowdoin College in 1815, and at the close of his legal studies with Mr. Allen, settled in Farmingdale. He was a man of signal ability. The country has produced few men who surpassed him in native intellectual power. His mind was of the Websterian order. When he made a great effort it was difficult to see how anything could be added to his side of the question or more forcefully presented. The subject would be exhausted. The speaker would be forgotten in the thought of the argument. Mr. Evans was twelve years in con- gress— six in the house of representatives and six in the senate — and by his marked ability, acquired a national reputation. At the close of his public career he returned to the practice of the profession that his abilities and genius have honored. Henry W. Paine was born in Winslow in 1810. His father was Lemuel Paine, of Massachusetts, who removed to Winslow and prac- tised law there in partnership with General Ripley, the hero of Lundy's Lane in the war of 1812; and his mother was Jane Warren, a niece of General Joseph Warren, who fell at Bunker Hill. Mr. Paine graduated from Waterville College (now Colby University) in 1830, with the highest honors of his class, and was a tutor in the college for a year. Upon admission to the bar, he commenced practice at Hallowell in 1834, and pursued it there with signal success for twenty years, when he removed to Cambridge, Mass., and opened an office in Boston. He was three years in the legislature and five years county attorney, and before he left the state he was offered a seat on the bench of the /UcuJ THE KENNEBEC BAR. 311 supreme judicial court, but declined the honor. From 1849 to 18<)2, he was a member of the board of trustees of Waterville College. In 1851 he was elected a member of the Maine Historical Society, and in 1854 his Alma Mater conferred upon him the degree of doctor of laws. During his successful career at the bar he was often called upon to act as referee. In 1863 and 1864 Mr. Paine was nominated by the democratic party as a candidate for the office of governor. With much reluctance he accepted the nomination, and he did not regret the defeat which he expected. Upon the resignation of Chief Justice Bigelow, of Massachusetts, in 1867, the office was offered by Governor Bullock to Mr. Paine, who declined to accept it. For ten years, from 1872, he was lecturer on the law of real property at the law school of the Boston University, and was so thorough a master of his subject that he lectured extemporaneously with great credit to himself and profit to the class. It is an honor to Kennebec that she can count among her native children three so able lawyers as Reuel Williams, George Evans and Henry W. Paine. George Melville Weston, the third son of Judge Nathan Weston, was born in Augusta in 1816. His mother was Paulina B., daughter of Daniel Cony. He was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1834, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1887, and practiced in Augusta five years. In 1840 he became editor of The Age for four years, when he was succeeded by Richard D. Rice. In 1846 he removed to Bangor, and was for several years in business there, in the meanwhile con- tributing largely to various newspapers. He soon established a reputation as a political writer of great ability. While at Augusta in 1839 he was appointed county attorney. In 1855 he received the ap- pointment of commissioner to prosecute the claims of the state upon the United States for compensation for lands ceded to fulfill national obligations under the Ashburton treaty of 1842. While in Washing- ton as commissioner he became editor of the National Republiean, a free soil paper published in that city. He also published a political work on the progress of slavery in the United States. He subsequently turned his attention and pen to financial subjects. He died at Wash- ington February 10, 1887, leaving two children: Paulina C. (Mrs. Robert D. Smith) and Melville M., a lawyer in Boston. Mr. Sprague was also a man of national reputation. He came to Kennebec county in 1815 and opened an office at Augusta, but soon moved to Hallowell. The style of speaking of the leading members of the bar, as I have said, was a calm and forcible appeal to the judg- ment of the court or jury, without any attempt at oratorical display. Mr. Sprague added to a cultivated mind, well grounded in the princi- ples of the law, a good voice and a graceful presence: and he intro- duced a style of elocution of a more showy and declamatory kind. He 312 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. arg-ued with eloquence and with a good deal of action and rhetorical display. He was a very pleasing and popular speaker. Everything he said, even to the making of a motion in court, was said with ele- gance and finish. He never forgot himself. When he had closed one of his appeals the natural exclamation would be, " What an eloquent orator ! " Mr. Sprague was elected to the United States senate in 1829, where he served with distinction until his resignation in 1835, when he removed to Boston. In 1841 he was appointed judge of the district court of the United States. Notwithstanding his almost total loss of sight, he filled this high office with great ability and accept- ance until his death. Mr. Wells began the practice of his profession at Waterville in 1825. He subsequently moved to Hallowell, and, after several years' practice there, settled in Portland, and received the appointment of justice of the supreme court of the state. He filled that station with honor, was elected governor in 1855, and, upon the close of his ser- vice in that high office, moved to Boston and continued the practice of his profession in that city to the close of his life. At the bar he showed himself to be an able lawyer and good advocate. He always did justice to his case, and long held a position among the leading lawyers of the state. Mr. Vose was born in Augusta November 8, 1803, graduated at Bowdoin College in 1822, studied his profeesion in Worcester, prac- ticed law there for a year and then removed to his native city and opened an office there in 1828. He soon made himself prominent as an agreeable speaker and a popular advocate with the jury. His style of speaking was earnest and impassioned, accompanied with a good deal of appropriate action to give his argument effect. With the jury he was a dangerous antagonist, especially when he had the close — draw- ing away the attention of the jury from the material points in a cause by his learned and impassioned appeals. He was county attorney for several years. He was a representative to the legislature for three years, and senator in 1840-1, during which time he was president of that honorable body. But he adhered to his profession, and retained an extensive and valuable business to the close of his life in 1864. Judge Emmons, a son of Rev. Nathaniel Emmons, was born in 1783, studied law with Judge Wilde in Hallowell, commenced practice in Augusta in 1811, and formed a copartnership with Benja- min Whitwell in 1812. He was well read in his profession, and a pru- dent and safe counsellor. He had ample learning and a logical mind, well cultivated. He argued with clearness and point, but not in a manner especially taking with a jury. He was an honorable prac- titioner, held a good rank at the bar, and filled with credit the office of judge of probate from 1841 to 1848. THE KENNEBEC BAR. 313 I have thus far named particularly onlj- those members of the bar with whom I had come in personal contact in the trial of causes. I would like to speak of the rest, but I can only add that they all left an honorable record like that, for instance, of Hiram Belcher, whose in- tegrity, and candor, and fair mode of arguing his cases to the court or the jury, gave him a high standing and great success in his profes- sional life. He was born in 1790. studied with Wilde & 'Bond, of Hallowell, and was admitted to the bar in 1812. He died in 1857. I would like also to say something of the other names that were added to the list of attorneys after I came to Augusta. There were Wyman B. S. Moore, of Waterville, who had one of the most ener- getic minds that, in my long life, I have chanced to meet; and had he stuck to his profession he had the ability to make himself one of the ablest lawyers in New England: Joseph Baker, of Augusta, who at- tained a good standing in the very front rank of his profession; Richard D. Rice, who as printer, merchant, lawyer, judge, president and manager of railroads, succeeded in all. A man of great ability, he had a mind of originality and acted upon his own conclusions. There were also Edwin Noyes, one of the ablest railroad lawyers I have ever met; and Lot M. Morrill, who left the practice of law early t